Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0 protiv UNIX

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<HR -1></CENTER>

<H1>
Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0 protiv UNIX</H1>

<H3>
John Kirch, setevoj konsul'tant i sertificirovannyj specialist Microsoft
(Windows NT)</H3>
<I>Poslednee obnovlenie: 26 maya 1998</I>
<CENTER>
<HR -1></CENTER>

<CENTER>
<H2>
Kratkoe soderzhanie</H2></CENTER>
Vo vsem mire IT menedzhery stalkivayutsya s voprosom, dolzhny my vybrat' put'
Microsoft Windows NT Server ili odnoj iz OS UNIX? Kak Vy uzhe mozhet znaete,
UNIX eto ne edinstvennaya OS; ona ob®edinyaet semejstvo operacionnyh sistem,
v kotoroe vhodyat (nazovem lish' samye populyarnye) AIX, BSDI, Digital UNIX,
FreeBSD, HP-UX, IRIX, Linux, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Pyramid, SCO, Solaris, SunOS.
Populyarnost' Windows NT Server rastet, no uvelichivaetsya li ot etogo proizvoditel'nost'
Vashih MIS (management information system) operacij? Vazhnee vsego, odnako,
dlya vas kak dlya menedzhera, vyigryvaete li Vy v pribyli, vybiraya resheniya
Microsoft?

<P>CHto zhe, v rezul'tate, deshevle? Stoimost' apparatnogo obespecheniya, licenzij
na PO, soglashenij tehnicheskoj podderzhki, ceny uslug apgrejda/obsluzhivaniya,
stoimost' apgrejda apparatury, pribyl', poteryannaya za kazhdyj chas prostoya,
oplata personala za vosstanovlenie/sozdanie dannyh, poteryannyh iz-za defektov
operacionnoj sistemy i/ili apparatnoj platformy, trebuemoj vybrannoj Vami
OS, i oplata sistemnyh administratorov - eto tol'ko nekotorye faktory,
kotorye vliyayut na obshchij razmer byudzheta, vytekayushchego iz Vashego resheniya.
|to ne prostoj vybor.

<P>Nesmotrya na zatraty, stoimost', v konechnom itoge, dlya Vas kak menedzhera,
uchityvaya tol'ko chto predstavlennyj slozhnyj nabor faktorov, mozhet byt' nizhe
dlya tehnicheski luchshej kombinacii servernogo apparatnogo obespecheniya i operacionnoj
sistemy. UNIX eto -- zrelaya, tehnicheski luchshaya, gruppa operacionnyh sistem
s proverennoj rekordnoj proizvoditel'nost'yu, nadezhnost'yu, i bezopasnost'yu
v servernoj srede. Za prakticheski tridcatiletnij period nepreryvnoj razrabotki,
chasto vypolnyaemoj dobrovol'cami, veryashchim v to delo, kotorym zanimayutsya,
byla sozdana<FONT COLOR="#000000"> gruppa OS , i chrezvychajno moshchnye, sdelannye
pod opredelennye nuzhdy, mnogoprocessornye servernye sistemy, imeyushchie proizvoditel'nost',</FONT><FONT COLOR="#FF0000">
</FONT>ravnoj kotoroj eshche net v apparature Intel, kotorye ne tol'ko otvechayut
zaprosam segodnyashnih vychislitel'nyh potrebnostej, no i vo mnogih sluchayah
prevyshayut ih.

<P>Pochemu Windows NT Server 4.0 prodolzhayut sushchestvovat' na predpriyatiyah,
budet temoj sootvetstvuyushchego issledovatel'skogo otcheta skoree v oblasti
psihologii ili marketinga, a ne stat'ej ob informacionnyh tehnologiyah.
Tehnicheski, Windows NT Server 4.0 ne idet ni v kakoe sravnenie s lyuboj
OS UNIX, dazhe s nekommercheskimi variantami BSD ili Linux. Schitaetsya, chto
menedzher ne imeet tehnicheskih znanij sistemnyh administratorov s 15-letnim
opytom raboty v promyshlennosti. Net nichego strashnogo v tom, chto net takogo
opyta, lish' ignorirovanie takogo opyta mozhet, v konechnom itoge, otrazit'sya
na zatratah Vashego rabotodatelya, i zatratah potrebitelej. Cel' etoj stat'i,
predostavit' fakty, i dokazat', chto eto -- fakty, potomu chto fakty -- bessporny.

<P>|ta stat'ya osnovyvaetsya na moem opyte raboty v promyshlennosti, kotoraya
nachalas' s 1979 s Chevron Geosciences Company, i primerno na 150 ssylkah
na tehnicheskie stat'i, oficial'nye izdaniya i referaty. Zdes' sleduet zametit',
chto ya ne podderzhivayu ni odin produkt ni odnoj kompanii, dazhe moj rabotodatel'
ne izvlechet vygodu, esli Vy vyberete UNIX. Moya cel' sostoit v tom, chtoby
oslabit' bremya sistemnyh administratorov, sodejstvovat' bolee effektivnym
i ekonomichnym vychisleniyam vo vsem mire, i pooshchryat' bolee chestnoe i raznoobraznoe
soobshchestvo postavshchikov PO.

<P>
<HR -1>
<BR>
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=TOP>
<H2>
Soderzhanie</H2>

<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#intro">Vvedenie</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#os">Operacionnye sistemy</A></LI>

<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#costs">Cena produktov i licenzionnyh soglashenij</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#functionality">Funkcional'nye vozmozhnosti</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#reliability">Nadezhnost'</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#management">Sistemnoe upravlenie</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#performance">Proizvoditel'nost'</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#security">Bezopasnost'</A></LI>
</UL>

<LI>
<A HREF="#misconceptions">Neskol'ko obshchih zabluzhdenij</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#views">Mneniya drugih MIS specialistov</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#web">Web servery</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#mta">Mail servery (MTA)</A></LI>

<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#mta-views">Microsoft Exchange protiv Sendmail: mneniya drugih
MIS specialistov</A></LI>
</UL>

<LI>
<A HREF="#conclusion">Zaklyuchenie</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#compare">Linux i NT Server 4.0 na pervyj vzglyad</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#bigguys">CHto ispol'zuyut krupnye kompanii?</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#links">Shodnye ssylki</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="legal.html">Disclaimers and Other Legal Information</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#acknowledgments">Blagodarnosti</A></LI>
</UL>
</TD>

<TD VALIGN=TOP>
<H2>
Osnovnye momenty etoj stat'i</H2>

<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#ms-solaris">Pochemu Microsoft ispol'zuet Solaris vmesto NT</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#graphs">Grafiki sravneniya raznyh operacionnyh sistem</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#stability">Kakie operacionnye sistemy ispol'zuyut specialisty,
kogda vazhna ustojchivost'?</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#win95">Maloizvestnyj fakt o <B>windows95.com</B></A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#KickAss">UNIX na odnoprocessornom PC proizvoditel'nee dvuhprocessornoj
mashiny s NT?</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#cisco">Cisco perehodit s Linux na Windows NT?</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#usps">Linux i pochtovaya sluzhba Soedinennyh SHtatov</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#web">PO web serverov; chto obshchego u Korolevskoj Sem'i i FBR?</A></LI>

<LI>
<A HREF="#gui">Pokazhite mne UNIX, ya hochu <I>videt'</I> na chto on pohozh!</A></LI>
</UL>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>

<HR -1><A NAME="intro"></A>
<H2>
Vvedenie</H2>
Vybor servernoj platformy mozhet byt' zatrudnen dlya menedzherov, ne imeyushchih
uzkospecializirovannyh znanij v sistemnom i setevom administrirovanii.
V etoj stat'e, Microsoft Windows NT Server sravnivaetsya s UNIX, bol'shim
semejstvom kommercheskih i nekommercheskih operacionnyh sistem s obshchim naslediem
i vo mnogom pohozhih. Osnovnoe sravnenie provoditsya v oblastyah funkcional'nyh
vozmozhnostej, nadezhnosti, sistemnogo upravleniya, i proizvoditel'nosti.
|ta stat'ya o serverah, a ne o rabochih stanciyah. Drugie faktory, takie,
kak cena produkta, kolichestvo i kachestvo postavlyaemogo PO, i razdel o harakternyh
zabluzhdeniyah, prisushchih dvum gruppam operacionnyh sistem predstavleny dlya
bolee polnogo vzglyada na eti produkty. Informaciya, ispol'zuemaya v etom
sravnenii, poluchena iz raznyh istochnikov: oficial'nye izdaniya, celevye
issledovaniya tret'ih firm, stat'i iz tehnicheskoj periodiki, i nablyudeniya
IT specialistov, imeyushchih opyt realizacii i administrirovaniya, i Microsoft
Windows NT, i razlichnyh OS UNIX, v promyshlennyh masshtabah.

<P><FONT COLOR="#000000">Rabota nad stat'ej eshche prodolzhaetsya</FONT><FONT COLOR="#FF0000">.</FONT>
Vse zhelayushchie rasprostranyat' etot proekt privetstvuyutsya. |to moj <B><A HREF="mailto:john@kirch.net">e-mail</A></B>.
Pozhalujsta dopishite k svoemu e-mail <I>konstruktivnye</I> kommentarii ili
kritiku.<A NAME="os"></A>
<H2>
Operacionnye sistemy</H2>
<A NAME="costs"></A>
<H3>
Ceny produktov i licenzionnyh soglashenij</H3>
Bol'shinstvo menedzherov soglasny s tem faktom, chto real'naya cena operacionnoj
sistemy ponyatna, esli uchityvat' vsyu kartinu v celom. Hotya Windows NT Server
4.0 mozhet byt' dorozhe nekotoryh kommercheskih UNIX OS (NT 4.0 Server versiya
na 5 pol'zovatelej - $809; 10-pol'zovatelej - $1129; Windows NT Server,
Enterprise Edition 4.0 25-pol'zovatelej - $3,999; Enterprise Edition 4.0
50-pol'zovatelej - $4,799; NT Server 4.0 Documentation Kit - $69.95; Istochnik:
<A HREF="http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/guide/ntsprice.asp?A=2&B=5#ntse">Microsoft</A>),
ee mozhno poluchit' po neznachitel'noj cene na special'nyh vystavkah (trade
show). I, <FONT COLOR="#000000">chto ne meloch', soglasites', </FONT>setevaya
operacionnaya sistema iz etogo diapazona cen, postavlyaetsya bez telnet servera,
SMTP servera (e-mail), diskovyh kvot, news servera, ili po krajnej mere
DNS servera (mnogie administratory NT vynuzhdeny iskat' resheniya tret'ih
firm dlya DNS). Po dannym <B><A HREF="http://www.bsdi.com/white-papers/compare">BSDI,</A></B>
pri takoj zhe funkcional'nosti chto i v BSD postavke, dopolnitel'nye produkty
Microsoft i resheniya tret'ih firm sostavyat itogovuyu cenu sravnimogo resheniya
na NT okolo $4,000. Maggie Biggs, vedushchij analitik InfoWorld, specializiruyushchayasya
na tehnologiyah baz dannyh i sozdanii, razrabotke i raspredelenii prilozhenij
cherez Intranet i drugie seti opredelyaet<B></B> v svoej <B><A HREF="http://currents.net:80/magazine/national/1524/inet1524.html">stat'e,</A></B>
sravnivaya NT 4.0 s <I>kommercheskim</I> Linux'om Red Hat'a (vsego lish' za
<B>$49.95</B>), chto cena <B>podobnogo resheniya na osnove Windows NT 4.0
sostavit $4,636</B>. |tot primer pokazyvaet, chto uspeshnyj marketing
chasto privodit k tomu chto potrebitelyu navyazyvayutsya <FONT COLOR="#000000">te
zhe funkcional'nye vozmozhnosti, no sovsem ne te resheniya .</FONT>

<P>NT chasto vybirayut po soobrazheniyam byudzheta, tak kak mnogie zakazchiki
ne zhelayut oplachivat' bolee doroguyu apparaturu, trebuemuyu bol'shinstvom kommercheskih
versij UNIX. Bolee vazhnym, odnako, yavlyaetsya tot fakt. chto obshchaya stoimost'
realizacii, vklyuchaet sistemnoe administrirovanie naryadu s drugimi faktorami
takimi, kak vremya prostoya, telefonnye zvonki v sluzhbu podderzhki, poterya
dannyh iz-za nenadezhnosti, i t.d. Tippett Studio, kompaniya, otvetstvennaya
za grafiku v <I>Starship Trooper</I>, poluchivshego Oscar v nominacii luchshie
speceffekty, ispol'zovala 130 SGI ( <A HREF="http://www.sgi.com/">Silicon
Graphics, Inc.</A>) mashin pod <A HREF="http://www.sgi.com/origin/products/irix.html">IRIX</A>,
sobstvennuyu OS UNIX SGI. Vychislitel'nye administratory Tippett studio tak
ob®yasnili, pochemu oni ispol'zovali SGI s IRIX vmesto NT:
<BLOCKQUOTE>"'SGI deshevye dlya togo, chto oni delayut,' govorit Jeff Stringer,
'Stoimost' podderzhki NT dovol'no vysoka, kogda Vy dumaete obo vseh sistemnyh
administratorah, kotoryh sleduet nanyat'.'"

<P>"Naem -- osobenno bol'shaya zabota dlya malen'koj studii. V otlichie ot
bol'shih studij, Tippett -- kotoraya, razrabotala zhukov, ugrozhayushchih chelovechestvu
v "Starship Troopers" -- yavlyaetsya f/x boutique'om."

<P>-- Greg Lindsay, <A HREF="http://cgi.pathfinder.com/netly/editorial/0,1012,1770,00.html">Oscar
Tech</A>, The Netly News, fevral' 27, 1998.</BLOCKQUOTE>
Dlya bol'shinstva pol'zovatelej orientiruyushchihsya na real'nuyu cenu, <B><A HREF="http://www.linux.org">Linux</A></B>
libo <B><A HREF="http://www.freebsd.org">FreeBSD</A></B> budut nesomnenno
luchshimi variantami reshenij. Oni <I>nichego</I> ne stoyat<I>,</I>pri tom chto
oni vpolne stabil'ny i funkcional'ny, esli dazhe ne bol'she, chem kommercheskie
UNIX OS. Odin chitatel' soobshchil o tom, chto upominanie o Linux lishit etu
stat'yu pravdopodobnosti. YA tak ne dumayu. Sushchestvovanie podobnyh al'yansov,
kak naprimer upomyanutyh v stat'e <B><A HREF="http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB19980402S0013">Andreessen
Sees Mozilla-Linux Upset of Windows</A></B> yasno dokazyvaet, chto Linux
usilivaet svoi pozicii v kommercheskoj srede. (Dlya novichkov, Mozilla eto
nazvanie kodov Netscape/Communicator a Marc Andreessen odin iz sozdatelej
i ispolnitel'nyj vice-prezident Netscape.) Istoricheski slozhilos', chto krupnye
kompanii izbegali besplatnoe PO iz-za neponyatnogo stereotipa, chto <FONT COLOR="#000000">vse
besplatnoe ne mozhet byt' horoshim. </FONT>Nedavnyaya tendenciya sredi nekotoryh
kompanij -- eto ispol'zovat' eti rentabel'nye OS. Hewlett-Packard ispol'zovala
Linux vmesto svoej HP-UX UNIX OS pri razrabotke novoj arhitektury svoego
processora PA-RISC. Schlumberger budet zanimat'sya marketingom reshenij udalennoj
telefonii, ispol'zuyushchih Linux. Lyubopytno zametit', chto zhurnal <B><A HREF="http://www.sun.com/">SunWorld
On-Line</A></B> dal im polozhitel'nuyu ocenku v odnoj iz svoih statej, <B><A HREF="http://www.sun.com/sunworldonline/swol-01-1998/swol-01-linux.html">Linux
lines up for the enterprise</A></B>. Tak kak eti OS besplatny dlya ispol'zovaniya
dazhe v kommercheskoj srede, mnogie provajdery (ISP) rabotayut na Linux ili
FreeBSD. NetBSD rabotaet prakticheski vezde: DEC Alpha, Motorola 68k (Amiga,
Atari, Mac, MVME, Sharp, Sun3), PowerPC, Intel, DEC VAX, Acorn RISC, MIPS
(Sony NEWS, DECstation), i t.d. Osnovnoe vnimanie v OpenBSD udelyaetsya ustojchivosti
i bezopasnosti. Linux naibolee populyaren i takzhe rabotaet na razlichnom
apparatnom obespechenii: Sun, Intel, DEC Alpha, PowerPC, PowerMac, i t.d.
Sejchas, Linux, veroyatno, naibolee bystro rastushchaya OS na rynke. Za dopolnitel'noj
informaciej, sm. <B><A HREF="http://www.linuxresources.com/">Linux Resources</A></B>
ili <B><A HREF="http://www.redhat.com">Red Hat Software</A></B>.

<P>Nicholas Petreley, glavnyj redaktor <I>NC World</I> i obozrevatel' <I>InfoWorld</I>
i <I>NT World Japan</I> tak ob®yasnyaet rost Linux i FreeBSD v IT otdelah:
<BLOCKQUOTE>"Vcherashnie studenty kolledzhej poluchali svoi znaniya o Unix na
Linux i FreeBSD. Segodnya oni rabotayut v IT otdelah, i mnogie iz nih otnosyatsya
vrazhdebno i k Microsoft i k Windows NT. Kak rezul'tat, Linux, BSD, Solaris,
i drugie raznovidnosti Unix nahodyat svoe mesto v otdelah informacionnyh
tehnologij, gde yavno, gde tajno.

<P>"Naprimer, Vy uvereny, chto rabotaete imenno s NT serverom? Sotrudniki
IS vo mnogih organizaciyah nezametno ustanavlivayut Unix servera, obespechivayushchie
rodnye dlya NT servisy. Zachem zhe tak riskovat'? Linux i FreeBSD besplatny,
kak i SAMBA, PO predostavlyayushchee NT servisy. Takim obrazom IS otdel ekonomit
den'gi. A menedzhery vryad li uznayut pro Unix, skrytyj oto vseh, tak kak
men'shee chislo pol'zovatelej budet zhalovat'sya o prostoyah servera.

<P>"Men'she budet nedovol'nyh, potomu chto servery bolee stabil'ny nezheli
Windows NT. Linux, FreeBSD, i BSDI Unix prevoshodyat Windows NT po ryadu
pokazatelej na hudshem "zheleze", a pri nekotoryh obstoyatel'stvah mozhet rabotat'
ne huzhe, a to i luchshe, chem NT na luchshem "zheleze". CHto do masshtabiruemosti,
to Unix na Intel dogonyaet i dazhe prevoshodit NT po chislu ispol'zuemyh processorov
i po effektivnosti ispol'zovaniya.

<P>-- Nicholas Petreley, <A HREF="http://www.ncworldmag.com/ncworld/ncw-04-1998/ncw-04-nextten.html">The
new Unix alters NT's orbit: The re-emergence of Unix threatens to modify
the future direction of NT</A>, <I><A HREF="http://www.ncworldmag.com/ncworld/">NC
World</A></I>, April 1998.</BLOCKQUOTE>
<A NAME="functionality"></A>
<H3>
Funkcional'nye vozmozhnosti</H3>
CHto Vy mozhete ozhidat' ot tol'ko chto ustanovlennyh Windows NT Server i UNIX?
NT mozhet soedinyat'sya s mnozhestvom razlichnyh tipov komp'yuterov. |to mozhet
i UNIX. NT mozhet zashchishchat' uyazvimye dannye i derzhat' neavtorizovannyh pol'zovatelej
vne seti. |to mozhet i UNIX. Voobshche-to, obe OS udovletvoryayut minimal'nym
trebovaniyam dlya operacionnyh sistem rabotayushchih v setevoj srede. Koroche
govorya, UNIX mozhet delat' to zhe, chto i NT, i dazhe bol'she.

<P>NT chasto rassmatrivaetsya kak "mnogopol'zovatel'skaya" OS, no eto bol'shoe
zabluzhdenie. NT server mozhet <I>proverit'</I> avtorizovannogo pol'zovatelya,
no raz zashedshij v set' NT pol'zovatel', vse chto on mozhet eto poluchit' dostup
k fajlam ili printeram. Pol'zovatel' NT ne mozhet prosto zapustit' <I>lyuboe</I>
prilozhenie na NT servere (chtoby vospol'zovat'sya preimushchestvom bol'shej
vychislitel'noj moshchnosti apparatnyh sredstv servera). Pol'zovatel' NT mozhet
tol'ko zapuskat' special'nye prilozheniya sostoyashchie iz dvuh chastej, t.e.
prilozheniya klient/server. Kogda pol'zovatel' zahodit na UNIX server, to
on mozhet zapuskat' <I>lyuboe</I> prilozhenie (esli emu eto razresheno), perenosya
tem samym nagruzku so svoej rabochej stancii. |to otnositsya i k graficheskim
prilozheniyam, tak kak X-server eto standartnoe PO dlya vseh OS UNIX.

<P>Dlya bol'shinstva, e-mail stal neobhodimym sredstvom obshcheniya, i mnogie
kompanii imeyut svoi sobstvennye vnutrennie/vneshnie e-mail sistemy. Dlya
Windows NT, Vam pridetsya pokupat' otdel'noe PO dlya ustanovki svoego e-mail
servera. OS UNIX postavlyaetsya s programmoj nazyvaemoj <B><A HREF="http://www.sendmail.org">Sendmail</A></B>.
Sushchestvuet takzhe drugie pochtovye programmy (ili <I>MTA</I>, Mail Transport
Agents, pochtovye transportnye agenty) dostupnye dlya UNIX, no eta naibolee
shiroko rasprostranena, i yavlyaetsya besplatnoj. Nekotorye administratory
UNIX schitayut, chto <B><A HREF="http://www.exim.org/">exim</A></B> ili <B><A HREF="http://www.qmail.org/">qmail</A></B>
luchshe, tak kak oni ne takie slozhnye v konfiguracii kak sendmail. Oba, i
exim i qmail, vprochem kak i sendmail, besplatny dazhe dlya kommercheskogo
ispol'zovaniya. Mnogie NT-orientirovannye kompanii ispol'zuyut <B><A HREF="http://www.microsoft.com/exchange/default.asp">Microsoft
Exchange Server</A></B> v kachestve MTA. |to dorogoe reshenie s ogranichennym
uspehom ispol'zovaniya v promyshlennyh masshtabah. <B>Microsoft Exchange Server
Enterprise Edition - licenziya na 25 klientov stoit $3,549.00.</B> Esli
u Vas bol'she chem 25 sotrudnikov, eto zhe PO s <B>licenziej na 50 klientov
stoit $4,859.00</B> (Istochnik: <B><A HREF="http://www.microsoft.com/exchange/guide/erp.asp?A=2&">Microsoft</A></B>)
Nizhe v etoj stat'e, v razdele <A HREF="#mta">Mail servera (MTA)</A>, predstavleny
osnovnye harakteristiki dlya sravneniya i protivopostavleniya etih dvuh PO
pochtovyh serverov.

<P>Esli Microsoft vidit v NT real'nuyu al'ternativu vsem ostal'nym setevym
OS, predstavlennym na rynke, uchityvaya UNIX i Novell, to dolzhna prinimat',
chto NT dolzhna vklyuchat' vse neobhodimye instrumenty dlya vypolneniya naibolee
chasto vstrechayushchihsya zadanij: obsluzhivanie printerov i fajlov. Lyuboj sistemnyj/setevoj
administrator po opytu znaet, chto sushchestvuet dva osnovnyh momenta na kotorye
sleduet obratit' osnovnoe vnimanie pri ustanovke fajlovogo servera ili
zavedeniya novogo setevogo pol'zovatelya: bezopasnost', ili paroli i prava
na fajly; i kvoty dlya ogranicheniya diskovogo prostranstva dlya novyh ili
sushchestvuyushchih pol'zovatelej ili grupp. Hotya NT obespechivaet prostejshuyu bezopasnost'
po parolyu, ona imeet bezopasnost' na urovne dostupa k fajlam, tol'ko esli
vybrat' ee sobstvennuyu fajlovuyu sistemu, nazyvaemuyu NTFS. Nekotorye MIS
otdely neohotno ispol'zuyut etu fajlovuyu sistemu (po-krajnej mere na pol'zovatel'skih
mashinah), iz-za togo, chto reshenie diskovyh problem zatrudnyaetsya pri ispol'zovanii
NTFS. Sushchestvuet rasprostranennoe mnenie, chto diski formatirovannye kak
NTFS ne mogut chitat'sya iz DOS, vazhnoj OS pri vosstanovlenii iz takogo roda
problem. Rune Knapstad soobshchil, chto sushchestvuet DOS utilita, nazyvaemaya
<A HREF="http://www.ntinternals.com/ntfs20.htm">NTFSDOS,</A> kotoraya mozhet
montirovat' NTFS razdely. Interesno zametit', chto eto produkt tret'ej firmy,
a ne Microsoft. Gorazdo vazhnee to, chto <B>NT ne soderzhit mehanizmov dlya
ogranicheniya diskovogo prostranstva dlya pol'zovatelej!</B> UNIX i Novell,
naoborot, soderzhat PO dlya obespecheniya takogo, po-vidimomu elementarnogo,
kontrolya. Microsoft anonsirovala, chto eshche ne vypushchennaya NT Server 5.0 budet
obespechivat' "new storage management features such as disk quotas . . .(novuyu
vozmozhnost' upravleniya nakopitelyami, takuyu kak diskovye kvoty...)" (sm.
press-reliz, <A HREF="http://www.microsoft.com/corpinfo/press/1997/sept97/winnt5pr.htm">Windows
NT 5.0 Beta Delivered to Over 200,000 Developers</A>).

<P>I, nakonec, OS UNIX vklyuchaet yazyki napisaniya skriptov (naprimer, takie
kak Bourne Shell, Korn Shell, C Shell, i inogda Perl) i tak nazyvaemyj
"cron" dlya vypolneniya komand po ustanovlennomu grafiku cherez zadannye intervaly
(kazhdye n minut, kazhdye n chasov, raz v nedelyu, raz v mesyac, i t.d.). Cron
legko konfiguriruetsya i ne ogranichivaetsya privedennymi zdes' primerami.
Koroche govorya, vysokourovnevye yazyki scenariev + cron = moshchnoe sredstvo
dlya sistemnogo administrirovaniya, podobnogo kotoromu net v Microsoft NT
Server 4.0. Mnogie sistemy upravleniya UNIX avtomatizirovany i prisposobleny
pod konkretnye nuzhdy pri pomoshchi etih instrumental'nyh sredstv, chto v konechnom
itoge skazyvaetsya na snizhenii zatrat na personal. Kak ukazal odin chitatel',
NT imeet "Scheduler" i komandu "at", i chto Perl dostupen dlya NT. Da, eto
pravda, odnako, ya ne dumayu, chto eto ogranichennoe sredstvo dlya napisaniya
skriptov cmd.exe, ob®edinennoe s "Scheduler" ili "at" mozhet dazhe priblizitsya
k toj funkcional'nosti v UNIX, o kotoroj upomyanuto vyshe. Vypolnenie avtomatizirovannyh
zadach tol'ko togda polezno, kogda skripty/zadachi/programmy mogut zapuskat'sya
bez vmeshatel'stva cheloveka. Slishkom mnogoe, chto vypolnyaetsya na NT, zavyazano
na GUI, i sledovatel'no trebuet vzaimodejstviya s chelovekom. Esli real'no
ocenit', to avtomatizirovannye zadachi, vypolnyayushchiesya v bol'shinstve vychislitel'nyh
centrov -- eto specifichnye dlya mesta operacii, kotorye programmiruyutsya
sistemnymi administratorami. Po<FONT COLOR="#000000"> sobstvennomu opytu
ya znayu, chto redko byvaet sajt, gde ustanovlen Perl na NT servere i imeetsya
administrator NT, kotoryj znaet osnovy Perl.</FONT> Osnovnym momentom posle
pokupki deshevoj apparatury idet, ruka ob ruku, praktika naema samogo deshevogo
administratora NT; v konce koncov, eto NT, i vse chto nado delat' - eto
ukazyvat' i shchelkat'!

<P>V itoge, zaloginivshis' v set' NT, vse chto mozhno delat' eto chitat' fajly
i pechatat'. V srede UNIX, zajdya na UNIX server, mozhno <I>byt'</I> na etoj
mashine i delat' vse, chto mozhno bylo by sdelat' s ee klaviatury. S NT, ne
dumajte, chto smozhete ustanovit' e-mail server iz distributiva. Potrebuetsya
dopolnitel'noe dorogostoyashchee PO, vrode Microsoft Exchange Server. Esli
Vash NT server dolzhen byt' fajlovym serverom - chto eshche real'no mozhno na
nem delat'? - ne pytajtes' zashchitit' server ot pol'zovatelej zapolnyayushchih
disk(i) svoimi dannymi.

<P>Prostota nastrojki i vozmozhnost' nastraivat' server bez perezagruzki
eto eshche odin aspekt funkcional'nosti:
<BLOCKQUOTE>"Nekotorye versii Unix (Linux, naprimer) podderzhivayut zagruzhaemye
moduli ustrojstv. |to oznachaet, chto mozhno zagruzit' Linux i perenastroit'
podderzhku apparatnogo i programmnogo obespecheniya na letu. Naprimer, mozhno
zagruzit' Linux bez podderzhki uzhe ustanovlennoj SCSI karty. Zatem prosto
podgruzit' podderzhku dlya etoj SCSI karty, kogda nuzhno obratit'sya k odnomu
ili neskol'kim podsoedinennym SCSI-ustrojstvam, takim kak opticheskij disk
dlya rezervirovaniya. Mozhno vygruzit' SCSI drajver po okonchanii. Takzhe mozhno
spokojno podgruzhat' i vygruzhat' podderzhku dlya zvukovyh, setevyh kart -
dazhe fajlovyh sistem takih kak HPFS, FAT, VFAT, i drugih (drajver dlya NTFS
v stadii razrabotki).

<P>"Sledovatel'no, lyuboj Unix s podderzhkoj zagruzhaemyh modulej po sushchestvu
bol'she podhodit dlya servera, t.k. dlya izmeneniya konfiguracii ne trebuetsya
perezagruzka sistemy.

<P>"Windows NT ne soderzhit nichego podobnogo. Dazhe neznachitel'nye izmeneniya
v konfiguracii Windows NT trebuyut perezagruzki dlya vstupleniya izmenenij
v silu. Izmenite IP adres shlyuza-marshrutizatora (default gateway) i potrebuetsya
perezagruzka. Vy dazhe ne smozhete izmenit' tip modema, ispol'zuemogo dlya
ustanovleniya PPP soedineniya, bez perezagruzki dlya obnovleniya sistemy. Ni
odno iz etih ogranichenij ne sushchestvuet v Unix.

<P>-- Nicholas Petreley, <A HREF="http://www.ncworldmag.com/ncworld/ncw-04-1998/ncw-04-nextten.html">The
new Unix alters NT's orbit: The re-emergence of Unix threatens to modify
the future direction of NT</A>, <I><A HREF="http://www.ncworldmag.com/ncworld/">NC
World</A></I>, April 1998.</BLOCKQUOTE>
Kogda rech' zahodit o bolee slozhnyh setevyh funkcional'nyh vozmozhnostyah,
pohozhe chto Microsoft NT Server 4.0 Enterprise Edition ne mozhet sopernichat'
s bolee zrelymi kommercheskimi OS UNIX. Hotya eto i ne tak sushchestvenno dlya
setevoj proizvoditel'nosti, no 64-bitnye vychisleniya sushchestvuyut segodnya
blagodarya etim OS Unix (v protivopolozhnost' NT - 32-bitnoj OS). D.H. Brown
Associates Inc. predstavlyayut rezul'taty ih analiza (posleduyushchij tekst,
tablica i tri grafika vzyaty s Web stranicy sajta Digital Equipment Corporation,
ozaglavlennoj <A HREF="http://www.unix.digital.com/unix/v4/dhbrown/AIX43.htm">AIX
4.3 Leaps To 64-Bits In Dead Heat With Digital UNIX 4.0</A>):
<BLOCKQUOTE>AIX 4.3 lidiruet v setevyh vozmozhnostyah Internet/intranet obespechivaya
shirochajshij nabor rasshirenij TCP/IP, a takzhe vyigryvaya za schet postavlyaemogo
s sistemoj Notes servera. Digital UNIX zanimaet vtoroe mesto s sil'nymi
vozmozhnostyami setevoj bezopasnosti, vklyuchayushchij ne tol'ko vozmozhnosti Web-brouzinga,
no i sredstva Web-avtorizacii, s Navigator Gold, i celym naborom rasshirenij
TCP/IP. Odnako, Digital UNIX ne soderzhit novyh vozmozhnostej NFS takih kak
CacheFS i AutoFS. IRIX 6.4 idet tret'im, vklyuchaya CacheFS i AutoFS, i vozmozhnosti
setevoj bezopasnosti ne huzhe, chem u Digital. No IRIX ne soderzhit network
time facilities (NTP) i takie TCP/IP vozmozhnosti kak IPv6 i IPSec. Sleduyushchij
- Sun, s horoshej podderzhkoj NFS i vtorym mestom za nabor TCP/IP rasshirenij.
Odnako, Sun polagaetsya na svoj Web server, a ne na Netscape, Microsoft
ili Apache, i ustupaet v sredstvah avtorizacii i takih vazhnyh sluzhbah kak
sluzhba katalogov Novell NDS. HP obespechivaet sil'nuyu podderzhku Internet
v svoem HP-UX, proyavlyayushchuyusya v peredovyh funkciyah Internet protokola i
setevoj bezopasnosti, pravda opazdyvaya s podderzhkoj takih funkcij dlya NFS.
HP-UX, vmeste s AIX, takzhe lidiruyut v podderzhke NDS. Microsoft NT 4.0 zhe,
obespechivaet podderzhku Internet/intranet, kotoruyu v celom mozhno oharakterizovat'
kak "horoshuyu". NT ustupaet vedushchim proizvoditelyam UNIX iz-za plohoj podderzhki
sluzhby katalogov, setevoj bezopasnosti, NFS, i nebol'shogo kolichestva TCP/IP
rasshirenij. Microsoft fokusiruet svoi usiliya na vstroennom Web servere
i na nastrojke Java Virtual Machine.</BLOCKQUOTE>

<CENTER><TABLE BORDER >
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>HP-UX 11.0</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>Solaris 2.6</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>AIX 4.3</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>Irix 6.4</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>Digital Unix 4.0d</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>NTS 4.0/EE</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><B><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>Rasshirenie</FONT></FONT></B></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62"></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62"></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62"></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62"></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62"></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62"></TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><I><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>IPSec</FONT></FONT></I></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><I><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>IPv6</FONT></FONT></I></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><I><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>RSVP</FONT></FONT></I></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>CHastichno</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><I><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>IP Multiplexing</FONT></FONT></I></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><I><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>IP Multicast</FONT></FONT></I></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>CHastichno</FONT></FONT></CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><B><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>Optimizaciya proizvoditel'nosti</FONT></FONT></B></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62"></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62"></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62"></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62"></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62"></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62"></TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><I><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>Telnet in kernel</FONT></FONT></I></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><I><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>Kernel Sockets</FONT></FONT></I></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><I><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>TCP Large Windows</FONT></FONT></I></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><I><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>Zero Copy TCP/Hardware
Checksum</FONT></FONT></I></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><I><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>Path MTU Discovery</FONT></FONT></I></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><I><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>OpenShortestPathFirst
(OSPF)</FONT></FONT></I></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><I><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>RTP: Real Time Protocol</FONT></FONT></I></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><I><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>RTCP: Real Time
Control Protocol</FONT></FONT></I></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>

<TR>
<TD WIDTH="226"><I><FONT COLOR="#000000"><FONT SIZE=-1>Parallelized TCP/IP</FONT></FONT></I></TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Est'</CENTER>
</TD>

<TD WIDTH="62">
<CENTER>Net</CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></CENTER>

<CENTER>
<H3>
<A NAME="graphs"></A></H3></CENTER>

<CENTER>
<H3>
SETEVYE VOZMOZHNOSTI INTERNET/INTRANET</H3></CENTER>

<CENTER><IMG SRC="unix-nt-AIX43_f.gif" HEIGHT=149 WIDTH=576></CENTER>

<CENTER>
<H3>
NADEZHNOSTX I MASSHTABIRUEMOSTX</H3></CENTER>

<CENTER><IMG SRC="unix-nt-AIX43_h.gif" HEIGHT=149 WIDTH=576></CENTER>

<CENTER>
<H3>
SISTEMNOE UPRAVLENIE</H3></CENTER>

<CENTER><IMG SRC="unix-nt-AIX43_j.gif" HEIGHT=149 WIDTH=576></CENTER>

<CENTER>Copyright Digital Equipment Corporation 1995-1998. All Rights Reserved.
<HR -1><A NAME="reliability"></A></CENTER>

<H3>
Nadezhnost'</H3>
V sovremennom mire, nadezhnost' kak pravilo, gorazdo vazhnee skorosti. Hotya
proizvoditel'nost' chashche vsego zavisit ot apparatnoj platformy (sm. sleduyushchij
razdel), ona vse taki svyazana s <I>nadezhnost'yu</I>, gde bol'shoe vliyanie
okazyvaet vybor OS. Dazhe esli operacionnaya sistema obladaet bol'shej funkcional'nost'yu,
luchshe masshtabiruetsya, i ochen' prosta v upravlenii, kakaya pol'za ot etih
preimushchestv, esli server, vypolnyayushchij finansovye tranzakcii v real'nom
vremeni, chasto padaet, vyzyvaya nepriemlemye prostoi? Analogiya mezhdu bystrym,
ekonomichnym avtomobilem polnym tehnicheskih novshestv, i lihim s vidu avto<FONT COLOR="#000000">,
kotoroe chasto tormozit potok, nesmotrya na chastye vizity v servis-centr,</FONT>
dostatochno tochno otrazhaet situaciyu s Windows NT.<A NAME="stability"></A>

<P>CHastye razgovory o tom, chto Windows NT Server "stabil'naya" OS, ne sovsem
tochny. Esli by tak bylo, togda by my nikogda ne chitali takie stat'i kak
<B><A HREF="http://www.zdnet.com/pcweek/opinion/0330/30coff.html">Corporate
IT needs an engine that never quits</A></B> (Peter Coffee, PC Week 3-30-98)
ili <B><A HREF="http://www.zdnet.com/pcweek/opinion/0413/13coff.html">We
do not have a failure to communicate</A></B> (Peter Coffee, PC Week 04-13-98).
Kogda avtor etih dvuh statej zadal vopros, "CHto Vy ispol'zuete v situacii,
kogda sboi nedopustimy?", to byl bukval'no zavalen "vtroe bol'shim, po sravneniyu
s obychnym, chislom otvetov po e-mail." Po etim otvetam on zaklyuchil, chto:
<BLOCKQUOTE>"CHto harakterno, ya ne poluchil ni odnogo pis'ma gde schitalos',
chto Windows NT dostatochno horoshaya OS. Kak raz naoborot: neskol'ko soobshchenij
vyrazhali mnenie, chto NT 5.0 okazhetsya "za bortom", peregruzhennaya "syrymi"
dopolnitel'nymi vozmozhnostyami, tak i ne dobivshis' korporativnoj nadezhnosti
v bazovyh.

<P>"Odin chitatel' soobshchil, chto na ego sajte Linux na 486 prevzoshel Windows
NT na 200MHz Pentium, a odna mashina s Linux rabotaet bez sboev s toj pory,
kogda Windows NT 4.0 eshche ne bylo.

<P>"Takzhe dovodilos' slyshat', chto sajty promyshlennogo masshtaba rassmatrivayut
Linux v kachestve proverennogo varianta, poluchaya ishodnyj kod, chto v konechnom
itoge okazyvaetsya luchshe somnitel'nogo preimushchestva bol'shinstva tradicionnyh
sluzhb tehnicheskoj podderzhki. To, chto ostal'nye obeshchayut v budushchem, Linux
daet mnogim uzhe sejchas--po vygodnoj cene.

<P>-- Peter Coffee, <A HREF="http://www.zdnet.com/pcweek/opinion/0413/13coff.html">We
do not have a failure to communicate</A>, <A HREF="http://www.zdnet.com/pcweek/">PC
Week</A>, 3-30-98.</BLOCKQUOTE>
Pravda, Windows NT sovershila bol'shoj skachok po sravneniyu s Windows 3.1
ili Windows 95, no potrebuetsya mnogo vremeni, chtoby ona dostigla togo urovnya
nadezhnosti, kakoj predlagayut dazhe besplatnye OS UNIX.

<P>Nedostatochnaya ustojchivost' Windows NT proyavilas' posle togo kak menedzheram
prishlos' vzaimodejstvovat' s OS raznymi putyami, soobshchaet odin IT specialist:
<BLOCKQUOTE>"'YA znayu tri kompanii tiho perevodyashchih vse bol'she raboty na
Unix . . . vzamen NT, prosto potomu, chto NT slishkom chasto valilas',' govoril
Peter Flynn, konsul'tant iz g. Kork, Irlandiya. Po mneniyu IT menedzherov,
NT slishkom chasto padala. Tipichnye prichiny etogo byli narusheniya dostupa
k pamyati i oshibki vvoda/vyvoda.

<P>"|ti kompanii ne byli sklonny raskryvat' svoi resheniya 'iz-za davleniya
sverhu'' govorit Flynn. 'Tendenciya pokupaj-tol'ko-Microsoft oboshla tendenciyu
pokupaj-tol'ko-IBM, i menedzhery reshivshie [protiv sovetov specialistov]
ispol'zovat' NT vmesto Unix teper' ne hotyat udarit' v gryaz' licom,' dobavlyaet
on.

<P>-- Mark Gibbs, <A HREF="http://www.nwfusion.com/intranet/0330linux.html">Lookin'
into Linux</A>, <A HREF="http://www.nwfusion.com/">Network World</A>, March
30, 1998.</BLOCKQUOTE>
Lyuboj specialist informacionnyh sistem, rabotayushchij v srede Windows NT,
imeet lichnoe znakomstvo s postydnym "Blue Screen of Death" ("Sinij |kran
Smerti"), situaciej pri kotoroj obychnyj sistemnyj ekran polnost'yu propadaet,
zamenyayas' polnym ekranom shestnadcaterichnyh chisel na sinem fone. <I>Edinstvennyj</I>
sposob vyjti iz etoj situacii, eto otklyuchit' pitanie mashiny i perezagruzit'sya.
Prichina "sinego ekrana" mozhet byt' samaya raznaya. Po moemu opytu, sleduyushchee
mozhet privesti k krahu:
<UL>
<LI>
Kogda ispol'zuyutsya oba, i IPX/SPX i TCP/IP, protokola, a administrator
perenosit mashinu so staticheskim IP adresom v druguyu podset';</LI>

<LI>
Kogda nekotorye 16-bitnye prilozheniya Visual Basic <I>ne</I> vypolnyayutsya
v "raznyh segmentah pamyati". NT tak delaet po umolchaniyu. |to <I>ruchnaya</I>
nastrojka, kotoruyu sleduet provesti dlya kazhdogo 16-bitnogo prilozheniya
na mashine;</LI>

<LI>
Nekotorye modeli modulej pamyati ili kesha vyzyvayut eto, dazhe esli na tom
zhe "zheleze" prekrasno rabotayut drugie OS, takie kak Windows 95.</LI>
</UL>
|tot spisok otnyud' ne polon. V dejstvitel'nosti, Tim Newsham, razrabotchik
PO dlya Windows i UNIX platform, schitaet etot spisok vvodyashchim v zabluzhdenie:
<BLOCKQUOTE>V razdele o BSOD (S|S) Vy ukazyvaete neskol'ko prichin, ego
vyzyvayushchih. YA dumayu, chto etot (nebol'shoj) spisok obmanchiv dlya chitatelya.
Sushchestvuet <I>tak</I> mnogo sposobov zavesit' NT, chto ukazyvaya nekotorye,
sozdaetsya lozhnoe vpechatlenie. Opasnee to, chto v Vashih sluchayah obychno prisutstvuet
chelovek, kotoryj delaet chto-to NE TAK, vyzyvaya krah sistemy. V to vremya
kak mnogie sluchai polomok NT proishodyat neprednamerenno v ezhednevnyh operaciyah
sistemy (na samom dele, ostavlenie sistemy nadolgo, vypolnyayushchej beschislennye
prilozheniya, mozhet vyzvat' strannye krahi s maloj veroyatnost'yu uznat' pochemu).
Takzhe zlobnye pol'zovateli mogut vyzyvat' padeniya iz-za plohoj realizacii
takih modulej kak vhod v sistemu (LSA) ili tcp/ip stek.</BLOCKQUOTE>
"Blue Screen of Death" mozhet byt' obychnym delom v nekotoroj komp'yuternoj
srede i chasto trudno reshit' problemu libo iz-za neponyatnyh libo nesushchestvuyushchih
soobshcheniyah ob oshibkah. V dobavok, NT prakticheski bezzashchitna k virusam na
Intel'ovskoj platforme. Microsoft prodolzhaet pisat' svoi OS takim obrazom,
chto ona chitaet Master Boot Record zhestkih diskov. |to znachit to, chto NT
Server mozhno teoreticheski svalit' virusom, napisannym 10 let nazad dlya
MS-DOS. Lyuboj, kto planiruet ispol'zovat' NT Server v srede, k