sistema formata "ufs" - t.e.
eto "rodnoj", motorol'nyj cdrom, to montirovat' ego nuzhno po
tem zhe pravilam, chto i obychnyj zhestkij disk, tol'ko "read only"
mount -F ufs -r /dev/dsk/m197_c0d6s0 /cdrom
Esli zhe eto obychnyj "game'ovyj" disk dlya MSDOS'a, a tochnee, CDROM
standartnogo formata iso9660, to montirovat' ego nado tak:
mount -F cdfs -o ro /dev/dsk/m197_c0d6s7 /cdrom
(ispol'zovanie klyuchej -r i -o ro - ravnoznachno)
&dDOtmontirovanie fajlovyh sistem&d@.
umount /home1
&dD * Izmenenie parametrov fs * &d@
Sun: tunefs
Linux: tune2fs
HP-UX: fsadm
&dD * Bad-bloki * &d@.
Simptomy dostatochno krasnorechivy: zametnye zaderzhki pri
dostupe k disku (iz-za retrying'a), i na konsol' syplyutsya
strashnye soobshcheniya "Bad media", "Read failure"... "pri dostupe
k bloku takomu-to".
Zapishite nomera bad-blokov - ih mozhno "podlechit'".
&dDFirmennye operacionki: lechitsya, no s trudom-s&d@
Sovremennye SCSI adaptery sami zamenyayut bad-bloki. Esli
zasekli bad-block, propishite po nemu (ili fajlu s nim) nuli,
adapter zaodno i propishet, i podmenit, i navsegda spryachet ego,
i on bol'she ne pokazhetsya.
&dDMotorola: Bad-bloki&d@
Rekomenduyu oznakomit'sya s dokumentaciej - razdel "Bad
blocks" v Tome "Disks and Tapes Managment"
sm. takzhe man po ddefs, mvme328, scsi1x7, dinit, ...
Nadeyus' pri opisanii geometrii diska komandoj ddefs vy ne
poskupilis' ukazat' chislo "Bad spots" bol'she nulya. Zameshchenie
bad-blokov vypolnyaetsya vse toj zhe komandoj dinit
dinit -n dskdeffilename /dev/rdsk/m187_c0d107
-n nomera bad-blokov vvodyatsya s klaviatury
dinit -t bad-list dskdeffilename /dev/rdsk/m187_c0d107
-t bad-list fajl so spiskom bad-blokov
Kak protestirovat' disk na bad-bloki? U dinit est' klyuch
-v 1 - verify with pattern
&dDLinux: Bad-bloki&d@
Linux'ovskij fsck s klyuchom "-c" umeet sam nahodit' i
lechit' ot bad-blokov (oni sobirayutsya v otdel'nyj "bad" inode)
# -y yes na vse voprosy, -f force checking, -c bad-blocks
e2fsck -c -y -f /dev/hda3
&dD * Diagnostika oborudovaniya * &d@
&dDMOTOROLA: Utilita testirovaniya oborudovaniya GOLD&d@
Dlya testirovaniya i diagnostiki oborudovaniya stancii
Motorola 922 mozhno vospol'zovat'sya utilitoj gold. Ona imeet
sistemu menyu, ochen' pohozhuyu na sistemu menyu utility sysadm.
&dDSUN: Utilita testirovaniya oborudovaniya sundiag&d@
Sundiag - mnogofunkcional'naya utilita testirovaniya
oborudovaniya na Sun
&dDUnix dlya PC&d@
Da chego tam vypendrivat'sya. Gruzites' v MSDOS i tam
testirujte zhelezo vsem, chem pozhelaete.
.
&dDVydelenie razdelov pod swap&d@
Pod swap oblast' rekomenduetsya vydelyat' ne bolee odnogo
razdela (predpochtitel'nee samogo pervogo) na kazhdom zhestkom
diske.
Pod swap rekomenduetsya vydelyat' 1*RAM - 2*RAM mesta, a
esli na mashine aktivno ispol'zuetsya X-Windows, to 3*RAM.
V sluchae srochnoj neobhodimosti pod swap mozhno vydelit' i
obychnyj fajl. Sozdajte fajl bol'shogo razmera, a zatem
podklyuchite ego pod swapping. Primer: vydelyaem 20 Mb-ovyj fajl
dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile bs=1k count=20480
CHtob swap podklyuchalsya avtomaticheski pri nachal'noj zagruzke,
nado vpisat' stroku v /etc/fstab - chto-nibud' tipa:
---------------------------------------------------------------
# device mountpoint type flags
/dev/hdb2 none swap sw
---------------------------------------------------------------
&dDMOTOROLA: swap&d@
Posle vydeleniya razdela pod swap ego nado aktivizirovat':
swap -a /dev/rdsk/m328_c2d0s0 0 0 # podklyuchaem razdel
swap -a /var/swapfile 0 40960 # podklyuchaem fajl
# Vnimanie - zdes' dlina ukazyvaetsya v 512-bajtnyh blokah
&dDLinux: swap&d@
# razmechaem particiyu,
# ustanavlivaem ej partition ID == 82 "Linux-swap"
fdisk /dev/hda
# Swap-fajl dlya Linux _OBYAZAN_ lezhat' v kataloge /dev/
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/swapfile bs=1k count=40000
# Posle vydeleniya razdela ili fajla pod swap ego nado propisat':
mkswap /dev/hda2 40000 ; sync # razmer v kilobajtah
swapon /dev/hda2 # podklyuchaem swap-razdel
free # smotrim
swapoff /dev/swapfile # otklyuchaem swap-fajl
Dlya postoyannogo vklyucheniya dobavit' strochku
v /etc/fstab :
---------------------------------------------------------------
/dev/hdb2 none swap sw
---------------------------------------------------------------
&dDHP-UX 10.20: swap&d@
Dushka HP-UX pozvolyaet vse zaprosto sdelat' menyushkami SAM.
Specifika: swap v fajlovoj sisteme nazyvaetsya ekzoticheskim
slovom "File system swap", organizuetsya v vide kataloga i
hvataet ne vse srazu, kak imeet mesto s swap-fajlom, a "po
trebovaniyu", chem ekonomit mesto na diske.
V HP-UX otklyuchit' na letu swap-oblast' nel'zya - otklyuchenie
swap forsiruet perezagruzku komp'yutera
Primary-swap ukazyvaetsya v konfiguracii yadra, ostal'nye v fajle
/etc/fstab
swapon # podklyuchaem
swapinfo # smotrim
&dDSUN (Solaris i SunOS)&d@
swap -l # listing
swap -s # listing
mkfile 40m swap-file # sozdat' svapfajl v 40 Mb
swap -a swap-file # aktivizirovat' ego.
Dlya postoyannogo vklyucheniya dobavit' strochku
v /etc/vfstab:
/swap/file - - swap - no -
.
&dDInstallyaciya operacionnoj sistemy&d@
Dlya installyacii operacionnoj sistemy na Unix-komp'yuter
ispol'zuyutsya zagruzochnye diskety, zagruzochnye magnitnye lenty,
a takzhe CD-ROM'y.
S distributivnogo nositelya zagruzhaetsya minimal'naya versiya
operacionnoj sistemy Unix, i pod upravleniem etogo Unix-a
zapuskaetsya programma installyacii, kotoraya izvlekaet i
ustanavlivaet s nositelya pakety.
&dDMotorola 922. Zagruzka s magnitnoj lenty&d@
Vstavit' lentu s distributivom Unix SVR4/88. Vklyuchit'
pitanie. Posle togo, kak na konsol'nom terminale poyavitsya
soobshchenie
"Idle MPU: none"
nazhat' na klavishu "PROBEL"
Poyavitsya menyu iz neskol'kih punktov.
Vybiraem "3" (System debugger) , ENTER
V otvet na priglashenie 197-Diag> vvodim "bo 0 40" ENTER (0:
zagruzit' s 0-go SCSI kontrollera, 40 - magnitnaya lenta, 4-j
scsi-nomer) i zhdem 5 minut.
197-Diag> bo 0 40
Boot-prom organizuet v operativnoj pamyati RAM-disk,
schityvaet na nego s magnitnoj lenty nachal'nye 8 Mb - obraz
fajlovoj sistemy, zagruzhaet yadro operacionnoj sistemy,
montiruet RAM-disk v kachestve kornevoj fajlovoj sistemy i
zapuskaet s nego programmu installyacii, upravlyaemuyu menyu.
Dal'she nado otvetit' na nekotoroe kolichestvo voprosov, posle
chego programma pristupit k ustanovke paketov Unix'a, kotorye
razmeshcheny na lente vsled za obrazom zagruzochnogo RAM-diska.
Sobstvenno izvlechenie fajlov s lenty zanimaet 20-40 minut, v
zavisimosti ot togo, skol'ko i kakie pakety vy reshili
ustanavlivat'.
Pervym voprosom sistema sprosit, kakoj u vas terminal.
Otvet'te, chto u nego 24 stroki i on imeet pozicionirovanie
kursora v stile vt100 ili unknown
Programma installyacii imeet tri osnovnyh rezhima:
1. Full install
2. upgrade
3. Maintance mode
Vtorym svoim voprosom programma installyacii predlozhit
vybrat' odin iz nih.
INSTALL - predusmatrivaet polnuyu ustanovku operacionnoj
sistemy. Vse fajlovye sistemy na diske budut zanovo
pererazmecheny - i, sledovatel'no, VSE FAJLY, kotorye do etogo
sushchestvovali na diske, BUDUT STERTY.
UPGRADE - obnovlenie "starinnoj" (obrazca 1988 goda i drevnee)
sistemy do sovremennoj versii. Starye dannye pri etom ne
unichtozhayutsya.(Za isklyucheniem teh, estestvenno, kotorye vklyucheny
v novoustanavlivaemye pakety). Nas etot rezhim ne kasaetsya,
poskol'ku u nas i tak novaya sistema ustanovlena s samogo
nachala.
MAINTANCE MODE - odnopol'zovatel'skij shell dlya
superpol'zovatelya. Podgotovlennyj administrator smozhet,
zagruzivshis' s lenty, vruchnuyu zanyat'sya remontom i ustraneniem
neispravnostej v operacionnoj sisteme, kotorye emu ne udalos'
by otremontirovat', zagruzis' on s diska. (I voobshche, ne vsegda
zhe udaetsya zagruzit'sya s diska).
Po vyhode iz maintance shell'a (klavisha Ctrl-D) nazhmite
Ctrl-C, chtob garantirovat' perezapusk installyacionnoj
procedury.
Esli vy installites' na disk neizvestnoj porody, vam
pridetsya pered zapuskom 1. Install ujti v Maintance modu i po
standartnoj sheme sdelat' opisanie etogo diska.
&dDBesta-88. Zagruzka s magnitnoj lenty.&d@
Vstavit' master-lentu Unix'a. Vklyuchit' pitanie. Na konsol'nom
terminale poyavitsya soobshchenie:
boot:
Vvodim "t:unix" ENTER (Zagruzit' unix s magnitnoj lenty)
boot: t:unix
RAM-disk u Bestix'a zanimaet 1000 Kb, vsled za nim raspolozhen
arhiv formata cpio s distributivom operacionnoj sistemy. Osta-
etsya otvetit' na neskol'ko voprosov i zatem zhdat' minut 20,
poka vse soderzhimoe lenty budet izvlecheno na disk.
&dDSun SPARCstation. Zagruzka s CD-ROM.&d@
Vstavit' CD-ROM. Vklyuchit' pitanie. Podozhdat', poka stanciya
"razogreetsya". Nazhat' STOP+A. (STOP - levaya verhnyaya klavisha na
levoj dopolnitel'noj klaviature). Poyavitsya boot-rom prompt Ok:
vvodim "boot cdrom". Esli SPARC staroj modeli - SS1, SS1+, SS2,
pridetsya vvodit' "boot sd(0,6,2)"
Ok boot sd(0,6,2)
Esli priglashenie imeet drugoj vid: "> " (??), to vmesto "boot"
nado nabrat' "b"
> b sd(0,6,2)
Posle zagruzki Unix zapustite komandu "suninstall", kotoraya i
provedet installyaciyu.
# suninstall
&dDLinux Slackware. Zagruzka s disket&d@
V Linux'e dlya installyacii nuzhno imet' dve zagruzochnye
diskety: BOOT (s nee zagruzhayutsya, na nej nahoditsya yadro), i
ROOT (na nej nahoditsya minimal'naya fajlovaya sistema s
programmoj installyacii). Obrazy etih disket v szhatom vide
hranyatsya v fajlah boot*/*.gz i root*/*.gz sootvetstvenno. Vam
nuzhno vybrat' po odnomu fajlu iz kazhdogo mnozhestva (naprimer
boot12/net.gz i root144/color144.gz) i izgotovit' iz nih
diskety. Programma GZIP.EXE -D ILI GUNZIP.EXE "razozhmet" eti
fajly, a RAWRITE.EXE "zal'et" ih na diskety. Sami pakety s
distributivom Linux mogut lezhat' na DOS-particii installiruemoj
mashiny, na NFS-servere, na disketah, na CD-ROM, na magnitnoj
lente.
Zagruzites' s boot-diskety, v otvet na prompt "Lilo boot:"
vvedite sootvetstvuyushchij parametr i Enter, podozhdite nemnogo.
VNIMANIE: Esli vasha mashina s Ethernet'noj kartoj ne2000
"zavisaet" pri popytke zagruzit' yadro, povtorite zagruzku s
dopolnitel'nymi parametrami, primerno takimi:
Lilo boot: ether=10,0x320,eth0
Vstav'te ROOT disketu, nazhmite Enter. Kogda poyavitsya "Console
login:" zalogin'tes' kak root i zapustite:
# fdisk /dev/hda
# setup
&dDLinux RedHat. Zagruzka s diskety&d@
V Linux versii RedHat odna zagruzochnaya disketa. Gruzimsya s
nee - a dal'she vse delaem po menyushkam. Distributiv mozhet lezhat'
na lokal'nom diske, NFS, FTP, SMB-servere.
&dDHP-UX 10.20. Zagruzka s CD-ROM&d@
Perehvatyvaem nachal'nuyu zagruzku klavishej ESC i iz
PDC-promta daem komandu "nashchupat' cdrom"
BOOT-ADMIN> search scsi
....
scsi.2.0 ... CDROM ....
Iz vydachi vylavlivaem "scsi ID CD" i gruzim ego
BOOT-ADMIN> boot scsi.2.0
Dal'she dejstvovat' po obstanovke, otvechaya na voznikayushchie v
menyushkah voprosy.
&dDHP-UX 10.20. Installyaciya po seti&d@
&dDGotovim server&d@
1. Ustanovit' s Install diska paket "Network cold install utils"
1a. (Esli nado installit' C-200 i starshe) Ustanovit' s Install
diska paket-patch ACE/PHCO-10751 "Enabling network install for ... C-200"
2. V fajl /etc/instl_boottab vpisat' neskol'ko _nezanyatyh_ adresov
3. Podmontirovat' Install CD i zaregistrirovat' ego kak Depot
mount /dev/dsk/c0t2d0 /cdrom
/usr/sbin/swreg -l depot /cdrom
4. Ne zabyt' po okonchanii rabot razregistrirovat' Depot
/usr/sbin/swreg -u -l depot /cdrom
&dDNa stancii&d@
Perehvatit' PDC-boot prompt (ESC ili Break v pervye 10 sek)
PDC> search lan install
Nekotorye stancii mogut nichego ne obnaruzhit', no vse ravno -
togda vtemnuyu daetsya komanda
PDC> boot lan.10.188.101.14.3.52 install
gde 10.188.101.14 - IP adres servera,
a chto takoe 3.52 - ne znaet nikto
.
&dDPakety: ustanovka dopolnitel'nogo softa&d@
&dD * Kak ustanavlivat' pakety v Solaris 2.5 * &d@
&dDAdministrirovanie programmnogo obespecheniya&d@
|tot vopros ochen' vazhen dlya podderzhki i obnovleniya
programmnogo obespecheniya. Dlya etoj celi v OS Solaris
predusmotren special'nyj mehanizm, podderzhivaemyj s pomoshch'yu
utilit "pkgadd" i "pkgrm", sootvetstvenno dobavlyayushchih i
udalyayushchih pakety iz sistemy. CHtoby eti utility mogli
operirovat' s paketami, oni dolzhny byt' predstavleny v
sootvetstvuyushchem vide, ili formate. K sozhaleniyu, daleko ne vse
programmnye produkty dostupny neposredstvenno v formate,
prigodnom dlya "pkgadd". Podavlyayushchee bol'shinstvo produktov dlya
Unix, dostupnyh cherez Internet, nahodyatsya v vide ishodnyh
tekstov, kotorye nado otkompilirovat' i skopirovat' v nuzhnye
mesta. |to imeet mesto, t.k. OS Unix ustanovlena na mashinah s
razlichnymi tipami processorov i razlichnoj arhitekturoj.
Original is here ˇ http://www.reksoft.ru/htmlkoi/abprofunix.html
&dDRuchnaya ustanovka&d@
Glava podgotovlena Sergeem Bogomolovym
Zdes' opisana tol'ko ustanovka paketa dlya sebya (standalone
system), esli vam nuzhno ustanovit' paket v rezhime
server/dataless/diskless - chitajte drugie knizhki (delat' eto nado
tol'ko s bol'shoj toski).
1. Stan'te superpol'zovatelem
2. vvedite:
/usr/sbin/pkgadd -d imya_direktorii_gde_lezhit_paket imya_paketa
naprimer:
/usr/sbin/pkgadd -d /cdrom/solaris_2_5/s0/Solaris_2.5 SUNWpkgA
mozhno ustanovit' neskol'ko paketov srazu (ukazhite ih imena cherez probely).
Imya paketa mozhno uznat' iz instrukcii ili s pomoshch'yu komandy:
/usr/sbin/pkginfo -d imya_direktorii_gde_lezhit_paket
Vnimanie: Solaris ne ochen' horosho otslezhivaet vzaimozavisimost' mezhdu
paketami, tak chto vy sami dolzhny pozabotit'sya o poryadke ustanovki.
Mnogie pakety lyubyat zadavat' vsyakie voprosy vo vremya ustanovki (kuda
vse eto pomestit', ves' li paket ustanovit' i t.d.), tak chto
bud'te gotovy. Naprimer, pri ustanovke toma AnswerBook sprashivaetsya,
chto kopirovat' na zhestkij disk: opisanie ili ves' tom.
Esli vy kopiruete tol'ko opisanie, to ishodnyj CD-ROM dolzhen
byt' ustanovlen kazhdyj raz, kogda vy zapuskaete AnswerBook, inache
nenajdennyj tom budet pomechen kak "nezhivoj" i ego pridetsya
vosstanavlivat'. Kstati, toma razbrosany po 7 diskam!!!
-----------------------------------------------------------------
&dDProverka ustanovki paketa.&d@
/usr/sbin/pkgchk <imya_paketa>
-----------------------------------------------------------------
&dDPoluchenie informacii o pakete:&d@
/usr/bin/pkginfo -l <imya_paketa>
naprimer:
pkginfo -l SUNWcar
PKGINST: SUNWcar
NAME: Core Architecture, (Root)
CATEGORY: system
ARCH: sparc.sun4m
VERSION: 11.5.1,REV=94.07.15.22.10
BASEDIR: /
VENDOR: Sun Microsystems, Inc.
DESC: Core Architecture, (Root)
PSTAMP: fourstar940718191413
INSTDATE: Aug 16 1995 03:39
HOTLINE: Please contact your local service provider
STATUS: completely installed
FILES: 51 installed pathnames
16 shared pathnames
7 directories
29 executables
3794 blocks used (approx)
---------------------------------------------------------------
&dDUdalenie paketa:&d@
/usr/sbin/pkgrm <imya_paketa>
---------------------------------------------------------------
&dDRabota s paketami v graficheskom interfejse&d@
(swmtool dlya 2.4 ili admintool dlya 2.5)
ne nado ustanavlivat' AnswerBook s ih pomoshch'yu.
SWMTOOL
zapusk:
1. stan'te superpol'zovatelem
2. perejdite v graficheskij rezhim, esli vy eshche ne pereshli v nego
3. vvedite:
/usr/sbin/swmtool &
Na ekrane voznikaet novoe okno, programma dolgo-dolgo sobiraet
informaciyu ob uzhe installirovannyh paketah, zatem perehodit v
rezhim ustanovki (rezhim INSTALL/REMOVE pereklyuchaetsya
sootvetstvuyushchimi knopochkami) i, skoree vsego, soobshchaet vam, chto
"ustrojstvo ne gotovo, pomenyajte ustanovki (property)" Delo v
tom, chto swmtool po umolchaniyu schitaet, chto ustanavlivaemyj
paket lezhit na CD-ROM i menedzher tomov vyklyuchen. Esli eto
dejstvitel'no tak, to vstav'te CD-ROM pered zapuskom swmtool.
Inache nazhmite knopku Props... (ustanovki), voznikaet blank, na
stranice (kategorii) Source Media kotorogo vam nado zadat'
ustrojstvo ili direktoriyu, gde lezhit paket.
Naprimer, menyaem Media Type na Mounted Directory, Directory
Name ustanavlivaem v /cdrom/cdrom0 (ustanovka s CD-ROM pri
vklyuchennom menedzhere tomov) i nazhimaem knopku Apply. Esli v
ukazannoj vami direktorii est' pakety, to ih opisaniya budut
perechisleny v glavnom okne swmtool. Dlya kazhdogo paketa
ukazyvaetsya: ikonka (odin yashchik - prostoj paket - na takuyu
ikonku mozhno zhat' dva raza, i poyavlyaetsya podrobnoe opisanie, 3
yashchika - sostavnoj paket - na takuyu ikonku mozhno zhat' dva raza, i
ona raskryvaetsya v spisok vnutrennih paketov - uroven'
vlozhennosti ne ogranichen), opisanie paketa i ego predpolagaemyj
razmer. Vybiraete neobhodimye vam pakety i nazhimaete knopku
Begin Installation (nachat' ustanovku). Dalee ves' dialog
proishodit v a/c rezhime kak pri ustanovke pkgadd. Kstati, blank
ustanovok imeet bol'shoe kolichestvo knopochek, menyushek i pr.:
est' s chem poigrat'sya...
Dlya togo, chtoby udalit' paket, nazhimaete knopku Remove,
vybiraete paket (pakety), kotoryj vy hotite udalit', i
nazhimaete knopku Begin Removal.
&dDIzgotovlenie sobstvennogo paketa&d@
CHtoby legche administrirovat' etot razroznennyj nabor fajlov, poluchayushchijsya
posle kompilyacii, ih mozhno privesti k formatu utility "pkgadd"
samostoyatel'no. Legche vsego etot vopros rassmotret' na konkretnom primere.
Pust' u nas est' paket, sostoyashchij iz 3h programm: "MyProg.bin", "Myprog.lib"
i "MyProg.man", kotorye dolzhny hranit'sya v katalogah "/usr/local/bin",
"/usr/local/lib" i "/usr/local/man" sootvetstvenno. CHtoby sdelat' iz nih
paket, nado prodelat' sleduyushchie prostye shagi:
a) Sozdadim direktoriyu, gde budut hranit'sya ishodnye
dannye dlya utility "pkgmk", kotoraya i delaet sobstvenno paket.
Pust' v nashem primere eto budet direktoriya "~/tmp/MyPackage".
b) Sozdadim pod nim sistemu direktorij, gde dolzhny
raspolagat'sya fajly paketa, i zatem skopiruem eti fajly na svoi
mesta. T.o. v rezul'tate u nas dolzhny poluchit'sya fajly:
~/tmp/MyPackage/bin/MyProg.bin, ~/tmp/MyPackage/lib/MyProg.lib
i ~/tmp/MyPackage/man/MyProg.man
v) Zatem nado sozdat' fajly "pkginfo" i "prototype". Oni
dolzhny vyglyadet' primerno tak (bolee podrobnuyu informaciyu ob
etih fajlah vy mozhete poluchit', nabrav komandy
man -s4 pkginfo
man -s4 prototype
Fajl "prototype":
!PROJDIR=/usr/local
1 i pkginfo=pkginfo
1 d none bin 0755 root other
1 f none bin/MyProg.bin 0644 root other
1 d none lib 0755 poul insects
1 f none lib/MyProg.lib 0644 root other
1 d none man 0755 poul insects
1 f none man/MyProg.man 0644 root other
Fajl "pkginfo":
PKG=MyProg
NAME=MyPackage
ARCH=sparc
VERSION=Version 1.0
CATEGORY=application
VENDOR=Pavel K. Klodin
EMAIL=webmaster@reksoft.ru
PSTAMP=Pstamp
BASEDIR=/usr/local
CLASSES=none
g) Posle togo, kak fajly sdelany, vypolnim sleduyushchie
komandy:
cd ~/tmp/MyPackage
pkgmk -o -d /tmp -r .
Posle etogo v direktorii "/tmp" budet sozdan paket "MyPackage" v vide
struktury fajlov i direktorij. S nim uzhe mozhno operirovat' utilitoj
"pkgadd". d) Teper', nakonec, vypolnim komandy (predvaritel'no stav
superpol'zovatelem s pomoshch'yu komandy "su -"):
cd /tmp
pkgadd -d .
PRIMECHANIE: Sleduet pomnit', chto pakety mogut byt'
predstavleny v dvuh ravnopravnyh formah:
v vide struktury direktorij (kak uzhe bylo rassmotreno vyshe);
v vide tak nazyvaemyh "potokovyh paketov" (stream packages).
Oni predstavlyayut soboj prostoj fajl, kak esli by byli
zapisany na strimmernoj kassete ili kakom-libo drugom
posledovatel'nom ustrojstve (otsyuda, vozmozhno, i nazvanie).
Obrashchat'sya s nimi sleduet tak zhe, kak i s "obychnymi" paketami v
vide struktury direktorij i fajlov. |ti 2 formy vzaimno
preobrazuyutsya komandoj "pkgtrans".
Sovetom podelilsya Pavel Klodin ˇ mailto:drone@reksoft.ru
&dDSummary of pkg commands:&d@
pkginfo {pkg} - test for presents of package.
pkgadd -d /cdrom/Solaris_2.3 <pkg ...>
- add missing packages
pkgrm {pkg ...} - remove packages.
pkgchk -q {pkg} - test for existance of package
pkgchk {options} [pkg] - check installed packages for
integrity.
Let's say your Solaris2 workstation is called "sol" and the
4.1.x server is called "bertha" and you want the printer name
to be "printer" (imaginative, eh?).
sol# lpsystem -t bsd bertha # says bertha is a bsd system
sol# lpadmin -p printer -s bertha # creates "printer" on "sol"
# to be printed on "bertha"
sol# accept printer # allow queuing
sol# enable printer # allow printing
sol# lpstat -t # check the status
sol# lpadmin -d printer # default
To get transparent mode, try this:
lpadmin -I any -p printer
&dD * Pakety v Linux RedHat * &d@
Postavit' paket
rpm -i filesystem-1.2-1.i386.rpm
Udalit' paket
rpm --erase filesystem-1.2-1
Spisok vseh paketov
rpm -qa
Spisok fajlov, vhodyashchih v neustanovlennyj paket:
rpm2cpio < packetname-1.2-1.i386.rpm | cpio -it
rpm2cpio < packetname-1.2-1.i386.rpm | cpio -it rpm2cpio < packetn
name-1.2-1.i386.rpm | cpio -it
rpm2cpio < packetname-1.2-1.i386.rpm | cpio -it
Spisok fajlov, vhodyashchih v ustanovlennyj paket:
rpm -l nfs-server-2.2beta16-5
Apdejty k RedHat lezhat zdes'. Obyazatel'no stavit' security updates
ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/mirrors/redhat/redhat/redhat-4.2/updates/i386/ ˇ ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/mirrors/redhat/redhat/redhat-4.2/updates/i386/
Ustanovka apdejta
rpm -Uvh samba-1.9.18p7-0.i386.rpm
&dD * Pakety v HP-UX 10.20 * &d@
Pakety v HP-UX stavyatsya cherez podmenyushku SAM.
Spisok vseh paketov
swlist -l product
.
&dDNeskol'ko setevyh komand Unix&d@
&dD1. ping&d@. Prozvonit' udalenuyu mashinu.
Proveryaet, otklikaetsya li ukazannaya mashina po seti:
ping host.name
Vklyuchit' nepreryvnuyu "prozvonku" (s intervalom v 1 sek.):
ping -s host.name
Prervat' "prozvonku" - Strl-S .
&dD2. finger&d@. Kto rabotaet v sisteme.
Format ispol'zovaniya:
finger [-l] pol'zovatel'@setevoe.imya.komp'yutera
Kto rabotaet na mashine po imeni ipsun.ras.ru :
finger @ipsun.ras.ru
Kak pozhivaet pol'zovatel' Moshkov na etoj mashine:
finger -l moshkow@ipsun.ras.ru
&dD3. talk&d@. Vyzvat' pol'zovatelya na razgovor
talk moshkow ili
talk moshkow@fedfond - vyzvat' ukazannogo pol'zovatelya na
ukazannoj mashine na razgovor.
U etogo pol'zovatelya na ekrane poyavitsya priglashenie pogovorit':
Message from Talk_Daemon@ipsun at 23:29 ...
talk: connection requested by ivanov@server.fedfond.msk.su
talk: respond with: talk ivanov@server.fedfond.msk.su
I esli on naberet otvetnuyu komandu
talk ivanov@server.fedfond.msk.su
To vy smozhete pogovorit' drug s drugom. Okonchanie razgovora -
Ctrl-C
&dD4. mailx&d@. Poslat' komu nibud' elektronnuyu pochtu.
/* v Linux nado ispol'zovat' ne mailx, a prosto mail */
mailx username@host.name
Subject: Tema pis'ma
Tekst soobshcheniya
. . .
Okonchanie teksta soobshcheniya
CHtoby okonchit' vvod teksta pis'ma, v pustoj stroke nazhmite
Ctrl-D. Ili postav'te tochku "." v nachale stroki i nazhmite ENTER.
Esli pis'mo uzhe gotovo i nahoditsya v fajle let.txt, to otp-
ravit' ego mozhno tak:
mailx -s "Proverka pochty" semen@server.fedfond.spb.su < let.txt
&dD5. mailx&d@. Prochitat' prishedshuyu na moj adres pochtu.
mailx, zapushchennyj bez argumentov, perehodit v komandnyj rezhim
chteniya postupivshej pochty. V etom rezhime mozhno pol'zovat'sya
takimi komandami:
? - vydat' help po vsem dostupnym komandam
h 12 - zagolovki pisem nachinaya s 12-go nomera
6 - chitat' 6-oe pis'mo
d - unichtozhit' tekushchee pis'mo
s fajl - sohranit' pis'mo v fajle "fajl"
r - otvetit' na pis'mo
dlya nastroek programmy mailx ispol'zuetsya fajl .mailrc, kotoryj
dolzhen lezhat' v domashnem kataloge pol'zovatelya. V nem
zhelatel'no imet' strochki takogo primerno soderzhaniya:
########### vstav'te eti stroki v svoj fajl .mailrc !!!!
set crt=22
set record='/home/moshkow/Mail.sended'
##############################################################
# chtoby dlinnye pis'ma "listalis'" postranichno komandoj more ;
# sohranyat' kopii vseh otpravlennyh pisem
# v fajle /home/moshkow/Mail.sended ;
alias max moshkow@ipsun.ac.msk.su
alias kafedra petrov smirnov@nic.com lapin@sovim.mit.edu
# pochtovye aliasy - mozhno zadat' sinonimy dlya dlinnyh pochtovyh
# adresov ili gruppy adresov, i ispol'zovat' eti sinonimy
# vmesto adresa pri otpravke pochty
Esli vy hotite zavesti sebe blagozvuchnoe imya dlya adresa svoej
elektronnoj pochty, vstav'te v fajl /etc/aliases primerno takie
strochki:
Maksim.Moshkow: moshkow
moshkov: moshkow
i vypolnite komandu
newaliases
I teper' mne mozhno otpravlyat' pis'ma po takim adresam:
moshkow@moshkow.ru
moshkov@moshkow.ru
Maksim.Moshkow@moshkow.ru
Esli vy hotite pereadresovyvat' vse prishedshie vam pis'ma
na drugoj adres, sozdajte fajl $HOME/.forward i vpishite v nego
novyj@email.adres
ili, esli nuzhno otsylat' pis'ma, no ostavlyat' sebe kopiyu, to
\yourlogin, newadres@email.adres
Esli ispol'zuetsya Linux, to mozhno pol'zovat'sya sistemoj procmail
CHtoby pis'ma prislannye vam po spisku rassylki skladyvalis' v
otdel'nyj folder, pomestite v svoj $HOME/.procmailrc :
###############################################################
####### Udalyaem dublirovannie pisem (s odinakovym message-id)
:0 Wh: msgid.lock
| formail -D 8192 msgid.cache
####### Mail-listy sbrasyvaem v otdel'nyj folder
:0
* ^(Sender|To|CC): .*(ezh@cdru.com|ezh@ezhe.com|banners@list.techno.ru)
nsmail/ezh
####### Perenapravit' telo pis'ma (bez zagolovka) na programmu
:0 b
* Subject: .*uuencoded
| uudecode
####### Esli pis'mo nebol'shogo razmera i ne kasaetsya mailing-lista
####### "zhurnal@sharat.co.il" to kopiyu peresylat' na moj domashnij email.
#######$HOME/.procmailrc :
:0 c
* < 10000
* !^To: .*zhurnal
! moshkow@home.moshkow.ru
####### Posylaem podtverzhdenie o poluchenii pisem bol'she 30Kb
:0 h c
* > 30000
* !^From: CityCat
* !^From: .*linux
* !^FROM_DAEMON
* !^Subject: BOOK614
* !^X-Loop: moshkow@moshkow.ru
| ( egrep -v '^From moshkow|^Return-Path: moshkow' | formail -r -A"Precedence: junk" -A"X-Loop: moshkow@moshkow.ru" ; echo "Thanks, I have got your mail.") | $SENDMAIL -t
###############################################################
&dD6. telnet&d@. Zaloginit'sya na udalennuyu mashinu.
telnet host.name
Komanda telnet pozvolyaet vam zaloginit'sya na udalennuyu mashinu,
i rabotat' na nej, kak-budto vy sidite za terminalom, podklyu-
chennym neposredstvenno k nej.
U komandy telnet est' "goryachij klyuch" "Ctrl-]" , kotoryj perevo-
dit telnet v komandnyj rezhim. V etom rezhime mozhno menyat' para-
metry raboty telnet'a. Vyhod iz komandnogo rezhima - ENTER.
Sredi poleznyh komand nazovu tak zhe "exit" i "help"
&dD7. ftp&d@. File Trasfer Protocol. Peresylka fajlov.
CHto delat', esli nuzhno "peretashchit' fajl" s chuzhoj mashiny na
svoyu (ili naoborot), a NFS mezhdu nimi ne zapushchen? Ispol'zujte
programmu ftp. |to prosten'kaya komanda, pozvolyayushchaya peresylat'
fajly mezhdu mashinami po protokolu TCP/IP.
ftp host.name
User name (moshkow): ivanov
Passwd:
Udalennaya mashina sprosit u vas vashe vhodnoe imya i pa-
rol' (pod kotorymi vy zaregistrirovany NA UDALENNOJ mashine).
Esli vy na nej ne zaregistrirovany, poprobujte ukazat' vhodnoe
imya "anonymous", a v kachestve parolya - svoj email-adres.
Posle etogo ftp perehodit v komandnyj rezhim. V etom rezhime vy
mozhete "peremeshchat'sya" po katalogam udalennoj mashiny, po katalo-
gam svoej mashiny, prosmatrivat' ih oglavlenie, i zabirat' fajly
ottuda k sebe, ili klast' ih ot sebya - tuda.
ftp> help - govorit samo za sebya
ftp> quit - zavershit' rabotu
ftp> bin - ustanovit' rezhim peresylki binarnyh fajlov
(nastoyatel'no rekomenduyu)
ftp> cd katalog - peremeshchat'sya po "tamoshnim" katalogam
ftp> ls - vydat' "tamoshnee" oglavlenie
ftp> lcd katalog - peremeshchat'sya po "zdeshnim" katalogam
ftp> !dir - vydat' "zdeshnee" oglavlenie
ftp> !ls -al - vydat' "zdeshnee" oglavlenie
ftp> get file-tam [ file-name-zdes ] - vzyat' fajl ottuda
ftp> put file-zdes [ file-name-tam ] - polozhit' fajl tuda
&dDKak poslat' pis'mo vruchnuyu&d@
&dDtelnet localhost 25&d@
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 t30.systud.msk.su ESMTP Sendmail 8.8.5/8.8.5; Thu, 14 May 1998 18:01:21 +0400
vrfy ryba@aquarium.ru
expn ryba@aquarium.ru
&dDhelo whitehouse.gov&d@
250 t30.systud.msk.su Hello localhost [127.0.0.1], pleased to meet you
&dDmail from: god@heavens.com&d@
250 god@heavens.com... Sender ok
&dDrcpt to: moshkow@ipsun.ras.ru&d@
250 moshkow@ipsun.ras.ru... Recipient ok
&dDdata&d@
354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself
&dDSubject: Time to pray!
This the time to pray caoming along!
God
.&d@
250 SAA01324 Message accepted for delivery
&dDquit&d@
.
&dDLokal'naya set': Ethernet, Token ring, FDDI&d@
&dDEthernet&d@
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detect (CSMA/CD)
Kontrol' nesushchej s mnozhestvennym dostupom i razresheniem
kollizij.
Standart Ethernet/2 i IEEE 802.3 pohozhi, no imeyut razlichnyj
format frejma
&dDEthernet'ov sushchestvuet 3 tipa:&d@
10baseT Neekranirovannaya vitaya para, raz®em RJ45
Twisted pair (Dlinna odnoj pary do 100m).
V lyuboj cepochke dolzhno byt' ne bolee 4-h habov.
10base5 Tolstyj Ethernet. ZHeltyj 2sm kabel', 15 pinovyj AUI
Thick ethernet konnektor u hosta. "Krab" - dlya podklyucheniya k osnovnomu
kabelyu. Na koncah - N-terminatory.(L<= 500m)
10base2 Tonkij Ethernet s koaksial'nym 50-omnym kabelem
Thin ethernet i BNC konnektorami.
Oficial'naya dlina kabelya 185 m (<=300m)
30 hostov na odnom segmente
+-----+
|Host o------------------. "Zvezda"
+-----+ \
\ ___
+-----+ \o | Hub
|Host o----------------------o | 10-base-T
+-----+ o___|
/
+-----+ /
|Host o------------------'
+-----+
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+ "Obshchaya shina"
|Host | |Host | |Host |
+--+--+ +--+--+ +--+--+ Thin
z-+---------------+---------------+-z
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
|Host | |Host | |Host |
+--sh--+ +--sh--+ +--sh--+ Tolstyj ethernet
n n n ^
n n n |do 50m
"krab" n n v
n==M===============M===============M=======n
&dDToken ring&d@
Standart Token ring razrabotan dlya setej IBM, i prakticheski
sovpadaet s IEEE 802.5
Apparatno - zvezda (8 sht) na vitoj shielded ili unshielded
pare, podklyuchennaya k MultiStationAccessUnit (MSAU) Neskol'ko
MSAU mozhno soedinyat' drug s drugom, oni pri etom organizuyut
logicheskoe obshchee kol'co.
Logicheski - kol'co po kotoromu idet marker-telezhka. Prinyavshij
marker s soobshcheniem schityvaet esli ono emu, mozhet polozhit' svoe
esli marker "pust", ishch v lyubom sluchaet peredaet marker dal'she.
Projdya krug marker unichtozhaetsya stanciej, ego zapustivshej, i
zapuskaetsya novyj. Dopustim rovno odin marker. Marker vezet ne
bolee odnogo paketa s dannymi. Naznachaetsya stanciya-Monitor,
kotoraya sledit, chtob markery ne shli vtoroj krug, esli stanciya
ego porodivshaya ne smogla ego udalit'.
&dDFDDI&d@
Apparatno - dvojnoe optovolokonnoe kol'co. V bazovom rezhime
odno iz kol'ec ne ispol'zuetsya. V kol'ce est' nekotoroe
kolichestvo Dual Attachment stancij. Esli takaya stanciya
zamechaet, chto proshedshij skvoz' nee paket ne vernulsya po krugu
(kol'co porvano), ona avtomaticheski aktiviziruet vtoroe kol'co.
(To zhe dolzhna sdelat' DAS na drugoj storone ot obryva)
___0 DAS ___0 DAS
/___o /___|
// \\ //
|| |* --> || *
|| o| || o*
\\___/o DAS \\___/| DAS
\___/ \___/
Logicheski - kak i Token ring. Marker mozhet vezti pakety srazu
ot neskol'kih stancij. Funkcii Monitor'a vypolnyayut vse
uchastniki kol'ca.
&dDRaspaj Unshielded twisted pair&d@.
1 oranzh Tx+ | +-1---8-+ | Rx+ 3
2 ORANZH Tx- | | | | Rx- 6
3 zelen Rx+ | |_____| | Tx+ 1
4 SINIJ | |
5 sinij | |
6 ZELEN Rx- |___________| Tx- 2
7 korich (provod na nas)
8 KORICH
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Dlya soedineniya dvuh adapterov napryamuyu, bez HUB'a (point-to-point)
ispol'zuetsya "perevernutyj" provod. Tx+<-->Rx+, Tx-<-->Rx-,...
Mnogie sovremennye ethernet-kontrollery imeyut avtomaticheskoe
opredelenie kabelya, i ih mozhno vyazat' napryamuyu standartnym
"pryamym" kabelem - ne perevorachivaya.
.
&dDGlobal'naya set': hardvare i porty&d@
DTE DCE
(station, router) ** ------ ** (modem) <==== provajderskij link
&dDFizicheskie interfejsy podklyucheniya:&d@
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
V.24
V.35
X.21
G.703
EIA.530
HSSI
&dDLogicheskie protokoly WAN podklyucheniya:&d@
Data link encapsulation dlya sinhronnyh linij:
&dDDedicated WAN&d@
SDLC - Synchronous Data Link Control
HDLC - High-level Data Link Control
LAPB - Link Access Procedure Balanced
PPP - Point-to-Point Protocol
&dDSwitched WAN&d@
Frame Relay - uproshchenaya versiya HDLC frejminga
X.25
ISDN
.
&dDMarshrutizaciya TCP/IP&d@
Set' "Office"
+--------+ +--------+ Network 195.1.2.0
| | | | Netmask 255.255.255.0
+--------+ +--------+ Broadcast 195.1.2.255
| 195.1.2.3 | 195.1.2.10
----+-------------------+--------------------------+-------------
|195.1.2.1 | 195.1.2.2
+--------+ +--------+
|-|GatewayD| |GatewayO|
| +--------+ +--------+
| 198.8.2.1 SLIP : 122.5.6.9
| Set' "Developers" :
| +-------+ Network 198.8.2.0 :
|-| | Netmask 255.255.255.0 Modem
| +-------+ Broadcast 198.8.2.255 . . .
| 198.8.2.2
| Modem
| +-------+ . . .
|-| | :
| +-------+ SLIP: 122.5.6.10
| 198.8.2.3 +--------+
|GatewayF|
122.5.6.3+----+---+
--------------------------------------------------+--------
| 122.5.6.1 | 122.5.6.2 Set' "Filial"
+--------+ +--------+ Network 122.5.6.0
| | | | Netmask 255.255.255.192
+--------+ +--------+ Broadcast 122.5.6.63
Staticheskie tablicy marshrutizacii
Obychnyj Host IP 198.8.2.2
seti "Developers" Net: 198.8.2.0 -- 198.8.2.255
198.8.2.0 Default: 198.8.2.1
Most "GatewayD" ifconfig eth0 198.8.2.1
ifconfig eth1 195.1.2.1
route add net 198.8.2.0 198.8.2.1 0
route add net 195.1.2.0 195.1.2.1 0
route add default 195.1.2.2 1
Most "GatewayO" ifconfig eth0 195.1.2.2
ifconfig sl0 122.5.6.9 pointopoint 122.5.6.10
route add net 195.1.2.0 195.1.2.2 0
route add net 198.8.2.0 195.1.2.1 1
route add default 122.5.6.10 1
Obychnyj Host IP 195.1.2.3
seti "Office" Net: 195.1.2.0 -- 195.1.2.255
195.1.2.0 Default: 195.1.2.2
route add net 198.8.2.0 195.1.2.1 1
.
&dDSet' TCP/IP&d@
Protokol TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Proto-
col) yavlyaetsya bazovym transportnym setevym protokolom v
UNIX'e. V zagolovke TCP/IP paketa ukazyvaetsya:
IP-adres otpravitelya
IP-adres poluchatelya
Nomer porta (Fakticheski - nomer prikladnoj programmy,
kotoroj etot paket prednaznachen)
TCP/IP-ishnye pakety imeyut interesnuyu osobennost': oni sposobny
"dobrat'sya" do adresata, projdya skvoz' raznorodnye lokal'nye
seti, ispol'zuya raznoobraznye fizicheskie nositeli. "Marshrutiza-
ciyu" IP-paketa (perebrosku ego v trebuemuyu set') osushchestvlyayut
"na dobrovol'nyh nachalah" komp'yutery, vhodyashchie v TCP/IP set'.
&dDVsemirnaya set' Internet&d@.
Vse kompyutery mira, podderzhivayushchie protokol TCP/IP i kakim-libo
obrazom podklyuchennye drug k drugu, obrazuyut global'nuyu
vsemirnuyu set' TCP/IP "Internet". Tempy rosta "Internet":
100000 IP-adresov v mesyac. V nastoyashchij moment (konec 1994 goda)
k Internet'u podklyucheno okolo:
20,000 setej
4,000,000 komp'yuterov
35,000,000 pol'zovatelej
&dD1. IP-adres&d@.
Kazhdaya mashina v mire imeet svoj unikal'nyj IP-adres.
IP-adres - 32-bitnoe chislo, kotoroe prinyato zapisyvat' v sme-
shannom 16-richno-desyatichnom formate, v vide 4 chisel, razdelennyh
tochkami. Naprimer:
193.124.148.73
128.8.2.1
Kazhdoe desyatichnoe chislo zdes' predstavlyaet na samom dele dva
shestnadcaterichnyh razryada. Mozhet prinimat' znacheniya ot 0 do
255. Dopustima takzhe shestnadcaterichnaya zapis':
c1.7c.94.49 ili 0xC17C9449
80.08.02.01 ili 0x80080201
V usloviyah korrektno skonfigurennoj lokal'noj seti, i pri uslo-
vii podklyucheniya ee k vsemirnoj seti Internet, protokol TCP/IP
pozvolyaet vashej setevoj programme rabotat' s LYUBYM komp'yuterom
v mire, kak esli by on nahodilsya v vashej lokal'noj seti.
Unikal'nost' IP-adresov podderzhivaetsya prosto. Oni vydayutsya
centralizovanno. Kontora, kotoraya etim zanimaetsya, nazyvaetsya
NIC - Network Informational Center. Evropejskoe otdelenie NIC
raspolozheno v Amsterdame. Ona VYDAET IP-adresa. V adres NIC
nuzhno poslat' formu-zapros ustanovlennogo obrazca, i cherez ne-
kotoroe vremya vam prishlyut "pachku" IP-adresov, vydelennyh dlya
vashej seti. E-mail adres, po kotoromu nuzhno poslat' zapros:
hostmaster@sri-nic.net
Moskovskij uzel, razdayushchij IP-adresa, a tak zhe domeny *.ru
dostupen po adresu
RosNIIROS xSU/RU NetworkInformationalCenter
ncc@ripn.net ili ncc@ussr.eu.net
www.ripn.net/nic/ripn-docs/ ˇ http://www.ripn.net/nic/ripn-docs/
&dDIP-set', podset'.&d@
IP-set' - "pachka" iz 2**n IP-adresov, IDUSHCHIH PODRYAD. Samyj
mladshij - rezerviruetsya. |tot adres nazyvaetsya adresom IP-seti.
Naprimer 128.8.0.0, ili 193.125.149.64 . Adres seti ispol'zuet-
sya, kogda trebuetsya ukazat' vsyu set' celikom, naprimer, kogda
zadaetsya marshrutizaciya do etoj seti.
Maska seti - fakticheski razmer seti, zadaet chislo adresov v se-
ti. Zadaetsya libo kolichestvom bitov v maske seti (naprimer 8bit
- 256 adresov, 6 bit - 64 adresa), libo bitovoj maskoj vida
b'111...11100...00'
chislo^^ ^^ bitov
kotoruyu tozhe prinyato zapisyvat' v desyatichno-pobajtnoj zapisi,
naprimer:
255.255.255.192 - maska na 64 adresa
255.255.255.0 - maska na 256 adresov
255.255.0.0 - maska na 64Kb adresov
Broadcast adres seti - samyj starshij adres v seti. Rezervi-
ruetsya dlya peredachi soobshchenij tipa "v