at we do and how these groups can get involved. Community Building ------------------ EFF, in conjunction with the Consumer Federation of America and the American Civil Liberties Union, coordinates and sponsors the Communications Policy Forum (CPF). CPF enables nonprofit organizations, computer and communications firms, and government policymakers to come together in a nonpartisan setting to discuss communications policy goals and strategies. EFF works with local organizations that support online communications issues. In September of 1993, EFF will cosponsor a cryptography conference with a group in Austin, Texas. Earlier this year, EFF sponsored a summit of groups from around the country to discuss common goals. We also participate in an online mailing list for organizations that share our interests. EFF is a funder and organizer of the annual Computers, Freedom and Privacy conference, where academics, civil libertarians, law enforcement officials and computer users all meet to discuss the privacy implications of communicating online. Each year at the conference, EFF presents its Pioneer awards to individuals who have made significant contributions to computer communications. EFF maintains several communications forums online. We have our own Internet node, eff.org, which houses our FTP and Gopher sites and our discussion areas, `comp.org.eff.talk' and `comp.org.eff.news'. EFF also maintains conferences on the *Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (WELL)*, *CompuServe* and *America Online*. ow to connect to EFF? ====================== Internet and USENET ------------------- General information requests, including requests to be added to the EFFector Online mailing list, can be sent to . If you receive any USENET newsgroups, your site may carry the newsgroups `comp.org.eff.news' and `comp.org.eff.talk'. The former is a moderated newsgroup for announcements, newsletters, and other information; the latter is an unmoderated discussion group for discussing EFF and issues relating to the electronic frontier. For those unable to read the newsgroups, there are redistributions via electronic mail. Send requests to be added to or dropped from the `comp.org.eff.news' mailing list to . For the `comp.org.eff.talk' mailing list, send a note to . Please note that eff-talk can be extremely high-volume at times. A document library containing all EFF news releases and other publications of interest, including John Perry Barlow's history of EFF, "Crime and Puzzlement", is available via anonymous FTP from `ftp.eff.org'. Send a note to if you have questions or are unable to use FTP. This archive is also accessible via Gopher. Try `gopher gopher.eff.org'. The WELL -------- The WELL is host to an active EFF conference, as well as many other related conferences of interest to EFF supporters. Access to the WELL is $15/month plus $2/hour. Telecom access is available through the CompuServe Packet Network for an additional $4.50/hour. If you have an Internet connection, you can reach the WELL via telnet at `well.sf.ca.us'; otherwise, dial +1 415 332 6106 (data). The WELL's voice number is +1 415 332 4335. CompuServe ---------- Our forum on CompuServe is also open. `GO EFFSIG' to join. Many of the files on `ftp.eff.org', as well as other items of interest, are mirrored in the EFFSIG Libraries. America Online -------------- EFF hosts a Special Interest Group on America Online as part of the *Macintosh Communications Forum (MCM)*. `GOTO Keyword EFF' to join. Many of the files on `ftp.eff.org', as well as other items of interest, are mirrored in this forum. In addition, EFF sponsors an interactive discussion on this forum the second Saturday night of each month at 9:00 p.m. ET. Œembership in the Electronic Frontier FoundatioŻ ================================================ I wish to become a member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. I enclose: $__________ Regular membership - $40 $__________ Student membership - $20 Special Contribution I wish to make a tax-deductible donation in the amount of $__________ to further support the activities of EFF and to broaden participation in the organization. Documents Available in Hard Copy Form The following documents are available free of charge from the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Please indicate any of the documents you wish to receive. ___ Open Platform Proposal - EFF's proposal for a national telecommunications infrastructure. 12 pages. July, 1992 ___ An Analysis of the FBI Digital Telephony Proposal - Response of EFF-organized coalition to the FBI's digital telephony proposal of Fall, 1992. 8 pages. September, 1992. ___ Building the Open Road: The NREN and the National Public Network - A discussion of the National Research and Education Network as a prototype for a National Public Network. 20 pages. May, 1992. ___ Innovative Services Delivered Now: ISDN Applications at Home, School, the Workplace and Beyond - A compilation of ISDN applications currently in use. 29 pages. January, 1993. ___ Decrypting the Puzzle Palace - John Perry Barlow's argument for strong encryption and the need for an end to U.S. policies preventing its development and use. 13 pages. May, 1992. ___ Crime and Puzzlement - John Perry Barlow's piece on the founding of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the world of hackers, crackers and those accused of computer crimes. 24 pages. June, 1990. ___ Networks & Policy - A quarterly newsletter detailing EFF's activities and achievements. Your Contact Information: Name: ___________________________________________________________________ Organization: ___________________________________________________________ Address: ________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Phone: (____) _______________ FAX: (____) _______________ (optional) E-mail address: _________________________________________________________ Payment Method ___ Enclosed is a check payable to the Electronic Frontier Foundation. ___ Please charge my: ___ MasterCard ___ Visa ___ American Express Card Number: ____________________________________________ Expiration Date: ________________________________________ Signature: ______________________________________________ Privacy Policy EFF occasionally shares our mailing list with other organizations promoting similar goals. However, we respect an individual's right to privacy and will not distribute your name without explicit permission. ___ I grant permission for the EFF to distribute my name and contact information to organizations sharing similar goals. Print out and mail to: Membership Coordinator Electronic Frontier Foundation 1001 G Street, N.W. Suite 950 East Washington, DC 20001 (202) 347-5400 voice (202) 393-5509 fax The Electronic Frontier Foundation is a nonprofit, 501(c)(3) organization supported by contributions from individual members, corporations and private foundations. Donations are tax-deductible. Get GUMMed *"The Gurus of Unix Meeting of Minds (GUMM) takes place Wednesday, April 1, 2076 (check THAT in your perpetual calendar program), 14 feet above the ground directly in front of the Milpitas Gumps. Members will grep each other by the hand (after intro), yacc a lot, smoke filtered chroots in pipes, chown with forks, use the wc (unless uuclean), fseek nice zombie processes, strip, and sleep, but not, we hope, od. Three days will be devoted to discussion of the ramifications of whodo. Two seconds have been allotted for a complete rundown of all the user- friendly features of Unix. Seminars include "Everything You Know is Wrong," led by Tom Kempson, "Batman or Cat:man?" led by Richie Dennis "cc C? Si! Si!" led by Kerwin Bernighan, and "Document Unix, Are You Kidding?" led by Jan Yeats. No Reader Service No. is necessary because all GUGUs (Gurus of Unix Group of Users) already know everything we could tell them."* -- Dr. Dobb's Journal, June '84 Internet Country Codes ********************** This appendix gives a list of country codes with e-mail accessibility. It is helpful in finding-out if a country has easy access to e-mail and Internet facilities and is aimed at general e-mail and Internet users. This file is continuously updated and available by FTP from `rtfm.mit.edu' as `pub/usenet/news.answers/mail/country-codes'. *Note Archiving:: below. This document is based on *International Standard ISO 3166 Names*. Compiled by OLIVIER M.J. CREPIN-LEBLOND (1) Release: 93.8.1 ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Copyright (C) 1993 by Olivier M.J. Crepin-Leblond. All rights reserved. Description of codes ==================== FI stands for FULL INTERNET access. This includes 'telnet', 'ftp', and internet e-mail. B stands for BITNET access although the address may be in internet DNS (Domain Name System) format. * (Asterisk) means that the country is reachable by e-mail. If this is not preceded by FI or B, it means that the connection may be a UUCP connection. An asterisk is included after FI or B for consistency. PFI stands for a provisional full internet connection.(+) P stands for provisional connection. This is used when one or more of the following is true: * address not verified or lack of address * UUCP dialup not active * net connection possible but not officially announced * premature official announcement of connection Networks which are not included =============================== Networks such as MILNET (U.S. Army) have computers all around the world. It is generally possible to assume that wherever there is a U.S. military base, there will be a node reachable through gateways. Private company networks such as for DEC (Digital Equipment Corp.), or Sun Microsystems, for example, have nodes in many exotic locations. However the connection may take place via UUCP and cost a lot of money. Those networks have therefore not been included. In addition, those are PRIVATE networks. Many companies (like U.S. Sprint, for example) offer commercial services to many countries which are not readily available on the Internet. The service is VERY COSTLY, usually takes place via UUCP or X.400 connections. X.400 e-mail is usually charged to someone and if the telecommunication carrier cannot find someone to pay for the message transfer, it will reject it. As a result, those types of network have not been included in the list. Although a user may RECEIVE e-mail from a user on those networks, one may not be able to reply to it. FIDONET nodes are NOT included. While all nodes agree to forward e-mail as a condition to be included in the tables, the high cost of phone calls in more exotic locations prompts some sysadmins not to want their site publicised. Many FIDO nodes exist throughout the Middle-East and Africa. Updates ======= The situation changes from day to day. The growth in international networking is such that the information contained in this document may be out of date by the time it reaches you. If you have any update (i.e. knowledge that a new country is connected), please send a message to , including an example address from the country reached so that it can be verified. .us sites ========= While there are several hundreds of BITNET nodes in USA, none have a name in the format `.us'. That's why the `.us' domain is only `FI' and `*'. .edu, .com, etc. ================ The domains in this section are special in that some of them are used in more than one country. The domains which have full internet access are marked accordingly. However, this doesn't mean that *all* of those domains have full internet access. For example, only a small proportion of .mil sites have full internet access. The same is true for .com sites, for example. UK and GB domains ================= There are two codes for United Kingdom, namely UK and GB. While UK is used for addressing of most domains in DNS format, the field GB is used mainly in the X.400 addressing of United Kingdom sites. However, there is an increasing trend in some United Kingdom sites being directly connected to Internet under the GB domain. The GB domain is hence a perfectly suitable Internet top level domain. Œain nameservers ================ This is the main nameserver as listed in the `rs.internic.net' database. Those often change as the network grows, and it is hard to keep track of all nameservers, but they should usually work. Nameservers can be queried by users using `nslookup'. €rchiving ========= Once released, this document is archived in a number of archive sites around the world. Amongst them: `rtfm.mit.edu' (18.70.0.224) directory: `/pub/usenet/news.answers/mail' `lth.se' (130.235.20.3) directory: `/pub/archive2/netnews/news.answers/mail' # `ftp.uu.net' (192.48.96.9) directory: `/usenet/news.answers/mail' # `unix.hensa.ac.uk' (129.12.21.7) directory: `/pub/uunet/usenet/news.answers/mail' # `grasp1.univ-lyon1.fr' (134.214.100.25) directory: `/pub/faq/mail' The tagged hosts (#) may not be accessible via Bear access or direct PC access in some cases. Via listserver request: with the command: `get faq mail/country-codes'. All FAQs are also available via or . For an index of all FAQs available, put the command `GET NETFAQS FILELIST' in the body of your message. The document is also retrievable by sending e-mail to , blank subject line and the command: `send usenet/news. answers/mail/country-codes' The up-to-date, pre-release document is also available using an experimental simple mail-server that I have setup from my account. Send e-mail to: with a subject: `archive-server-request' and the command: `get mail/country-codes' in the body of your message. ISO 3166 Codes & Top level domains ================================== Code Country Conn Notes main nameserver AD Andorra AE United Arab Emirates * ns.uu.net AF Afghanistan AG Antigua and Barbuda * upr1.upr.clu.edu AI Anguilla AL Albania P gwd2i.cnuce.cnr.it AM Armenia Ex-USSR AN Netherland Antilles AO Angola AQ Antarctica FI * luxor.cc.waikato.ac.nz AR Argentina FI B * ns.uu.net AS American Samoa AT Austria FI B * pythia.edvz.univie.ac.at AU Australia FI * munnari.oz.au AW Aruba AZ Azerbaidjan Ex-USSR BA Bosnia-Herzegovina Ex-Yugoslavia BB Barbados * upr1.upr.clu.edu BD Bangladesh BE Belgium FI B * ub4b.buug.be BF Burkina Faso * orstom.orstom.fr BG Bulgaria FI B * pythia.ics.forth.gr BH Bahrain B * Gulfnet BI Burundi BJ Benin BM Bermuda * ns.uu.net BN Brunei Darussalam BO Bolivia * ns.uu.net BR Brazil FI B * fpsp.fapesp.br BS Bahamas * upr1.upr.clu.edu BT Buthan BV Bouvet Island BW Botswana * hippo.ru.ac.za BY Belarus * Ex-USSR BZ Belize P upr1.upr.clu.edu CA Canada FI B * relay.cdnnet.ca CC Cocos (Keeling) Isl. CF Central African Rep. CG Congo CH Switzerland FI B * scsnms.switch.ch CI Ivory Coast CK Cook Islands CL Chile FI B * dcc.uchile.cl CM Cameroon FI * in .fr domain inria.inria.fr CN China PFI * iraun1.ira.uka.de CO Colombia B * cunixd.cc.columbia.edu CR Costa Rica FI B * ns.cr CS Czechoslovakia FI B * still works... ns.cesnet.cz CU Cuba * igc.org CV Cape Verde CX Christmas Island CY Cyprus B * pythia.ics.forth.gr CZ Czech Republic FI * ns.cesnet.cz DE Germany FI B * deins.informatik.uni-dortmund.de DJ Djibouti DK Denmark FI B * ns.dknet.dk DM Dominica P upr1.upr.clu.edu DO Dominican Republic P upr1.upr.clu.edu DZ Algeria * EC Ecuador FI B * ecua.net.ec EE Estonia FI * Ex-USSR uvax2.kbfi.ee EG Egypt PFI B * frcu.eun.eg EH Western Sahara ES Spain FI B * sun.rediris.es ET Ethiopia FI Finland FI B * funet.fi FJ Fiji * truth.waikato.ac.nz FK Falkland Isl.(Malvinas) FM Micronesia FO Faroe Islands P danpost.uni-c.dk FR France FI B * inria.inria.fr FX France (European Ter.) ??? GA Gabon GB Great Britain (UK) FI * X.400 & IP ns1.cs.ucl.ac.uk GD Grenada P upr1.upr.clu.edu GE Georgia * Ex-USSR ns.eu.net GH Ghana GI Gibraltar GL Greenland GP Guadeloupe (Fr.) GQ Equatorial Guinea GF Guyana (Fr.) GM Gambia GN Guinea GR Greece FI B * pythia.ics.forth.gr GT Guatemala * ns.uu.net GU Guam (US) GW Guinea Bissau GY Guyana HK Hong Kong FI B * hp9000.csc.cuhk.hk HM Heard & McDonald Isl. HN Honduras * ns.uu.net HR Croatia FI * Ex-Yugo dns.srce.hr HT Haiti HU Hungary FI B * sztaki.hu ID Indonesia * ns.uu.net IE Ireland FI B * nova.ucd.ie IL Israel FI B * relay.huji.ac.il IN India FI B * sangam.ncst.ernet.in IO British Indian O. Terr. IQ Iraq IR Iran B * IS Iceland FI B * isgate.is IT Italy FI B * dns.nis.garr.it JM Jamaica * upr1.upr.clu.edu JO Jordan JP Japan FI B * jp-gate.wide.ad.jp KE Kenya * rain.psg.com KG Kirgistan Ex-USSR KH Cambodia KI Kiribati KM Comoros KN St.Kitts Nevis Anguilla P upr1.upr.clu.edu KP Korea (North) P KR Korea (South) FI B * ns.kaist.ac.kr KW Kuwait FI * No BITNET dns.kuniv.edu.kw KY Cayman Islands KZ Kazachstan * Ex-USSR in .su domain LA Laos LB Lebanon P LC Saint Lucia P upr1.upr.clu.edu LI Liechtenstein PFI * scsnms.switch.ch LK Sri Lanka * ns.eu.net LR Liberia LS Lesotho * hippo.ru.ac.za LT Lithuania PFI * Ex-USSR aun.uninett.no LU Luxembourg FI B * menvax.restena.lu LV Latvia FI * Ex-USSR lapsene.mii.lu.lv LY Libya MA Morocco P MC Monaco MD Moldavia Ex-USSR MG Madagascar MH Marshall Islands ML Mali MM Myanmar MN Mongolia MO Macau * hkuxb.hku.hk MP Northern Mariana Isl. MQ Martinique (Fr.) MR Mauritania MS Montserrat MT Malta P ns.iunet.it MU Mauritius MV Maldives MW Malawi MX Mexico FI B * mtecv1.mty.itesm.mx MY Malaysia FI B * mimos.my MZ Mozambique * hippo.ru.ac.za NA Namibia * rain.psg.com NC New Caledonia (Fr.) NE Niger * in .fr domain inria.inria.fr NF Norfolk Island NG Nigeria NI Nicaragua * ns.uu.net NL Netherlands FI B * sering.cwi.nl NO Norway FI B * nac.no NP Nepal NR Nauru NT Neutral Zone NU Niue NZ New Zealand FI * truth.waikato.ac.nz OM Oman PA Panama B * PE Peru B * rain.psg.com PF Polynesia (Fr.) PG Papua New Guinea * munnari.oz.au PH Philippines * ns.uu.net PK Pakistan * ns.uu.net PL Poland FI B * danpost.uni-c.dk PM St. Pierre & Miquelon PN Pitcairn PT Portugal FI B * ns.dns.pt PR Puerto Rico (US) FI B * sun386-gauss.pr PW Palau PY Paraguay * ns.uu.net QA Qatar RE Reunion (Fr.) FI * In .fr domain inria.inria.fr RO Romania FI B * roearn.ici.ac.ro RU Russian Federation P Ex-USSR RW Rwanda SA Saudi Arabia B * GulfNet SB Solomon Islands SC Seychelles SD Sudan SE Sweden FI B * sunic.sunet.se SG Singapore FI B * solomon.technet.sg SH St. Helena SI Slovenia FI * Ex-Yugos via .yu klepec.yunac.yu SJ Svalbard & Jan Mayen Is SK Slovak Republic FI * ns.eunet.sk SL Sierra Leone SM San Marino SN Senegal * rain.psg.com SO Somalia SR Suriname P upr1.upr.clu.edu ST St. Tome and Principe SU Soviet Union FI B * Still used. ns.eu.net SV El Salvador SY Syria SZ Swaziland TC Turks & Caicos Islands TD Chad TF French Southern Terr. TG Togo TH Thailand FI * chulkn.chula.ac.th TJ Tadjikistan Ex-USSR TK Tokelau TM Turkmenistan * Ex-USSR in .su domain TN Tunisia FI B * alyssa.rsinet.tn TO Tonga TP East Timor TR Turkey FI B * knidos.cc.metu.edu.tr TT Trinidad & Tobago P upr1.upr.clu.edu TV Tuvalu TW Taiwan FI B * moevax.edu.tw TZ Tanzania UA Ukraine FI * Ex-USSR via .su ns.eu.net UG Uganda UK United Kingdom FI B * ISO 3166 is GB ns1.cs.ucl.ac.uk UM US Minor outlying Isl. US United States FI * see note (4) venera.isi.edu UY Uruguay B * ns.uu.net UZ Uzbekistan Ex-USSR VA Vatican City State VC St.Vincent & Grenadines P upr1.upr.clu.edu VE Venezuela FI * nisc.jvnc.net VG Virgin Islands (British) VI Virgin Islands (US) * VN Vietnam * VU Vanuatu WF Wallis & Futuna Islands WS Samoa YE Yemen YU Yugoslavia FI B * Bitnet is cut klepec.yunac.yu ZA South Africa FI * rain.psg.com ZM Zambia ZR Zaire ZW Zimbabwe * rain.psg.com *Note Main nameservers:: for the next top level domains (`rs.internic.net'): ARPA Old style Arpanet * alias still works ns.nic.ddn.mil COM Commercial FI * ns.internic.net EDU Educational FI B * ns.internic.net GOV Government FI * ns.internic.net INT International field FI * used by Nato ns1.cs.ucl.ac.uk MIL US Military FI * ns.nic.ddn.mil NATO Nato field * soon to be deleted NET Network FI * ns.internic.net ORG Non-Profit OrganizationFI * ns.internic.net Disclaimer ========== While every effort is made to provide accurate information, this list is not guaranteed to be accurate. This document is in NO WAY an official document. The information given should not be used as a basis for routing tables but only as general end-user information. This is a voluntary effort. I would appreciate greatly if errors/omissions could be pointed out to me and they would be corrected in the next release. The information included in this document implies no view whatsoever regarding questions of sovereignty or the status of any place listed. Affiliation to Imperial College is given for identification purposes only. OLIVIER M. J. CREPIN-LEBLOND Digital Comms. Section Elec. Eng. Department Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine London SW7 2BT, UK *"I hate definitions."* --Benjamin Disraeli, "Vivian Grey" Bk I, Chap II aperware on the Net ******************** The following is a compendium of sources that have information that will be of use to anyone reading this guide. Some of them were used in the writing of this guide, while others are simply noted because they are a must for any good net.citizen's bookshelf. It might also be useful for those, who are interested in the history of the Internet. Thanks for the better part of this compilation to HENRY EDWARD HARDY. It has been stripped from his Master's Thesis "The History of the Net" at the School of Communications, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401. The version 7.2 was posted to `comp.org.eff.talk' on August 28, 1993. Note that some publishers might also be contacted by e-mail, e.g. O'Reilly & Associates at . ardcover & Softcover Publications ================================== Bamford, James (1982) "The Puzzle Palace: a report on NSA, America's most secret agency" Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Barnouw, Erik (1968a) "A Tower in Babel" Oxford: Oxford University Press. Barnouw, Erik (1968b) "The Golden Web" Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brand, Stewart (1974) "Two Cybernetic Frontiers" Random House, New York, NY. Brand, Stewart (1988) "The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT" New York, NY: Penguin. Brunner, John (1975) "The Shockwave Rider" Cathcart, Robert & Gumpert, Gary (1986) "Intermedia: Interpersonal Communication in a Media World" (2nd ed) New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Cerf, Vincent G. (1990) "Requiem for the ARPANET" Poem, reprinted in LaQuey (1990), p. 202-204. Comer, Douglas E. (1991) "Internetworking With TCP/IP, 2nd ed., 2v" Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Davidson, John (1988) "An Introduction to TCP/IP" Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Frey, Donnalyn, and Adams, Rick (1989) "!@%:: A Directory of Electronic Mail Addressing and Networks" O'Reilly & Associates, Newton, MA. Garfinkel, Simson and Spafford, Gene (1992) "Practical UNIX Security" O'Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, CA. Gibson, William (1984) "Neuromancer" Ace, New York, NY. Gibson, William (1987) "Count Zero" Ace, New York, NY. Hahn, Harley (1993) "A Student's Guide to UNIX" McGraw Hill. Hunt, Craig (1992) "TCP/IP Network Administration" O'Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, CA. Innis, Harold Adams (1949) "Minerva's Owl; presidential address reprinted from the Procedings of the Royal Society of Canada" Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Jones, Paul (1992) "What is the Internet?" Chapel Hill, NC: Office for Information Technology. University of North Carolina. Kehoe, Brendan P. (1992) "Zen and the Art of the Internet: A Beginner's Guide to the Internet. 2nd ed." Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Kidder, Tracy (1981) "The Soul of a new Machine" Little, Brown & Company, Boston, MA. Kochmer, Jonathan (1993) "The Internet Passport: NorthWestNet's Guide to Our World Online" NorthWestNet, Bellevue, WA. (Contact: ) Krol, Ed (1992) "The Whole Internet: Catalog & User's Guide" O'Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, CA. LaQuey, Tracy (1990) "Users' Directory of Computer Networks" Digital Press, Bedford, MA. LaQuey, T. and Ryer, J.C. (1992) "The Internet Companion: A Beginner's Guide to Global Networking" Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Laver, Murray (1975) "Computers, Communications, and Society" Oxford: Oxford University Press. Levy, Stephen (1984) "Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution" Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, NY. McLuhan, Marshall (1967) "Understanding Media: the Extensions of Man" London: Sphere Books. McLuhan, Marshall (1989) "The Global Village: transformations in world life and media in the 21st Century" New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Mosco, Vincent (1982) "Pushbutton Fantasies: critical perspectives on videotext and information technology" Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Mulgan, Geoff J. (1991) "Communication and Control: networks and the new economics of communication" New York: Guilford Press. Office of Technology Assessment (1981) "Computer-Based National Information Systems" Technology and Public Policy Issues. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. O'Reilly Tim and Todino, Grace (1992) "ManagingUUCP and USENET: A Nutshell Handbook, 10th ed." O'Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, CA. Partridge, Craig (1988) "Innovations in Internetworking" ARTECH House, Norwood, MA. Quarterman, John S. (1989) "The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems Worldwide" Digital Press, Bedford, MA. Raymond, Eric (ed) (1991) "The New Hacker's Dictionary" MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Rheingold, Howard (1985) "Tools for Thought" New York, NY. Reingold, Howard (1991) "Virtual Reality" New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. Rheingold, Howard (1993) "The Virtual Community: Homesteading On The Electronic Frontier" Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Reinhart, Robert B. (1993) "An Architectural Overview of Unix Security" Annapolis, MD: ARINC Research Corporation. Rubin, R. B., Rubin, A. M., & Piele, L. J. (1990) "Communications research: Strategies and sources (2nd ed.)" Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Russel, Deborah and Gangemi Sr., G.T. (1992) "Computer Security Basics" O'Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, CA. Sterling, Bruce (1992) "The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder at the Electronic Frontier" Viking, London, England. Stanford Research Institute (SRI) (1973) "Computer Abuse" Prepared for National Science Foundation (Publication Number PB-231 320). Springfield, VA: Reproduced by National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce. Stoll, Clifford (1989) "The Cuckoo's Egg" Doubleday, New York, NY. Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1988) "Computer Networks, 2nd ed." Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Todinao, Grace (1986) "Using UUCP and USENET: A Nutshell Handbook" O'Reilly & Associates, Newton, MA. The Waite Group (1991) "Unix Communications, 2nd ed." Howard W. Sams & Company, Indianapolis. U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice (1985) "1984" Civil Liberties and the National Security State. Committee Serial No. 103. Hearings to assess the threat to civil liberties posed by Government national security secrecy and surveillance activities, including restrictions on disclosure of certain types of information and use of electronic surveillance and other information-gathering practices. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office. Journals & Papers ================= Alexander, Michael (1991) "Hacker probe bogged down; Operation Sundevil case going nowhere" Computerworld, February 11, p. 1. Anderson, Christopher (1993) "The Rocky Road to a Data Highway" Science, 260(21), 1064-1065. Anonymous (1992) "Merit Network Signs Agreement to Pass Commercial Data Traffic" Information Technology Digest, 1(10) 3. Anonymous (1991) "National research network driven by differing goals and visions" Common Carrier Week, 8(23) 4+. Anonymous (1992) "Portal Communications" UNIX Review, 8(11) 141 et passim. Anonymous (1990) "SOVIET UNIX USERS GROUP TO JOIN Usenet NETWORK" Computergram International. Anonymous (1992) "Usenet AND LISTSERVS: ELECTRONIC NEWS AND CONFERENCING" Online Libraries & Microcomputers, 10(5) 1. Anonymous (1988) "Usenet/Eunet machen Btx zum Info-Center" Computerwoche, p. 14. Anonymous (1992) "Using uucp and Usenet" UNIX Review, 10(8) 54. Anonymous (1989) "Farewell to the free Minitel?" Data Communications, March, p. 73. Barlow, J. (1990) "Beeing in Nothingness" NONDO 2000, Number 2, Summer 1990. Barlow, J. (1991) "Coming Into The Country" Communications of the ACM 34:3, March 1991, p.2. (Addresses "Cyberspace" -John Barlow was a co-founder of the EFF.) Barlow, John Perry (1993) "Bill 'O Rights" Communications of the ACM 36(3) 21-23. Basch, Reva (1991) "Books online: visions, plans and perspectives for electronic text" Online v. 15, July, p. 13+. Beishon, M (1984) "Usenet's Pranks and Pragmatism" Hardcopy, 13(8) 20-28. Bjerklie, David "Email, the boss is watching" Technology Review, v. 96, p. 29+. Bricken, W. "Cyberspace 1999" NONDO 2000, Number 2, Summer 1990. Buerger, David J. (1988) "AT&T's shutdown of Usenet backbone nodes need not spell doom to users" InfoWorld. 10(28) 14. Buerger, David J. (1988) "Long-term stability and prosperity of Usenet rests on fee-based trunk feeds" InfoWorld. 10(30) 16. Campbell, A. "E-mail Beyond Unix" UnixWorld, November 1991, pp.77-80. Carl-Mitchell, S. and Quarterman, J.S. "Building Internet Firewalls" UnixWorld, February 1992, pp.93-103. Cathcart, Robert & Gumpert, Gary (1983) "Mediated Interpersonal Communication: Toward a New Typology" Quarterly Journal of Speech, v. 69, 267-277. Cerf, Vincent G. (1991) "Networks" Scientific American, v. 265, p. 72+. Clark, Paul C. and Hoffman, Lance J. "Imminent policy considerations in the design and management of national and international computer networks" IEEE Communications Magazine, 68-74. Collyer, G., and Spencer, H. "News Need Not Be Slow" Proceedings of the 1987 Winter USENIX Conference, USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, January 1988, pp. 181-90. 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