General'naya Obshchedostupnaya Licenziya GNU
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Original etogo dokumenta raspolozhen na
http://www.citforum.ru/operating_systems/linux/lig-10.shtml
 Perevod: Aleksandr Solov'ev (sae@mobil.perm.su)
---------------------------------------------------------------

General'naya Obshchedostupnaya Licenziya GNU

    Nizhe  napechatana General'naya Obshchedostupnaya Licenziya GNU (GPL
ili  copyleft), pod kotoroj nahoditsya Linux. Ona privedena zdes',
chtoby   likvidirovat'   voznikayushchie   nedorazumeniya  otnositel'no
statusa  avtorskih  prav  Linux.  |to  ne  shareware  i ne public
domain.  Bol'shaya  chast'  yadra  Linux  kernel  zashchishchena  copyright
oktyabr'  1993,  Linus  Torvalds  a  drugie programmy i chasti yadra
zashchishcheny copyrighted drugih avtorov. Takim obrazom, Linux zashchishchen
avtorskimi   pravami,  hotya  vy  mozhete  rasprostranyat'  ego  pri
vypolnenii uslovij GPL, privedennyh nizhe.

               General'naya obshchedostupnaya licenziya GNU

                        Versiya 2, Iyun' 1991

    Copyright  (c) 1989,  1991  Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675
Mass  Ave, Cambridge,  MA 02139, USA. Vsem razresheno kopirovat' i
rasprostranyat'   tochnye   kopii   etogo   dokumenta,  soderzhashchego
licenziyu, no kakie-libo izmeneniya zapreshcheny.

Preambula

    Licenzii  dlya bol'shinstva programm sformulirovany tak, chtoby
lishit'   vas   svobody   v   ih   peredache   i   modifikacii.   V
protivopolozhnost'  etomu  General'naya  Obshchedostupnaya Licenziya GNU
stremitsya   garantirovat'   vashu   svobodu  v  rasprostranenii  i
izmenenii   svobodnorasprostranyaemyh   programm,  obespechivaya  ih
svobodnoe rasprostranenie dlya vseh pol'zovatelej. |ta General'naya
Obshchedostupnaya  Licenziya primenyaetsya k bol'shej chasti programm Free
Software  Foundation  i  ko  vsem  prochim  programmam, ch'i avtory
razdelyayut eti principy. (Nekotorye drugie programmy Free Software
Foundation  nahodyatsya  vmesto  etogo pod Bibliotechnoj General'noj
Obshchedostupnoj  Licenziej).  Vy  tozhe  mozhete rasprostranit' ee na
svoi programmy.

    Kogda my govorim o svobodno rasprostranyaemyh programmah, eto
otnositsya  imenno  k  svobode,  a  ne  k  cene.  Nashi General'nye
Obshchedostupnye  Licenzii  sformulirovany  tak, chtoby garantirovat'
vam      vozmozhnost'      svobodno      rasprostranyat'      kopii
svobodnorasprostranyaemyh  programm  (i  poluchat'  za  etu  rabotu
platu,  esli  pozhelaete),  chto vy
poluchite  ishodnye teksty ili smozhete ih poluchit', chto vy smozhete
izmenyat'    programmy   ili   ih   chasti   dlya   sozdaniya   novyh
svobodnorasprostranyaemyh  programm;  i  chto vy znaete, chto vy eto
mozhete delat'.

    Dlya  zashchity  vashih prav nam neobhodimo nalozhit' ogranicheniya,
kotorye  zapreshchayut  komu  by  to  ni  bylo narushat' eti prava ili
prosit'  vas  otkazat'sya  ot takih prav. |ti ogranicheniya peredayut
vam i opredelennuyu otvetstvennost', esli vy rasprostranyaete kopii
programm ili modificiruete ih.

    Naprimer,  esli  vy  rasprostranyaete  kopii  takih  programm
besplatno  ili  za voznagrazhdenie, vy dolzhny peredat' poluchatelyam
prava  na  nih, kotorye vy imeli. Vy dolzhny byt' uvereny, chto oni
takzhe poluchat' ili budut imet' vozmozhnost' poluchit' ishodnye kody.
I vy dolzhny soobshchit' eti usloviya, chtoby oni znali svoi prava.

    My zashchishchaem vashi prava v dva etapa: (1) zashchishchaem programmy s
pomoshch'yu  copyright  i (2) peredaem vam etu licenziyu, chto daet vam
legal'noe  pravo  kopirovat', rasprostranyat' i/ili modificirovat'
programmy.

    Krome  togo,  dlya  zashchity kazhdogo avtora i nashej sobstvennoj
zashchity,  my  hotim  byt'  uverennymi,  chto  vse  ponimayut, chto na
svobodnorasprostranyaemye   programmy   otsutstvuet  garantiya. Esli
programma  kem-to  modificirovana  i  peredana  dal'she, my hotim,
chtoby  poluchateli  znali,  chto  to,  chto  oni  poluchili,  eto  ne
original,  tak  chto  vse  problemy, kotorye porozhdeny drugimi, ne
dolzhny brosat' ten' na reputaciyu avtora originala.

    I    nakonec,   lyuboj   svobodnorasprostranyaemoj   programme
postoyanno ugrozhaet patentovanie. My hotim izbezhat' opasnosti, chto
redistributory  svobodnorasprostranyaemyh  programm samostoyatel'no
zapatentuyut  programmu,  sdelav  ee svoej chastnoj sobstvennost'yu.
CHtoby  pomeshat'  etomu, my hotim so vsej opredelennost'yu skazat',
chto  libo  licenziya  dolzhna  pozvolyat' vsem svobodno pol'zovat'sya
programmoj,   libo   nikomu.   Konkretnye   usloviya  kopirovaniya,
rasprostraneniya i modifikacii privodyatsya nizhe.

1. Usloviya kopirovaniya, rasprostraneniya i modifikacii


0.
    |ta  licenziya  primenima  k  lyuboj  programme ili drugoj
rabote, soderzhashchej uvedomlenie o vladel'ce copyright i o tom, chto
ona   mozhet   rasprostranyat'sya   v   sootvetsvii  s  trebovaniyami
General'noj  Obshchedostupnoj  Licenzii.  "Programma", upotreblyaemyj
dalee  termin,  otnositsya  k  lyuboj programme ili rabote, a takzhe
"rabote osnovannoj na Programme". |to oznachaet, chto Programma ili
proizvodnaya  rabota  nahodyatsya  pod  ohranoj  copyright:  to est'
rabota,  soderzhit  Programmu  ili  ee chast' libo doslovno, libo s
modifikaciyami  i/ili  perevodami  na  drugoj yazyk. (Dalee perevod
vklyuchaetsya  bez  dopolnitel'nyh ogovorok v termin "modifikaciya").
Dalee pod obrashcheniem "vy" budem ponimat' vladel'ca licenzii.

    Drugaya     deyatel'nost',     otlichnaya     ot    kopirovaniya,
rasprostraneniya  i  modifikacii,  ne  podpadaet pod dejstvie etoj
Licenzii; ona za ee predelami ee vliyaniya. Sobstvenno ekspluataciya
Programmy  nichem  ne ogranichivaetsya i vyhodnye dannye, vydavaemye
Programmoj  popadayut pod Licenziyu, tol'ko esli ih mozhno otnesti k
"rabote, osnovannoj na Programme" (nezavisimo ot togo, chto dannye
polucheny  v  rezul'tate vypolneniya Programmy). Libo dejstvitel'no
zavisit ot togo, chto delaet Programma.


1.
    Vy  mozhete  kopirovat'  i  rasprostranyat'  tochnye  kopii
ishodnyh   tekstov  Programmy,  kak  vy  ih  poluchili,  na  lyubom
nositele, snabzhennom zametnym i podobayushchim obrazom predstavlennym
uvedomleniem  o  copyright i uvedomleniem ob otsutstvii garantii;
sohranyajte  bez  izmenenij  zapisi, otnosyashchiesya k etoj Licenzii i
otsutstviyu   garantii   i  peredavajte  drugim  vmeste  s  kopiej
Programmy kopiyu etoj Licenzii.

    Vy  mozhete  poluchat'  platu  za  samu  fizicheskuyu  proceduru
peredachi  kopii  i  vy  mozhete  za  platu pod svoyu otvetstvennost'
predlozhit' (ot svoego imeni) garantii.

2.
    Vy  mozhete  modificirovat'  svoyu  kopiyu Programmy ili ee
chasti,  takim obrazom realizuya raboty, osnovannye na Programme, a
dalee kopirovat' i raspredelyat' eti modifikacii i drugie raboty v
terminah Razdela 1, obespechiv vypolnenie vseh uslovij:



a.
    Modificirovannye fajly vy dolzhny snabdit' na vidnom meste
v  nachale  uvedomleniem,  chto  vy  izmenili  fajly,  i datoj
izmenenij.

b.
    Vy   dolzhny   snabdit'   lyubuyu   rabotu,   kotoruyu   vy
rasprostranyaete  ili publikuete, kak celikom, tak i chastyami,
ili   poluchennuyu   na  osnovanii  Programmy  ili  ee  chasti,
licenziej,  pozvolyayushchej besplatno peredavat' tret'im licam na
osnovanii Licenzii.

c.
    Esli   modificirovannaya   programma   dolzhna  chitat'  v
interaktivnom  rezhime  komandy  v  processe  vypolneniya,  vy
dolzhny  obespechit',  chtoby v nachale raboty ona avtomaticheski
vydavala  ob®yavleniya,  vklyuchayushchie  sootvetstvuyushchij copyright i
uvedomlenie   ob   otsutstvii   garantii   (libo,  naoborot,
soobshchenie,   chto   vy   predostavlyaete   garantiyu)   i   chto
pol'zovatel'  mozhet  zanimat'sya  dal'nejshim rasprostraneniem
programmy  pri  soblyudenii  etih uslovij, a takzhe informaciyu
pol'zovatelyu,   gde   mozhno  uvidet'  kopiyu  etoj  licenzii.
(Isklyuchenie: Esli Programma sama po sebe interaktivnaya, no v
normal'nom  rezhime  ne  vydaet takie soobshcheniya, vasha rabota,
baziruyushchayasya   na   Programme   ne   obyazana   vydavat'  eti
ob®yavleniya).



    |ti  trebovaniya primenimy k rabotam, svyazannym s modifikaciej
v celom.  Esli  vydelennaya  chast'  etoj  raboty  ne  yavlyaetsya
proizvodnoj    ot    Programmy,    i    mozhet    obosnovanno
rassmatrivat'sya  kak  nezavisimaya  i otdel'naya rabota, togda
eta  Licenziya  i ee sostavlyayushchie ne primenimy k etim chastyam,
kogda  oni rasprostranyayutsya kak nezavisimye raboty. No kogda
vy  rasprostranyaete  eti  chasti  vnutri  celogo,  chto  mozhno
opredelit',  kak rabotu na osnove Programmy, rasprostranenie
celogo  dolzhno  popadat'  pod  trebovaniya etoj Licenzii, ch'i
ogranicheniya  dlya poluchatelej licenzii budut rasprostranyat'sya
na  celoe,  i  takim  obrazom  vse chasti, vne zavisimosti ot
togo, kto chto napisal.

    Takim  obrazom,  eto  ne  sleduet  vosprinimat'  kak popytku
zayavit'  svoi  prava  ili  osparivat'  vashi prava, na rabotu
napisannuyu  celikom  vami,  a  namerenie  realizovat'  pravo
upravleniya   rasprostraneniem  proizvodnyh  ili kollektivnyh
rabot , osnovannyh na Programme.

    V   dopolnenie,   prostoe   ob®edinenie  drugoj  raboty,  ne
osnovannoj   na   Programme   s   Programmoj  (ili  rabotoj,
osnovannoj na Programme) na odnom tome hraneniya ili sredstve
rasprostraneniya  ne  perenosit  dejstvie  Licenzii  na (etu)
druguyu rabotu.

3.
    Vy  mozhete  kopirovat'  i  rasprostranyat' Programmu (ili
rabotu,  osnovannuyu  na programme iz Razdela 2) v ob®ektnyh kodah
ili  vypolnyaemoj  forme  s  uchetom trebovanij Razdelov 1 i 2, pri
uslovii, chto vy takzhe vypolnite odno iz sleduyushchego:


a.
    Soprovodite   ee  polnymi  mashinno-chitaemymi  ishodnymi
tekstami,   kotorye   dolzhny   rasprostranyat'sya   s   uchetom
trebovanij   Razdelov  1  i  2,  na  sredstve  kastomizacii,
ispol'zuemom dlya obmena programmami; ili

b.
    Soprovodite ee pis'mennym predlozheniem, dejstvitel'nym ne
menee, chem v techenie treh let, prodat' lyuboj tret'ej storone
po   stoimosti,   ne   bol'shej,  chem  stoimost'  fizicheskogo
kopirovaniya   distributiva,  polnuyu  mashinno-chitaemuyu  kopiyu
sootvetstvuyushchego ishodnogo koda, kotoryj mozhno rasprostranyat'
s   uchetom   ogranichenij   Razdelov  1  i  2,  na  sredstvah
kastomizacii, ispol'zuemyh dlya obmena programmami; ili

c.
    Soprovodit'  ee  informaciej,  kotoruyu  vy  poluchili  v
kachestve   predlozheniya  po  rasprostraneniyu  sootvetstvuyushchego
ishodnogo  koda.  (  |ta al'ternativa dopuskaetsya tol'ko dlya
nekommercheskogo  rasprostraneniya,  i tol'ko esli vy poluchili
programmu  v  kachestve  predlozheniya  v  ob®ektnyh  kodah ili
vypolnyaemoj   forme,   v   sootvetstvii   s  Podrazdelom  b,
privedennym vyshe).



    Ishodnyj kod predpochtitelen dlya rabot po modifikacii. Polnyj
ishodnyj   kod   podrazumevaet   ves'   ishodnyj   kod   dlya
soderzhashchihsya modulej, plyus vse fajly opredeleniya interfejsa,
plyus scenarii upravleniya kompilyaciej i installyaciej. Odnako,
v   kachestve   specificheskogo  isklyucheniya,  rasprostranyaemyj
ishodnyj   kod   ne   obyazan   soderzhat'   to,   chto  obychno
rasprostranyaetsya  (v  ishodnyh  tekstah ili binarnom vide) s
osnovnymi  programmnymi  komponentami (kompilyatorom, yadrom i
t.p.)    operacionnoj    sistemy,   na   kotoroj   programma
vypolnyaetsya,  za  isklyucheniem  sluchaya, kogda sama komponenta
soprovozhdaet vypolnyaemye fajly.

    Esli   rasprostranenie   vypolnyaemyh   ili  ob®ektnyh  kodov
realizuetsya   predostavleniem  dostupa  dlya  kopirovaniya  iz
ukazannogo   mesta,   togda   predostavlenie  ekvivalentnogo
dostupa  dlya  kopirovaniya ishodnyh ishodnogo koda iz togo zhe
mesta  schitaetsya  rasprostraneniem ishodnogo koda, dazhe esli
tret'i  storony  ne  prinuzhdayutsya  kopirovat'  ishodnyj  kod
vmeste s ob®ektnym kodom.

4.
    Vy  ne  dolzhny  kopirovat', modificirovat', dopolnitel'no
licenzirovat'  ili  rasprostranyat'  Programmu inache, chem pod
dannoj    Licenziej.    Inache   lyubaya   popytka   kopirovat',
modificirovat',      dopolnitel'no     licenzirovat'     ili
rasprostranyat'  Programmu  budet  narusheniem i avtomaticheski
annuliruet  vashi  prava, zashchishchaemye dannoj Licenziej. Odnako
tret'ih storon, poluchivshie kopii ili prava po etoj Licenzii,
oni ne annuliruyutsya, poka oni ih ne narushayut.

5.
    Vy mozhete ne sledovat' etoj Licenzii, kol' skoro vy ee ne
podpisyvali.   Odnako,   nichto  drugoe  ne  daet  vam  prava
modificirovat'  ili rasprostranyat' Programmu ili proizvodnye
iz  nee  raboty.  |ti dejstviya zapreshcheny zakonom, esli vy ne
prinimaete    trebovaniya    Licenzii.   Poetomu,   zanimayas'
modifikaciej   ili  rasprostraneniem  Programmy  (ili  lyuboj
raboty,     osnovannoj     na     Programme)    vy    dolzhny
prodemonstrirovat'  vashu  priverzhennost'  etoj  Licenzii,  v
svyazi  s  etimi  rabotami, i vsem trebovaniyami i usloviyam po
kopirovaniyu,  rasprostraneniyu  ili modifikacii Programmy ili
rabot, osnovannyh na Programme.

6.
    Kazhdyj  raz,  kogda  vy peredaete Programmu (ili rabotu,
osnovannuyu  na Programme), poluchatel' avtomaticheski poluchaet
licenziyu  ot  pervogo  vladel'ca  licenzii  na  kopirovanie,
rasprostranenie   ili   modifikaciyu   Programmy   s   uchetom
trebovanij   i  uslovij.  Vy  ne  imeete  prava  nakladyvat'
dopolnitel'nye  ogranicheniya na ispol'zovanie Programmy temi,
komu  vy  ee  peredaete.  Vy  ne  otvechaete  po  pretenziyam,
pred®yavlyaemym tret'imi storonami k etoj Licenzii.

7.
    Esli po resheniyu suda ili po zayavleniyu o narushenii patenta
ili  po  drugoj prichine (ne ogranichennoj patentnymi sporami)
na  vas nakladyvayutsya trebovaniya (resheniem suda, dejstvuyushchim
dogovorom  ili  chem-to  inym), kotorye protivorechat usloviyam
Licenzii,  eto  ne  yavlyaetsya  osnovaniem  dlya narusheniya vami
uslovij  Licenzii.  Esli vy ne mozhete odnovremenno vypolnyat'
usloviya  Licenzii  i  vypolnyat'  drugie obyazatel'stva, to vy
voobshche  ne  imeete prava rasprostranyat' Programmu. Naprimer,
esli   trebovaniya   patenta   ne   razreshayut   bespribyl'noe
rasprostranenie   Programmy   vsemi   temi,  kto  pryamo  ili
oposredovanno  poluchil  ot  vas  kopii,  togda  edinstvennyj
variant,  pozvolyayushchij  ne  narushat'  kak  te,  tak  i drugie
trebovaniya,   zaklyuchaetsya   v   otkaze   ot  rasprostraneniya
Programmy voobshche.

    Esli  kakaya-to chast' etogo razdela ne primenima k konkretnoj
situacii    ili   nevypolnima   pri   nekotoryh   konkretnyh
obstoyatel'stvah,  to  predpolagaetsya,  chto chast' razdela ili
ves' razdel primenimy v drugih obstoyatel'stvah.

    Cel'yu  etogo  razdela  ne yavlyaetsya popytka podtolknut' vas k
narusheniyu  kakih-libo patentnyh prav ili prav sobstvennosti,
ili  osparivat' spravedlivost' takih prav. |tot razdel imeet
edinstvennuyu  cel'  -  zashchitu  celostnosti  sistemy svobodno
rasprostranyaemyh  programm,  kotoraya  realizuetsya  praktikoj
obshchedostupnyh  licenzij.  Mnogie lyudi vnesli bol'shoj vklad v
obshirnyj    nabor   svobodno   rasprostranyaemyh   programm,
polagayas'  na etu sistemu. |to pravo avtora/daritelya reshat',
zhelaet  li  on (ona) rasprostranyat' programmy cherez kakie-to
drugie sistemy i my ne mozhet navyazyvat' vybor.

    Cel'yu  dannogo  razdela  bylo  utochnenie  togo, chto yavlyaetsya
sledstviem posleduyushchego soderzhaniya Licenzii.

8.
    Esli   rasprostranenie  i/ili  ispol'zovanie  Programmy
ogranicheno   v   nekotoryh   stranah  libo  patentami,  libo
zapatentovannymi  interfejsami,  ishodnyj  vladelec patenta,
kotoryj   pomestil   Programmu  po  dannuyu  Licenziyu,  mozhet
dobavit'  yavno ukazannuyu geografiyu rasprostraneniya, isklyuchiv
sootvetstvuyushchie   strany,   tak   chto  rasprostranenie  budet
razresheno  sredi  stran, ne popavshih v spisok isklyuchennyh. V
etom   sluchae  dannaya  Licenziya  vklyuchaet  ogranicheniya,  kak
neot®emlemuyu chast' svoego teksta.

9.
    The  Free  Software  Foundation  (FSF) mozhet publikovat'
i/ili  izmenyat'  vremya  ot vremeni General'nuyu Obshchedostupnuyu
Licenziyu.  |ti  novye versii budut analogichny po duhu dannoj
versii,  no  mogut  otlichat'sya  v detalyah, svyazannyh s vnov'
voznikshimi problemami.

    Kazhdaya   versiya   imeet  unikal'nyj  nomer.  Esli  Programma
ukazyvaet  nomer  versii dannoj Licenzii, kotoraya vklyuchaet i
"lyubuyu bolee rannyuyu versiyu", vy mozhete sledovat' trebovaniyam
libo   dannoj  versii,  libo  lyuboj  bolee  rannej  versiej,
opublikovannoj  Free  Software Foundation. Esli Programma ne
ukazyvaet  nomer  versii  Licenzii,  vy mozhete vybrat' lyubuyu
kogda-libo opublikovannuyu Free Software Foundation versiyu.

10.
    Esli vy hotite vstavit' chasti Programmy v drugie svobodno
rasprostranyaemye   programmy,  ch'i  usloviya  rasprostraneniya
otlichayutsya,  napishite  avtoru i sprosite ego razresheniya. Dlya
programm,  zashchishchennyh  copyright  Free  Software Foundation,
napishite  v  Free  Software Foundation; my inogda delaem dlya
etogo isklyucheniya. Nashe reshenie sleduet dvum celyam sohraneniya
statusa   svobodno   rasprostranyaemyh   programm   dlya  vseh
proizvodnyh   iz   etih   programm,   i   voobshche,  pooshchrenie
rasprostraneniya programm.

    OTKAZ V GARANTII


11.
    POSKOLXKU    PROGRAMMA   IMEET   LICENZIYU   BESPLATNO
RASPROSTRANYAEMOJ   PROGRAMMY,   NA   PROGRAMMU   OTSUTSTVUET
GARANTIYA  (V  PREDELAH  DOPUSKAEMYH ZAKONOM). ZA ISKLYUCHENIEM
TEH  SLUCHAEV,  KOGDA  PISXMENNO  UKAZANO OBRATNOE, VLADELXCY
COPYRIGHT  I/ILI  DRUGIE  POSTAVLYUT PROGRAMMU "KAK ESTX" BEZ
KAKOJ BY TO NI BYLO GARANTII, YAVNOJ ILI PODRAZUMEVAEMOJ,
VKLYUCHAYA,   NO   NE   OGRANICHIVAYA  PODRAZUMEVAEMYE  GARANTII,
NEOBHODIMYE   PRI   TORGOVLE   I   OBYAZATELXNYE  DLYA  DRUGIH
KONKRETNYH  CELEJ. VY BERETE NA SEBYA VESX RISK ZA KACHESTVO I
REZULXTATY   RABOTY   PROGRMMY.   ESLI   PROGRAMMA  OKAZHETSYA
NEISPRAVNOJ,   VY   NESETE   VSE   RASHODY  PO  NEOBHODIMOMU
OBSLUZHIVANIYU, REMONTU ILI KORREKTIROVKE.

12.
    NI  V  KAKIH  SLUCHAYAH,  KROME  SLEDUYUSHCHIH  IZ ZAKONOV PO
ISPOLXZOVANIYU  ILI  SOGLASIYA V PISXMENNOJ FORME, NE BUDET NI
ODIN  VLADELEC  COPYRIGHT  ILI  DRUGOE  LICO,  KOTOROE MOGLO
MODIFICIROVATX  PROGRAMMU  I/ILI  DALEE  RASPROSTRANYATX EE V
SOOTVETSTVII  S  USTANOVLENNYMI RAZRESHENIYAMI, NE BUDET NESTI
OTVETSTVENNOSTX  ZA  NANESENNYJ  PROGRAMMOJ  USHCHERB,  VKLYUCHAYA
LYUBOJ  USHCHERB  OBSHCHEGO  HARAKTERA,  SPECIALXNYJ, SLUCHAJNYJ ILI
YAVLYAYUSHCHIJSYA    SLEDSTVIEM    POVREZHDENIYA,   VYYAVLENNOGO   PRI
ISPOLXZOVANII   PROGRAMMY   ILI  NEVOZMOZHNOSTI  ISPOLXZOVATX
PROGRAMMU  (VKLYUCHAYA,  NO NE OGRANICHIVAYASX, POTERYU DANNYH ILI
IH  NEPRAVILXNUYU PEREDACHU ILI POTERI, KOTORYE PONESLI VY ILI
TRETXYA      STORONA,     ILI     NESPOSOBNOSTX     PROGRAMMY
VZAIMODEJSTVOVATX   S  DRUGIMI  PROGRAMMAMI),  DAZHE  ESLI  U
VLADELXCEV  ILI  TRETXEJ STORONY KONSULXTIROVALISX PO POVODU
VOZMOZHNOSTI TAKOGO USHCHERBA.

    KONEC TREBOVANIJ I USLOVIJ





3. Kak Primenyat' |ti Trebovaniya k Vashim Novym Programmam

    Esli   vy   sozdali   novuyu   programmu  i  hotite  prinesti
maksimal'nuyu  vozmozhnuyu  pol'zu  chelovechestvu,  luchshe vsego etogo
dostignut', sdelav ee svobodnorasprostranyaemoj, chto pozvolit vsem
i  kazhdomu  rasprostranyat'  i  izmenyat'  ee  pri  vypolnenii etih
trebovanij.

    CHtoby   eto  sdelat',  dobav'te  sleduyushchie  zapisi  k  svoej
programme.  Samoe nadezhnoe, eto dobavit' ih v nachalo kazhdogo fajla
ishodnyh  tekstov,  dlya  maksimal'nogo  effekta  dobaviv  tuda zhe
informaciyu   ob  otsutstvii  garantii;  kazhdyj  fajl  dolzhen  kak
minimum  soderzhat'  stroku  ``copyright''  i  ukazanie, gde est'
polnyj tekst licenzii.



 <odna stroka, chtoby privesti imya programmy i kratkij smysl togo,
  chto ona delaet> Copyright (c) 19yy <imya avtora>

    This program is free software; you can redistribute  it and/or
    modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
    published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
    the License, or (at your option) any later version.

    This program  is  distributed in  the  hope  that it  will  be
    useful, but  WITHOUT ANY  WARRANTY; without  even the  implied
    warranty  of  MERCHANTABILITY  or  FITNESS  FOR  A  PARTICULAR
    PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should  have received  a copy  of the  GNU General  Public
    License along with  this program;  if not,  write to the  Free
    Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge,  MA 02139,
    USA.



    Dobav'te   takzhe   informaciyu,   kak  s  vami  svyazat'sya  po
elektronnoj   i  obychnoj  pochte.  Esli  programma  interaktivnaya,
sdelajte  nebol'shuyu  vydachu  na  ekran v nachale raboty programmy,
vrode etoj:


    Gnomovision version  69,  Copyright (C)  19yy name  of  author
    Gnomovision comes  with ABSOLUTELY  NO WARRANTY;  for  details
    type `show w'.   This  is free software,  and you are  welcome
    to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for
    details.



    Gipoteticheskie  komandy  `show w' i `show c' dolzhny pokazat'
sootvetstvuyushchie  chasti  the  General  Public  License. Razumeetsya,
komandy,  kotorye budete ispol'zovat' vy, mogut nazyvat'sya kak-to
inache,  chem `show w' i `show c'; ih dazhe mozhno realizovat' myshkoj
ili cherez punkty menyu - kak bol'she podhodit vashej programme.

    Vy  dolzhny  takzhe pogovorit' so svoim rabotodatelem (esli vy
rabotaete  v  kachestve  programmista) ili v shkole, esli vy v nej,
chtoby   podpisat'   "otkaz   ot   avtorskih   prav"  (``copyright
disclaimer'') na programmu, esli eto neobhodimo. Vot obrazec:


    Yoyodyne, Inc.,  hereby disclaims  all  copyright interest  in
    the program `Gnomovision'  (which makes  passes at  compilers)
    written by James Hacker.

    <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
    Ty Coon, President of Vice



(prim.  perevodchika:  Est'  podozrenie,  chto  ochen'  (i dazhe
absolyutno) zhelatel'no pisat' eto na anglijskom yazyke).


    |ta  General'naya  Obshchedostupnaya  Licenziya (GPL) ne razreshaet
vstavlyat'  vashu programmu drugie programmy, predstavlyayushchie ch'yu-to
chastnuyu sobstvennost' Esli vasha programma - lish' odna iz programm
biblioteki,   mozhet  byt'  bolee  celesoobrazno  budet  razreshit'
vklyuchat'  (link)  ee  v  lyubye  prikladnye  programmy  v kachestve
bibliotechnoj   funkcii   Esli   etogo   dostatochno,   ispol'zujte
Bibliotechnuyu  General'nuyu Obshchedostupnuyu Licenziyu GNU (GNU Library
General Public License) vmesto Licenzii GPL.

(prim. perevodchika:   YUridicheskij   slog,   kotorym  napisana
Licenziya,  dopuskaet  lish'  "literaturnyj"  perevod.  Dlya  tochnoj
peredachi smysla nado imet' dostatochnyj yuridicheskij opyt. Poetomu,
pol'zuyas'  sluchaem  i  trebovaniyami Licenzii, hochu uvedomit', chto
nesmotrya  na  prinyatye  mucheniya,  ne  mogu garantirovat' tochnost'
perevoda. Original Licenzii prilagaetsya).

The GNU General Public License

     Printed below is the GNU General Public License (the GPL or copyleft),
under which Linux  is licensed.   It  is reproduced  here to clear  up
some of the  confusion about Linux's  copyright status---Linux is  not
shareware, and it is not in the public domain.  The bulk  of the Linux
kernel is Copyright (c) 1993 by Linus  Torvalds, and other software  and
parts of the kernel are copyrighted by their authors.   Thus, Linux is
copyrighted, however, you may redistribute  it under the terms  of the
GPL printed below.


                         GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                         Version 2, June 1991
     Copyright (c) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  675 Mass Ave,
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy  and distribute
verbatim copies  of this  license  document, but  changing  it is  not
allowed.

1. Preamble

     The licenses for most software are designed to take away  your freedom
to share  and  change  it.    By  contrast,  the  GNU  General  Public
License is  intended to  guarantee your  freedom to  share and  change
free software--to make sure  the software is  free for all its  users.
This General  Public License  applies  to most  of the  Free  Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can  apply it to
your programs, too.
     When we  speak of free  software, we are  referring to freedom,  not
price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or  can get it
if you want it, that you can  change the software or use pieces  of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
     To protect  your rights,  we need to  make restrictions that  forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate  to certain  responsibilities for you  if
you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
     For example,  if you distribute  copies of  such a program,  whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all  the rights that
you have.  You must make  sure that they, too, receive or can  get the
source code.  And  you must show them  these terms so they know  their
rights.
     We protect your rights with two steps:   (1) copyright the software,
and (2) offer  you this license  which gives  you legal permission  to
copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
     Also,  for  each author's  protection  and  ours, we  want  to  make
certain that everyone understands that  there is no warranty for  this
free software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed
on, we want  its recipients  to know that  what they  have is not  the
original, so that any problems  introduced by others will  not reflect
on the original authors' reputations.
     Finally,  any  free program  is  threatened constantly  by  software
patents.  We wish  to avoid the danger  that redistributors of a  free
program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it  clear that any
patent must be  licensed for everyone's  free use  or not licensed  at
all.
     The  precise terms  and  conditions for  copying,  distribution  and
modification follow.



2. Terms and Conditions for Copying, Distribution, and Modification


0.
     This License applies to any  program or other work  which contains
a  notice  placed  by  the  copyright  holder  saying  it  may  be
distributed under the terms of  this General Public License.   The
``Program'', below,  refers  to  any  such program  or  work,  and
a ``work  based  on the  Program''  means  either the  Program  or
any derivative  work under  copyright  law:   that  is to  say,  a
work containing the Program  or a portion  of it, either  verbatim
or with  modifications and/or  translated  into another  language.
(Hereinafter, translation  is included without  limitation in  the
term ``modification''.)  Each licensee is addressed as ``you''.

     Activities other than copying,  distribution and modification  are
not covered by this License; they are outside its scope.   The act
of running the Program is not restricted, and the  output from the
Program is covered  only if its contents  constitute a work  based
on the Program  (independent of  having been made  by running  the
Program).  Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

1.
     You may  copy  and distribute  verbatim  copies of  the  Program's
source code  as  you receive  it,  in  any medium,  provided  that
you conspicuously  and  appropriately  publish  on  each  copy  an
appropriate copyright  notice  and disclaimer  of  warranty;  keep
intact all  the notices  that refer  to this  License  and to  the
absence of  any warranty;  and give  any other  recipients of  the
Program a copy of this License along with the Program.

     You may charge a fee for the physical act of  transferring a copy,
and you may at your  option offer warranty protection  in exchange
for a fee.

2.
     You may modify your copy or  copies of the Program or  any portion
of it, thus  forming a  work based  on the Program,  and copy  and
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:



a.
     You must cause the  modified files to carry prominent  notices
stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.

b.
     You must cause any work  that you distribute or publish,  that
in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or
any part thereof, to  be licensed as a  whole at no charge  to
all third parties under the terms of this License.

c.
     If the modified program normally reads  commands interactively
when run, you  must cause  it, when  started running for  such
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to  print or display
an announcement including an appropriate copyright  notice and
a notice  that there  is  no warranty  (or else,  saying  that
you provide a  warranty) and that  users may redistribute  the
program under these  conditions, and telling  the user how  to
view a copy  of this  License.   (Exception:   if the  Program
itself is  interactive but  does not  normally  print such  an
announcement, your work based  on the Program is not  required
to print an announcement.)



     These requirements apply  to the  modified work  as a whole.    If
identifiable sections  of  that  work  are not  derived  from  the
Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate
works in  themselves, then  this License,  and its  terms, do  not
apply to  those  sections when  you  distribute them  as  separate
works.   But when you distribute  the same sections  as part of  a
whole which is a  work based on  the Program, the distribution  of
the whole must be on the terms of this License,  whose permissions
for other licensees extend to  the entire whole, and thus  to each
and every part regardless of who wrote it.

     Thus, it is  not the  intent of  this section to  claim rights  or
contest your rights to work  written entirely by you; rather,  the
intent is to  exercise the  right to control  the distribution  of
derivative or collective works based on the Program.
In addition, mere  aggregation of  another work  not based on  the
Program with the Program (or with a work based on  the Program) on
a volume of a  storage or distribution  medium does not bring  the
other work under the scope of this License.

3.
     You may copy and  distribute the Program (or  a work based on  it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms
of Sections 1  and 2 above provided  that you also  do one of  the
following:



a.
     Accompany it with the complete  corresponding machine-readable
source code,  which must  be  distributed under  the terms  of
Sections 1  and  2 above  on  a  medium customarily  used  for
software interchange; or,

b.
     Accompany it with  a written offer,  valid for at least  three
years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
cost of physically performing source distribution,  a complete
machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code,  to be
distributed under the  terms of Sections  1 and  2 above on  a
medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

c.
     Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
allowed only for  noncommercial distribution  and only if  you
received the program  in object code  or executable form  with
such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)



     The source code for  a work means the  preferred form of the  work
for making modifications to it.  For an executable  work, complete
source code means all the source code for all modules it contains,
plus any associated interface  definition files, plus the  scripts
used to control  compilation and  installation of the  executable.
However, as  a  special  exception,  the source  code  distributed
need not include anything that is normally distributed  (in either
source or  binary  form)  with  the  major  components  (compiler,
kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable
runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.

     If distribution of executable or  object code is made  by offering
access to copy from a  designated place, then offering  equivalent
access to  copy the  source code  from the  same  place counts  as
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

4.
     You may not  copy, modify, sublicense,  or distribute the  Program
except as  expressly provided  under this  License.   Any  attempt
otherwise to copy,  modify, sublicense  or distribute the  Program
is void,   and will  automatically  terminate  your  rights  under
this License.    However,  parties who  have received  copies,  or
rights, from you under this  License will not have  their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

5.
     You are  not  required to  accept  this License,  since  you  have
not signed it.   However,  nothing else  grants you permission  to
modify or distribute the Program  or its derivative works.   These
actions are prohibited by law  if you do not accept  this License.
Therefore, by modifying or  distributing the Program (or any  work
based on  the  Program),  you  indicate your  acceptance  of  this
License to do so,  and all its  terms and conditions for  copying,
distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.

6.
     Each time  you redistribute  the  Program (or  any work  based  on
the Program), the recipient automatically receives a  license from
the original licensor  to copy, distribute  or modify the  Program
subject to these  terms and conditions.   You  may not impose  any
further restrictions  on the  recipients' exercise  of the  rights
granted herein.  You are not responsible for  enforcing compliance
by third parties to this License.

7.
     If, as a consequence of  a court judgment or allegation  of patent
infringement or  for  any  other  reason (not  limited  to  patent
issues), conditions are  imposed on you  (whether by court  order,
agreement or  otherwise) that  contradict the  conditions of  this
License, they  do  not  excuse you  from  the conditions  of  this
License.  If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously
your obligations  under  this  License  and  any  other  pertinent
obligations, then  as a  consequence you  may  not distribute  the
Program at  all.   For  example,  if a  patent  license would  not
permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who
receive copies directly or indirectly  through you, then the  only
way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain
entirely from distribution of the Program.

     If any portion  of this section is  held invalid or  unenforceable
under any particular circumstance,  the balance of the section  is
intended to apply and the section as a whole is  intended to apply
in other circumstances.

     It  is  not  the  purpose  of  this  section  to   induce  you  to
infringe any patents or other property right claims or  to contest
validity of any  such claims;  this section  has the sole  purpose
of protecting  the integrity  of  the free  software  distribution
system, which is  implemented by public license  practices.   Many
people have  made  generous contributions  to  the wide  range  of
software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent
application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide
if he or she is  willing to distribute software through  any other
system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.

     This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed
to be a consequence of the rest of this License.

8.
     If the distribution  and/or use  of the Program  is restricted  in
certain countries either by patents or by  copyrighted interfaces,
the original copyright  holder who places  the Program under  this
License may add an  explicit geographical distribution  limitation
excluding those countries, so that distribution is  permitted only
in or  among countries  not thus  excluded.   In  such case,  this
License incorporates the limitation as  if written in the  body of
this License.

9.
     The Free  Software  Foundation  may  publish  revised  and/or  new
versions of the General  Public License from time  to time.   Such
new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but
may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

     Each version is  given a distinguishing  version number.   If  the
Program specifies a version  number of this License which  applies
to it and ``any later version'', you have the  option of following
the terms and conditions  either of that  version or of any  later
version published by the Free Software Foundation.  If the Program
does not specify a version number of this License,  you may choose
any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

10.
     If you wish to  incorporate parts of  the Program into other  free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
author to ask for permission.   For software which  is copyrighted
by the  Free  Software  Foundation,  write to  the  Free  Software
Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions  for this.   Our decision
will be guided by the two  goals of preserving the free  status of
all derivatives of our free software and of promoting  the sharing
and reuse of software generally.


     NO WARRANTY

11.
     BECAUSE THE  PROGRAM  IS LICENSED  FREE  OF  CHARGE, THERE  IS  NO
WARRANTY FOR THE  PROGRAM, TO THE  EXTENT PERMITTED BY  APPLICABLE
LAW.  EXCEPT  WHEN  OTHERWISE  STATED  IN  WRITING  THE  COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT
WARRANTY OF  ANY KIND,  EITHER  EXPRESSED OR  IMPLIED,  INCLUDING,
BUT NOT  LIMITED TO,  THE  IMPLIED WARRANTIES  OF  MERCHANTABILITY
AND FITNESS FOR A  PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE  ENTIRE RISK AS TO  THE
QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE  OF THE  PROGRAM IS WITH  YOU. SHOULD  THE
PROGRAM PROVE  DEFECTIVE, YOU  ASSUME THE  COST  OF ALL  NECESSARY
SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12.
     IN NO  EVENT  UNLESS  REQUIRED  BY APPLICABLE  LAW  OR  AGREED  TO
IN WRITING  WILL ANY  COPYRIGHT  HOLDER, OR  ANY OTHER  PARTY  WHO
MAY MODIFY  AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE  THE PROGRAM  AS PERMITTED  ABOVE,
BE LIABLE  TO YOU  FOR DAMAGES,  INCLUDING  ANY GENERAL,  SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL OR  CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES  ARISING OUT  OF  THE USE  OR
INABILITY TO USE  THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT  NOT LIMITED TO  LOSS
OF DATA OR DATA BEING  RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES  SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A  FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO  OPERATE WITH
ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF  SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY  HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS




11.3  How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs 


     If you develop a new  program, and you want  it to be of the  greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can  redistribute and change under  these
terms.

     To do  so,  attach the  following notices  to the  program.   It  is
safest to  attach  them to  the  start of  each  source file  to  most
effectively convey the  exclusion of  warranty; and  each file  should
have at least the ``copyright'' line  and a pointer to where  the full
notice is found.


    <one line to give the program's name and  a brief idea of what
    it does.> Copyright cO19yy <name of author>

    This program is free software; you can redistribute  it and/or
    modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
    published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
    the License, or (at your option) any later version.

    This program  is  distributed in  the  hope  that it  will  be
    useful, but  WITHOUT ANY  WARRANTY; without  even the  implied
    warranty  of  MERCHANTABILITY  or  FITNESS  FOR  A  PARTICULAR
    PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should  have received  a copy  of the  GNU General  Public
    License along with  this program;  if not,  write to the  Free
    Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge,  MA 02139,
    USA.



     Also add information on  how to contact you by electronic  and paper
mail.
     If the program  is interactive, make it  output a short notice  like
this when it starts in an interactive mode:


    Gnomovision version  69,  Copyright (C)  19yy name  of  author
    Gnomovision comes  with ABSOLUTELY  NO WARRANTY;  for  details
    type `show w'.   This  is free software,  and you are  welcome
    to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for
    details.



     The hypothetical  commands `show  w' and  `show c'  should show  the
appropriate parts  of the  General Public  License.   Of  course,  the
commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show
c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
program.
     You should  also get  your employer  (if you work  as a  programmer)
or your school,  if any,  to sign a  ``copyright disclaimer'' for  the
program, if necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:


    Yoyodyne, Inc.,  hereby disclaims  all  copyright interest  in
    the program `Gnomovision'  (which makes  passes at  compilers)
    written by James Hacker.

    <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
    Ty Coon, President of Vice



     This  General Public  License  does  not permit  incorporating  your
program into proprietary programs.   If  your program is a  subroutine
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library.   If this is  what you want to do,  use
the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.

Manifest GNU
 Origin: http://www-ru.gnu.org.ru/manifesto.rus/

Kazhdomu predostavlyaetsya pravo delat' ili rasprostranyat' doslovnye kopii etogo dokumenta na lyubom nositele pri uslovii sohraneniya uvedomleniya ob avtorskih pravah i uvedomleniya o razresheniyah i pri uslovii predostavleniya rasprostranitelem razresheniya poluchatelyu na povtornoe rasprostranenie, kak v etom uvedomlenii.

Izmenyat' etot dokument nel'zya.

Manifest GNU

Manifest GNU, privedennyj nizhe, byl napisan Richardom Stolmenom v nachale proekta GNU, chtoby prizvat' k sotrudnichestvu i podderzhke. Za pervye neskol'ko let on byl nemnogo izmenen, chtoby uchest' novye razrabotki, no sejchas kazhetsya luchshim ostavit' ego neizmennym, poskol'ku mnogie lyudi ego uzhe videli.
S teh por vyyasnilis' nekotorye chastye sluchai nedoponimaniya, kotorye mozhno izbezhat', upotreblyaya drugie slova. Dobavlennye v 1993 godu snoski pomogayut proyasnit' eti mesta.
Dlya polucheniya sovremennoj informacii o dostupnyh programmah GNU, pozhalujsta, smotrite poslednij vypusk Byulletenya GNU. |tot perechen' slishkom dlinnyj, chtoby privodit' ego zdes'.

CHto takoe GNU? GNU eto ne UNIX!

GNU, chto oznachaet Gnu's Not Unix -- eto imya dlya polnost'yu Unix-sovmestimoj programmnoj sistemy, kotoruyu ya pishu tak, chto ya svobodno mogu peredat' ego vsem, kto smozhet eyu pol'zovat'sya.1 Neskol'ko dobrovol'cev pomogayut mne. Krajne trebuetsya vklad vremeni, deneg, programm i oborudovaniya.

Na dannyj moment u nas uzhe est' tekstovyj redaktor Emacs s yazykom Lisp dlya napisaniya komand redaktora, otladchik, rabotayushchij na urovne ishodnogo teksta, YACC-sovmestimyj generator analizatorov, komponovshchik i okolo 35 utilit. Obolochka (komandnyj interpretator) pochti zavershena. Novyj perenosimyj optimiziruyushchij kompilyator Si skompiliroval sam sebya i mozhet byt' vypushchen v etom godu. Nachal'noe yadro sushchestvuet, no nuzhny eshche mnogie svojstva, chtoby mozhno bylo emulirovat' Unix. Kogda yadro i kompilyator budut zakoncheny, mozhno budet rasprostranyat' sistemu GNU, prigodnuyu dlya razrabotki programm. My budem ispol'zovat' TeX v kachestve nashego programmy formatirovaniya teksta, no nad nroff prodolzhaetsya rabota. My budem ispol'zovat' takzhe svobodnuyu, perenosimuyu sistemu X Window. Posle etogo my dobavim perenosimyj Common Lisp, igru "Imperiya", elektronnuyu tablicu i sotni drugih veshchej plyus dialogovuyu dokumentaciyu. My nadeemsya v konce koncov predostavit' vse poleznoe, chto obychno postupaet s Unix sistemoj, i dazhe eshche bol'she.

GNU smozhet zapuskat' programmy Unix, no ne budet identichna Unix. My vvedem vse udobnye usovershenstvovaniya, osnovyvayas' na nashem opyte raboty s drugimi operacionnymi sistemami. V chastnosti, my planiruem sdelat' bolee dlinnymi imena fajlov, nomera versij fajlov, zashchishchennuyu ot sboev fajlovuyu sistemu, vozmozhno, zavershenie imeni fajla, podderzhku terminal'no-nezavisimogo vyvoda i, v konce koncov, vozmozhno, osnovannuyu na Lispe okonnuyu sistemu, pri pomoshchi kotoroj razlichnye Lisp-programmy i obychnye programmy Unix smogut sovmestno ispol'zovat' ekran. Kak Si, tak i Lisp budut dostupny v kachestve sistemnyh yazykov programmirovaniya. My postaraemsya obespechit' podderzhku UUCP, MIT Chaosnet i protokolov svyazi Internet.

Iznachal'no GNU nacelena na mashiny klassa 68000/1600 s virtual'noj pamyat'yu, tak kak na nih ee legche vsego zapustit'. Dopolnitel'nye usiliya dlya zapuska ee na men'shih mashinah budut predostavleny tomu, kto zahochet ispol'zovat' ee na nih.

CHtoby izbezhat' uzhasnoj putanicy, pozhalujsta, proiznosite `G' v slove `GNU', kogda ono yavlyaetsya imenem dannogo proekta.

Pochemu ya dolzhen napisat' GNU

YA schitayu, chto zolotoe pravilo trebuet: esli mne nravitsya programma, to ya dolzhen podelit'sya eyu s drugimi, komu ona tozhe nravitsya. Prodavcy programmnogo obespecheniya hotyat razdelit' pol'zovatelej i podchinit' ih sebe, delaya tak, chtoby kazhdyj iz nih soglashalsya ne delit'sya s drugimi. YA otkazyvayus' narushat' solidarnost' s drugimi pol'zovatelyami takim obrazom. YA ne mogu s chistoj sovest'yu podpisat' soglashenie o neraskrytii ili licenzionnoe soglashenie po programmnomu obespecheniyu. Vo vremya moej raboty v Laboratorii Iskusstvennogo Intellekta ya soprotivlyalsya etim tendenciyam i drugim preponam, no v konce koncov oni zashli slishkom daleko: ya ne mog ostavat'sya v institute, gde za menya delayutsya takie veshchi protiv moej voli.

CHtoby ya mog ispol'zovat' komp'yutery s chistoj sovest'yu, ya reshil sobrat' vmeste dostatochnoe kolichestvo svobodnyh programmnyh produktov, s tem, chtoby ya mog obhoditsya bez kakogo-libo nesvobodnogo programmnogo produkta. YA ushel iz Laboratorii II, chtoby imet' vozmozhnost' otkazat' MTI na lyubyh zakonnyh osnovaniyah pomeshat' mne razdavat' GNU.

Pochemu GNU budet sovmestima s Unix

Unix ne yavlyaetsya moim idealom sistemy, no on ne tak uzh ploh. Ego osnovnye cherty, po-vidimomu, budut polezny, ya nadeyus' chto smogu vospolnit' probely Unix bez togo, chtoby razrushit' ego osnovu. A sistema, sovmestimaya s Unix, mozhet byt' udobna dlya osvoeniya mnogim lyudyam.

Kakim obrazom GNU stanet dostupna

GNU ne yavlyaetsya obshchestvennoj sobstvennost'yu. Kazhdomu razresheno vidoizmenyat' i povtorno rasprostranyat' ee, no rasprostranitelyu ne razreshaetsya prepyatstvovat' ee dal'nejshemu rasprostraneniyu. To est', ne razreshaetsya prisvaivat' modifikacii. YA hochu byt' uverennym v tom, chto vse versii GNU ostanutsya svobodnymi.

Pochemu mnogie programmisty hotyat pomoch'

YA vstretil mnogo programmistov, kotorye zainteresovalis' GNU i zahoteli pomoch'.

Mnogih programmistov ne ustraivaet kommercializaciya sistemnyh programmnyh produktov. Ona mozhet dat' im vozmozhnost' zarabotat' bol'she deneg, no zastavlyaet ih chuvstvovat' sebya sopernikami s drugimi programmistami, a ne tovarishchami. Osnovnoj druzheskij akt sredi programmistov -- sovmestnoe ispol'zovanie programmam; tipichnye marketingovye soglasheniya, ispol'zuemye segodnya, po sushchestvu zapreshchayut programmistam otnositsya drug k drugu po-druzheski. Pokupatel' programmnogo produkta dolzhen vybirat' mezhdu druzhboj i podchineniem zakonu. Estestvenno, mnogie reshat, chto druzhba vazhnee. No te, kto verit v zakon, chuvstvuyut sebya nelovko, sdelav kakoj-libo vybor. Oni stanovyatsya cinichnymi i dumayut, chto programmirovanie -- eto prosto sposob delat' den'gi.

Rabotaya nad GNU i ispol'zuya ee, a ne prinadlezhashchie komu-libo programmy, my mozhem byt' blagozhelatel'ny ko vsem i v to zhe vremya soblyusti zakon. Krome togo, GNU sluzhit vdohnovlyayushchim primerom i znamenem, splachivayushchim ostal'nyh vokrug nas dlya sovmestnogo ispol'zovaniya programmam. |to mozhet dat' nam oshchushchenie garmonii, kotoroe nevozmozhno, esli my ispol'zuem nesvobodnyj programmnyj produkt. Dlya pochti poloviny programmistov, s kotorymi ya razgovarival, eto neocenimoe schast'e, kotoroe den'gi zamenit' ne mogut.

Kakim obrazom vy mozhete vnesti svoj vklad

YA proshu proizvoditelej komp'yuterov o pozhertvovaniyah v vide deneg ili mashin. YA proshu otdel'nyh lyudej o vklade programmami ili rabotoj.

Odno iz sledstvij togo, chto vy vnesli svoj vklad mashinami, eto to, chto na nih GNU budet zapushchena v kratchajshie sroki. Mashiny dolzhny byt' ukomplektovannymi, gotovymi k ispol'zovaniyu sistemami, prigodnymi dlya ispol'zovaniya v zhilom pomeshchenii i ne dolzhny nuzhdat'sya v slishkom slozhnyh sistemah ohlazhdeniya i pitaniya.

YA nashel ochen' mnogo programmistov, gotovyh potratit' chast' svoego rabochego vremeni dlya raboty nad GNU. Dlya bol'shinstva proektov takuyu raspredelennuyu rabotu s nepolnoj zanyatost'yu ochen' trudno koordinirovat'; nezavisimo napisannye chasti, vozmozhno, ne zarabotayut vmeste. No dlya chastnoj zadachi zameshcheniya Unix eto problema otsutstvuet. Polnaya sistema Unix soderzhit soten utilit, kazhdaya iz kotoryh dokumentirovana otdel'no. Bol'shinstvo opisanij interfejsov zafiksirovany dlya sovmestimosti s Unix. Esli kazhdyj sotrudnik smozhet napisat' sovmestimuyu zamenu dlya odnoj Unix-utility i sdelaet tak, chtoby ona rabotala vmesto originala v sisteme Unix, togda vmeste eti utility budut rabotat' nadlezhashchim obrazom. Dazhe esli pozvolit' Merfi sozdat' neskol'ko neozhidannyh problem, ob®edinenie etih komponent budet osushchestvimoj zadachej. (YAdro trebuet bolee tesnoj vzaimosvyazi i budet razrabatyvat'sya nebol'shoj kompaktnoj gruppoj).

V sluchae polucheniya mnoyu denezhnyh pozhertvovanij, ya budu v sostoyanii nanyat' neskol'kih chelovek na polnyj ili nepolnyj rabochij den'. Oklad budet ne vysokim po programmistskim merkam, no ya ishchu takih lyudej, dlya kotoryh ukreplenie duha obshchnosti tak zhe vazhno, kak i zarabatyvanie deneg. YA rassmatrivayu eto kak sposob dat' uvlechennym lyudyam vozmozhnost' otdat' vsyu svoyu energiyu rabote nad GNU, oberegaya ih ot neobhodimosti zarabatyvat' sebe na zhizn' drugim putem.

Pochemu vse pol'zovateli komp'yuterov poluchat vygodu

Kak tol'ko GNU budet napisana, kazhdyj smozhet poluchit' horoshij svobodnyj programmnyj produkt tak zhe svobodno, kak vozduh.2

|to oznachaet gorazdo bol'she, chem prosto ekonomiyu kazhdomu stoimosti licenzii na ispol'zovanie Unix. |to oznachaet, chto budet ustranena bol'shaya chast' rastochitel'nogo dublirovaniya usilij po sistemnomu programmirovaniyu. |ti usiliya smogut pojti vmesto etogo na prodvizhenie tehnologii.

Polnye ishodnye kody sistemy budut dostupny kazhdomu. V rezul'tate, tot pol'zovatel', kotoromu nuzhny izmeneniya v sisteme, vsegda smozhet besprepyatstvenno sdelat' ih sam ili nanyat' programmistov ili kompaniyu, kotorye vzyalis' by sdelat' ih dlya nego. Pol'zovateli bol'she ne budut vo vlasti odnogo programmista ili kompanii, kotorye vladeyut ishodnymi kodami i nahodyatsya v isklyuchitel'nom polozhenii v smysle vneseniya izmenenij.

Uchebnye zavedeniya smogut obespechit' bolee moshchnuyu obrazovatel'nuyu sredu, pooshchryaya vseh studentov izuchat' i uluchshat' sistemnye kody. Garvardskaya komp'yuternaya laboratoriya ran'she provodila sleduyushchuyu politiku: nikakaya programma ne mogla byt' ustanovlena v sisteme, esli vse ee ishodnye kody ne byli predostavleny na vseobshchee obozrenie; i eto fakticheski podderzhivalos' otkazom ustanavlivat' opredelennye programmy. |to menya ochen' vdohnovilo.

Nakonec, budut likvidirovany rashody na rassmotrenie togo, kto vladeet sistemnym programmnym produktom i chto on vprave ili ne vprave delat' s nim.

Soglasheniya o tom, chto lyudi dolzhny platit' za pol'zovanie programmoj, vklyuchaya licenzirovanie kopij, vsegda vlekut za soboj gromadnye zatraty dlya obshchestva iz-za gromozdkih mehanizmov, neobhodimyh dlya podscheta togo, skol'ko (to est', za kakie programmy) dolzhen platit' chelovek. I tol'ko policejskoe gosudarstvo mozhet zastavit' kazhdogo podchinit'sya im. Rassmotrim kosmicheskuyu stanciyu, gde proizvodstvo vozduha dolzhno stoit' ochen' dorogo: vzimanie s kazhdogo zhivogo sushchestva platy za litr vozduha mozhet byt' spravedlivo, no noshenie protivogaza no schetchikom i den' i noch' nevynosimo, dazhe esli kazhdyj v sostoyanii zaplatit' po schetu za vozduh. A televizionnye kamery povsyudu, chtoby sledit', ne snimaete li vy protivogaz, vozmutitel'ny. Luchshe uzh soderzhat' zavod po proizvodstvu vozduha na sredstva ot pogolovnogo naloga i sbrosit' protivogazy.

Kopirovanie vsej ili chasti programmy prisushche programmistu kak dyhanie i takzhe plodotvorno. I ono dolzhno byt' stol' zhe svobodnym.

Nekotorye legko oprovergaemye vozrazheniya protiv celej GNU

"Nikto ne budet ee ispol'zovat', esli ona budet besplatnoj, tak kak eto oznachaet, chto pol'zovatel' ne smozhet polozhit'sya ni na kakoe soprovozhdenie."
"Vy dolzhny budete naznachit' cenu za programmu, chtoby oplatit' obespechenie soprovozhdeniya."

Esli lyudi ohotnee zaplatyat za GNU plyus obsluzhivanie vmesto polucheniya GNU besplatno i bez obsluzhivaniya, to kompaniya po obespecheniyu tol'ko obsluzhivaniya teh, kto poluchil GNU besplatno, mozhet stat' pribyl'noj.3

My dolzhny razlichat' soprovozhdenie v vide dejstvitel'noj raboty po programmirovaniyu i prostuyu podderzhku. Pervoe -- eto nechto, v chem nel'zya polozhit'sya na prodavca programmnogo produkta. Esli vashi problemy ne razdelyayutsya dostatochnym kolichestvom lyudej, to prodavec skazhet vam, chtoby vy ubiralis'.

Esli vasha firma nuzhdaetsya v vozmozhnosti polozhit'sya na soprovozhdenie, to sushchestvuet edinstvennyj vyhod -- imet' vse neobhodimye ishodnye kody i servisnye programmy. Togda vy mozhete nanyat' lyubogo, kto smozhet reshit' vashu problemu; vy ne zavisite ni ot ch'ej milosti. V sluchae Unix cena ishodnyh kodov vyvodit eto iz rassmotreniya dlya bol'shinstva kompanij. S GNU eto budet prosto. Vpolne vozmozhno, chto pri etom ne najdetsya dostatochno kompetentnogo cheloveka, no vina za etu problemu ne mozhet vozlagat'sya na soglasheniya po rasprostraneniyu. GNU ne reshaet vse mirovye problemy, a tol'ko nekotorye iz nih.

Tem vremenem, pol'zovateli, kotorye nichego ne znayut o komp'yuterah, nuzhdayutsya v podderzhke: v vypolnenii dlya nih togo, chto oni mogli by s legkost'yu sdelat' sami, no ne znayut kak.

Takie uslugi mogut predostavit' kompanii, kotorye prodayut tol'ko podderzhku i remontnoe obsluzhivanie. Esli pravda, chto pol'zovateli skoree potratyat den'gi i poluchat produkt s obsluzhivaniem, to oni takzhe budut gotovy pokupat' obsluzhivanie, poluchiv produkt besplatno. Kompanii po obsluzhivaniyu budut konkurirovat' v kachestve i cene; pol'zovateli ne budut privyazany k kakoj-to odnoj iz nih. Tem vremenem, te iz nas, kto ne nuzhdaetsya v obsluzhivanii, smogut pol'zovat'sya programmoj bez ego oplaty.

"Vy ne smozhete zainteresovat' mnogih lyudej, ne ispol'zuya reklamu, a chtoby okupit' ee, vam pridetsya naznachit' cenu za programmu."
"Bespolezno reklamirovat' programmu, kotoruyu lyudi mogut poluchit' besplatno."

Sushchestvuyut razlichnye vidy besplatnoj ili ochen' deshevoj reklamy, kotoraya mozhet byt' ispol'zovana dlya informirovaniya bol'shogo chisla pol'zovatelej o chem-to podobnom GNU. No mozhet byt' pravda i to, chto mozhno zainteresovat' bol'shee chislo pol'zovatelej mikrokomp'yuterov s pomoshch'yu reklamnyh ob®yavlenij. Esli eto dejstvitel'no tak, to firma, kotoraya reklamiruet uslugi po kopirovaniyu i peresylke GNU za platu, dolzhna byt' dostatochno procvetayushchej, chtoby platit' za reklamu i dazhe bolee togo. Togda tol'ko pol'zovateli, kotorye izvlekayut pol'zu iz reklamy, platyat za nee.

S drugoj storony, esli mnogie poluchayut GNU ot svoih druzej, i podobnye firmy ne budut procvetat', to eto pokazhet, chto reklama ne tak uzh neobhodima dlya rasprostraneniya GNU. Pochemu zhe storonniki svobodnogo rynka ne hotyat pozvolit' reshit' eto emu samomu?4

"Moej kompaniya nuzhna sobstvennaya operacionnaya sistema, chtoby poluchit' preimushchestvo v konkurentnoj bor'be."

GNU vyvedet programmnoe obespechenie dlya operacionnyh sistem iz sfery konkurentnoj bor'by. Vy ne smozhete poluchit' preimushchestvo v etoj oblasti, no i vashi konkurenty takzhe ne smogut poluchit' preimushchestvo nad vami. Vy budete konkurirovat' s nimi v drugih oblastyah, sovmestno izvlekaya vygodu v etoj oblasti. Esli vash biznes -- eto prodazha operacionnyh sistem, to vam GNU ne ponravitsya, no eto vashi trudnosti. Esli vash biznes sostoit v chem-nibud' eshche, to GNU smozhet ogradit' vas ot vtyagivaniya v dorogostoyashchij biznes po prodazhe operacionnyh sistem.

YA hotel by uvidet' dal'nejshee razvitie GNU, podderzhivaemoe darami ot mnogih proizvoditelej i pol'zovatelej, eto sokratit zatraty dlya kazhdogo.5

"Razve programmisty ne zasluzhivayut voznagrazhdeniya za svoe tvorchestvo?"

Esli uzh chto-to i zasluzhivaet voznagrazhdeniya, tak eto obshchestvennyj vklad. Tvorchestvo mozhet byt' obshchestvennym vkladom, no tol'ko do teh por, poka obshchestvo mozhet svobodno pol'zovat'sya ego rezul'tatami. Esli programmisty zasluzhivayut voznagrazhdeniya za sozdanie progressivnyh programm, to takzhe oni zasluzhivayut i nakazaniya, esli oni ogranichivayut ispol'zovanie etih programm.

"Mozhet li programmist prosit' voznagrazhdenie za svoe tvorchestvo?"

Net nichego plohogo v tom, chto kto-to trebuet platu za rabotu ili stremitsya uvelichit' svoj dohod, do teh por, poka on ne pol'zuetsya razrushitel'nymi sredstvami. No segodnya privychnye sredstva v oblasti programmnogo obespecheniya osnovyvayutsya imenno na razrushenii.

Vyzhimanie deneg iz pol'zovatelej programmy, ogranichivaya ih vozmozhnosti ispol'zovat' ee, -- eto i est' razrushenie, tak kak ogranicheniya umen'shaet ob®em i sposoby ispol'zovaniya programmy. |to sokrashchaet ob®em pribyli, kotoruyu chelovechestvo izvlekaet iz programmy. Kogda kto-to predumyshlenno vvodit ogranicheniya, to vrednym posledstviem etogo yavlyaetsya prednamerennoe razrushenie.

Prichina togo, chto dobrosovestnye grazhdane ne pol'zuyutsya takimi razrushitel'nymi sredstvami, chtoby stat' bogache, sostoit v tom, chto esli kazhdyj by postupal tak, to my vse vmeste stali by bednee ot vseobshchego razrusheniya. |to etika Kanta, ili Zolotoe pravilo. Tak kak mne ne nravyatsya posledstviya, proistekayushchie iz togo, chto kto-to pripryatyvaet informaciyu, ya vynuzhden schitat', chto tot, kto postupaet tak, neprav. V chastnosti, zhelanie byt' voznagrazhdennym za svoe tvorchestvo ne opravdyvaet lishenie obshchestva voobshche vsego tvoreniya ili ego chasti.

"Ne budut li programmisty golodat'?"

Na eto ya mogu otvetit', chto nikogo ne zastavlyayut byt' programmistom. Bol'shinstvo iz nas ne smogut uhitrit'sya zarabatyvat' den'gi, stoya na ulice i korcha grimasy. No v rezul'tate nas zhe nikto ne zastavlyaet provesti svoyu zhizn', stoya na ulice, korcha grimasy i golodaya. My delaem chto-to drugoe.

No eto nepravil'nyj otvet, tak kak on priznaet podrazumevaemoe v voprose predpolozhenie: chto bez sobstvennosti na programmnoe obespechenie programmist ne smozhet poluchit' ni centa. Po obshchemu mneniyu -- vse ili nichego.

Dejstvitel'naya zhe prichina, po kotoroj programmisty ne budut golodat', sostoit v tom, chto po-prezhnemu budet sushchestvovat' vozmozhnost' poluchat' den'gi za programmirovanie, prosto ne tak mnogo, kak sejchas.

Ogranichenie kopirovaniya ne yavlyaetsya edinstvennoj osnovoj biznesa v oblasti programmnogo obespecheniya. |to samaya rasprostranennaya osnova, tak kak ona prinosit bol'she vsego deneg. Esli by eto bylo zapreshcheno ili otvergnuto pokupatelyami, to biznes v oblasti programmnogo obespecheniya pereshel by na drugie organizacionnye principy, kotorye v dannyj moment ispol'zuyutsya ne tak chasto. Vsegda sushchestvuet mnozhestvo sposobov organizacii lyubogo vida biznesa.

Veroyatnee vsego, programmirovanie s novymi organizacionnymi principami ne budet takim pribyl'nym, kak sejchas. No eto ne argument protiv peremen. Ne schitaetsya zhe nespravedlivym zhalovanie, kotoroe poluchayut klerki po prodazhe sejchas. Esli by programmisty poluchali stol'ko zhe, to eto takzhe ne budet nespravedlivym. (Na praktike, oni budut vse tak zhe poluchat' znachitel'no bol'she, chem klerki.)

"Razve lyudi ne imeyut prava kontrolirovat', kak ispol'zuetsya ih tvorenie?"

"Kontrol' nad ispol'zovaniem ch'ih-to idej" na dele vvodit kontrol' nad zhizn'yu drugih lyudej, i on obychno ispol'zuetsya, chtoby sdelat' ih zhizn' bolee trudnoj.

Lyudi, kotorye vnimatel'no izuchali proishozhdenie prava na intellektual'nuyu sobstvennost' (naprimer, yuristy), govoryat, chto ne sushchestvuet vnutrenne prisushchego prava na intellektual'nuyu sobstvennost'. Vidy predpolagaemyh prav na intellektual'nuyu sobstvennost', kotorye priznayutsya pravitel'stvom, byli sozdany osobymi zakonodatel'nymi aktami dlya special'nyh celej.

Naprimer, patentnaya sistema byla sozdana dlya pooshchreniya togo, chtoby izobretateli raskryvali detali svoih izobretenij. |to dolzhno bylo pomoch' obshchestvu, a ne izobretatelyam. V to vremya period sushchestvovaniya v 17 let dlya patenta byl korotkim po sravneniyu s tempami povysheniya urovnya razvitiya. Tak kak patenty zatragivayut tol'ko predprinimatelej, dlya kotoryh zatraty usilij i deneg na licenzionnoe soglashenie maly po sravneniyu s rashodami na zapusk proizvodstva, to patenty zachastuyu ne nanosyat oshchutimogo vreda. Oni ne meshayut bol'shinstvu lyudej, kotorye ispol'zuyut zapatentovannye produkty.

Ideya avtorskih prav ne sushchestvovala v drevnosti, kogda avtory neredko kopirovali drugih avtorov so vsemi podrobnostyami v rabotah, kotorye ne otnosilis' k hudozhestvennoj literature. Takaya praktika byla polezna, i tol'ko blagodarya ej mnogie avtorskie raboty sohranilis' hotya by chastichno. Sistema avtorskih prav byla sozdana special'no dlya togo, chtoby pooshchryat' avtorstvo. Sfera ee dejstviya -- eto knigi, kotorye mogli byt' ekonomno razmnozheny tol'ko pri pomoshchi pechatnogo stanka. |to prinosilo malo vreda i ne meshalo bol'shinstvu lyudej, kotorye chitali knigi.

Vse prava intellektual'noj sobstvennosti -- eto prosto licenzii, predostavlennye obshchestvom, tak kak schitaetsya, pravil'no ili oshibochno, chto vse obshchestvo v celom budet izvlekat' vygodu, predostaviv ih. No v kazhdom konkretnom sluchae my dolzhny zadavat'sya voprosom: dejstvitel'no li my stanem bogache, vydav takuyu licenziyu? Kakie imenno dejstviya cheloveka my licenziruem?

Segodnyashnyaya situaciya s programmnym obespecheniem ochen' sil'no otlichaetsya ot polozheniya s knigami sto let nazad. Fakty, sostoyashchie v tom, chto prostejshij sposob kopirovaniya programmy -- eto peredacha ee odnim sosedom drugomu, chto programmy imeyut kak ishodnye, tak i ob®ektnye kody, razlichayushchiesya mezhdu soboj, chto programmy ispol'zuyutsya dlya raboty, a ne dlya chteniya i udovol'stviya, vmeste sozdayut situaciyu, v kotoroj lico, nastaivayushchee na avtorskih pravah, nanosit ushcherb obshchestvu v celom kak v material'nom, tak i v duhovnom plane, i v kotoroj chelovek ne dolzhen postupat' tak, nezavisimo ot togo, pozvolyaet li emu eto zakon ili net.

"Konkurenciya zastavlyaet vse delat' luchshe i luchshe."

Naglyadnyj primer konkurencii -- eto gonki: nagrazhdaya pobeditelya, my zastavlyaem drugih bezhat' bystree. Kogda kapitalizm rabotaet imenno tak, on delaet nuzhnoe delo. No ego zashchitniki oshibayutsya, polagaya, chto on vsegda tak rabotaet. Esli beguny zabyvayut, za chto imenno predlagaetsya nagrada, i stremyatsya vyigrat' lyuboj cenoj, to oni mogut najti druguyu strategiyu, takuyu, naprimer, kak rastalkivanie drugih begunov. Esli beguny dlya nachala udaryatsya v kulachnyj boj, to vse oni pridut k finishu pozzhe.

CHastnyj i zasekrechennyj programmnyj produkt, -- eto moral'nyj ekvivalent begunov v kulachnom boyu. Dosadno govorit' ob etom, no edinstvennyj referi, kotoryj u nas est', po vsej vidimosti ne vozrazhaet protiv drak. On prosto reguliruet ih ("Na kazhdye 10 yardov, kotorye vy probezhite, vy mozhete sdelat' odin udar"). V dejstvitel'nosti zhe on dolzhen prekrashchat' ih i nakazyvat' begunov dazhe za popytku draki.

"Ne prekratyat li vse programmirovat' bez denezhnogo voznagrazhdeniya?"

Na samom dele mnogie budut zanimat'sya programmirovaniem sovershenno bez denezhnogo voznagrazhdeniya. Programmirovanie imeet nepreodolimoe ocharovanie dlya nekotoryh lyudej, obychno dlya teh, komu eto luchshe vsego udaetsya. Net nedostatka v professional'nyh muzykantah, kotorye uporno prodolzhayut zanimat'sya muzykoj, dazhe nesmotrya na to, chto oni ne nadeyutsya zarabatyvat' etim na zhizn'.

V dejstvitel'nosti etot vopros, nesmotrya na to, chto on chasto zadaetsya, ne podhodit k situacii. Oplata programmirovaniya ne ischeznet, prosto ona stanet men'she. Tak chto pravil'no stavit' vopros sleduyushchim obrazom: budet li kto-nibud' programmirovat' za umen'shennoe denezhnoe voznagrazhdenie? Moj opyt podskazyvaet mne, chto takie lyudi najdutsya.

V techenie bolee chem desyati let mnogie iz luchshih programmistov rabotali v Laboratorii Iskusstvennogo Intellekta, poluchaya gorazdo men'she deneg, chem oni mogli by imet' gde-to eshche. Oni poluchili massu nedenezhnyh voznagrazhdenij: slavu i uvazhenie, naprimer. Krome togo, tvorchestvo -- eto razvlechenie, samo yavlyayushcheesya nagradoj.

V dal'nejshem mnogie iz nih ushli, kogda poyavilsya shans delat' stol' zhe interesnuyu rabotu za bol'shie den'gi.

|ti fakty demonstriruyut, chto lyudi budut zanimat'sya programmirovaniem po prichinam, otlichnym ot obogashcheniya. No esli poyavitsya shans, krome togo, zarabotat' mnogo deneg, to oni budut nadeyat'sya na nih i trebovat' ih. Organizacii s nizkoj oplatoj slabo konkuriruyut s organizaciyami, gde ona vysokaya, no dela u nih ne dolzhny byt' plohi, esli organizacii s vysokoj oplatoj budut zapreshcheny.

"Nam otchayanno nuzhny programmisty. Esli oni potrebuyut, chtoby my prekratili pomogat' nashim sosedyam, to my dolzhny budem podchinit'sya."

Vy nikogda ne budete v takom otchayannom polozhenii, chtoby vas mozhno bylo podchinit' trebovaniyam takogo sorta. Zapomnite: million na zashchitu, no ni centa na dan'!

"Programmistam kak-to zhe nado zarabatyvat' na zhizn'."

Na pervyj vzglyad eto pravil'no. Odnako, sushchestvuet mnogo sposobov, kotorymi programmist mog by zarabotat' na zhizn', ne prodavaya prava na ispol'zovanie programmy. Sejchas etot put' privychen, tak kak on daet programmistam i biznesmenam samye bol'shie den'gi, a ne potomu, chto eto edinstvennyj put' zarabotat' na zhizn'. Legko najti drugie puti, esli vy zahotite najti ih. Vot neskol'ko primerov.

Proizvoditeli, vnedryaya novye komp'yutery, budut platit' za perenos operacionnyh sistem na novoe oborudovanie.

Programmistov takzhe mozhno bylo by ispol'zovat' pri prodazhe uslug po obucheniyu, soprovozhdeniyu i tekushchemu obsluzhivaniyu.

Lyudi s novymi ideyami mogli by rasprostranyat' svobodnoe programmnoe obespechenie, sprashivaya pozhertvovaniya ot udovletvorennyh pol'zovatelej ili prodavaya tekushchee obsluzhivanie. YA vstrechal lyudej, kotorye uzhe uspeshno rabotayut takim obrazom.

Pol'zovateli so shozhimi potrebnostyami mogut obrazovyvat' gruppy pol'zovatelej i platit' chlenskie vznosy. Gruppa zaklyuchala by kontrakt s programmistskimi kompaniyami dlya napisaniya programm, kotorymi hoteli by pol'zovat'sya chleny takoj gruppy.

Vse vidy razvitiya mogut finansirovat'sya s pomoshch'yu naloga na programmnyj produkt:

Predpolozhim, chto kazhdyj, kupivshij komp'yuter, dolzhen zaplatit' x procentov ot ego ceny v kachestve naloga na programmnoe obespechenie. Pravitel'stvo peredaet eti den'gi agentstvu, podobnomu Nacional'nomu nauchnomu fondu, chtoby ono potratilo ih na razvitie programmnogo obespecheniya.
No esli pokupatel' komp'yutera sdelaet pozhertvovanie na razvitie programmnogo obespecheniya sam, to on mozhet poluchit' kredit v uplatu naloga. On mozhet sdelat' denezhnoe pozhertvovanie na proekt po svoemu vyboru, prichem vybor proekta chasto ob®yasnyaetsya tem, chto on nadeetsya vospol'zovat'sya ego rezul'tatami. On mozhet poluchit' kredit na lyubuyu summu pozhertvovaniya vplot' do obshchej summy naloga, kotoruyu on dolzhen zaplatit'.
Polnaya stavka naloga mozhet opredelyat'sya golosovaniem nalogoplatel'shchikov, pri etom nalog opredelyaetsya proporcional'no summe, s kotoroj on beretsya.
Sledstviya:

Obshchestvo, ispol'zuyushchee komp'yutery, podderzhivaet razvitie programmnogo obespecheniya.
Obshchestvo reshaet, kakoj uroven' podderzhki trebuetsya.
Pol'zovateli, kotoryh volnuet, na kakoj proekt pojdet ih dolya, mogut sami vybrat' ego.

V konce koncov, sozdanie svobodnyh programm -- eto shag po napravleniyu k postdeficitnomu miru, gde nikto ne dolzhen budet rabotat' ochen' napryazhenno, chtoby prosto prozhit'. Lyudi smogut posvyatit' sebya tomu vidu deyatel'nosti, kotoryj dostavlyaet im udovol'stvie, naprimer programmirovaniyu, otrabotav trebuemye desyat' chasov v nedelyu na neobhodimyh zadaniyah, takih kak zakonotvorchestvo, semejnye sovety, pochinka robotov i asteroidnye issledovaniya. Ne nado budet zarabatyvat' na zhizn' programmirovaniem.

My uzhe imeem znachitel'noe sokrashchenie ob®ema rabot, kotorye obshchestvo v celom dolzhno delat' dlya obespecheniya real'noj proizvoditel'nosti, no tol'ko malaya chast' etogo preobrazuetsya v dosug dlya rabotnikov, tak kak trebuetsya mnogo deyatel'nosti v neproizvodstvennoj sfere dlya soprovozhdeniya proizvodstvennoj deyatel'nosti. Osnovnaya prichina etogo -- byurokratiya i sootvetstvennye usiliya na bor'bu s konkurenciej. Svobodnoe programmnoe obespechenie znachitel'no sokratit eti rashody v oblasti proizvodstva programmnyh produktov. My dolzhny sdelat' eto, chtoby povyshenie proizvoditel'nosti preobrazovyvalos' v sokrashchenie raboty dlya nas.

Snoski

1): Nekotorye slova zdes' byli upotrebleny nebrezhno. Namerenie sostoyalo v tom, chtoby nikto ne dolzhen byl platit' za razreshenie pol'zovat'sya sistemoj GNU. No eti slova ne proyasnyayut eto, i lyudi chasto interpretiruyut ih, kak budto oni govoryat, chto kopii GNU vsegda dolzhny rasprostranyat'sya besplatno ili za maluyu platu. |to nikogda ne bylo cel'yu; dalee manifest upominaet o vozmozhnosti kompanij predostavlyat' uslugi po rasprostraneniyu za platu. Vposledstvii ya ponyal, chto nuzhno tochno razlichat' "free" v smysle svobody i "free" v smysle ceny. Svobodnoe programmnoe obespechenie -- eto programmnoe obespechenie, kotoroe pol'zovateli vol'ny rasprostranyat' i izmenyat'. Nekotorye pol'zovateli mogut poluchit' kopii besplatno, togda kak drugie platyat za poluchenie kopij, i esli eti den'gi pomogayut uluchshat' eti programmy, to chem bol'she, tem luchshe. Vazhno to, chto kazhdyj, kto imeet kopiyu, imeet svobodu sotrudnichat' s drugimi pri ee ispol'zovanii.
2): |to eshche odno mesto, gde ya ne vyyavil tshchatel'no raznicu mezhdu dvumya razlichnymi znacheniyami slova "free". Samo po sebe eto predlozhenie ne yavlyaetsya nepravdoj -- vy mozhete poluchit' kopii programm GNU besplatno ot vashih druzej ili po seti. No ono predpolagaet lozhnuyu ideyu.
3): Sejchas sushchestvuyut neskol'ko takih kompanij.
4): Fond Svobodnogo Programmnogo Obespecheniya poluchaet bol'shuyu chast' sredstv za uslugi po rasprostraneniyu, hotya on yavlyaetsya organizaciej, sushchestvuyushchej na pozhertvovaniya, a ne kommercheskoj kompaniej. Esli nikto ne vyberet v kachestve sposoba poluchit' kopii zakaz ot Fonda, on budet nesposoben vypolnyat' svoi rabotu. No eto ne oznachaet, chto sobstvennicheskie ogranicheniya opravdany, chtoby zastavit' kazhdogo pol'zovatelya platit'. Esli malaya chast' vseh pol'zovatelej zakazyvaet kopii v Fonde, etogo dostatochno, chtoby Fond ostalsya na plavu. Poetomu my prosim pol'zovatelej podderzhat' nas takim obrazom. Sdelali li vy svoyu chast'?
5): Gruppa komp'yuternyh kompanij nedavno vydala sredstva na podderzhku soprovozhdeniya kompilyatora GNU C Compiler.

Vernut'sya na stranicu komandy perevoda.


Last-modified: Wed, 21 Apr 1999 20:24:33 GMT
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