, . , , . . , , " " " ". (" "), . , , " ", , . , . , " " . , . , , , , , , , , , . . , , . , , , - , . , . , . - . - , . , , , , . "", . , , . . , , , , , . . , , , , , , . , , . , , , , , , , . , , .. , , , . , , , () . , (.$$ 12.2), , , .. , ( ) , , , , .. , , , . , , - . , $$12.1.1, , . . , , , , . , , . - , , , , , . 11.3.5  , , . , () , , . , , . " ?" - . , " ?" - , . , , , . , . " " - . , , , . , . - , - , , , . , , , . (. $$12.2.7). , , , , , , . , (.$$9.8), . , , . ( $$12.2 $$12.4). . , , , . . , : , . 11.3.6  " " - . "" . , , , , , , . . , , . ( : "Software is not hardware"). , , , , , . , , . . 11.3.7  . " - ". . . , , . - . . "", . " " (. $$11.3.3.2 $$11.4.3), , . , , . , , , . , , , . , ( , ). 11.4  - , , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , . . , , . , . - , ++, , (. $$12.1), , , "- " , . 11.4.1  , . , , . , , , , , , ? , , , , ? , , ? , , . . , [1] ; , ; [2] ; , , , ; [3] , ; [4] ( , ); [5] ( ) , ; [6] . , , - . , , . , , . , , , . , . , , , , . " ". , , , . , . . , . , . , . , , . . , . , , , . , , , . . . , , , , . . ++, , , , ( ), . 11.4.2  , " ". " ". . , , , , . , $$11.3, , $$11.3.3. , , . , , , . , , $$12.2, , , , , . "" , ( ), ( , , , , , , , ..). . , , , , , , . , . , , "", , . . , , , . , . ( ), . , , , . , . . . , , , , . - . . . , , , . , . , . , - . , , , , , , . 11.4.3  , . , . , . . , , , . . . , , .. , . , , . . , , , . , , . , , . , , . , , , , , . , , . , , . , , , , . , , . . , , . , , , . , " ", , ( , ) , . "" , - . . . , , , . , - , , . . , . . , . . . , , , . , , , , , . , . . , " " " " , , . , . , , . , , , , , , , . 11.5  , . , " ". , . , . - , , , . . . , . - , . - . - . - - , - . - , . - : - , - , - , - . - , . - - , - , - . - . - . - , , . - , . - , . - , . - - , - . - , . - , , . - , " ". - . - , . - , , . $$12.5 11.6  . . [2]. [1] Bruce Anderson and Sanjiv Gossain: An Iterative Design Model for Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Proc. OOPSLA'90. Ottawa, Canada. pp. 12-27. . [2] Grady Booch: Object Oriented Design. Benjamin Cummings. 1991. , , . , . . [3] Fred Brooks: The Mythical Man Month. Addison Wesley. 1982. . . , , , . [4] Fred Brooks: No Silver Bullet. IEEE Computer, Vol.20 No.4. April 1987. (" "). [5] De Marco and Lister: Peopleware. Dorset House Publishing Co. 1987. , . . . . [6] Ron Kerr: A Materialistic View of the Software "Engineering" Analogy. in SIGPLAN Notices, March 1987. pp 123-125. , . , . [7] Barbara Liskov: Data Abstraction and Hierarchy. Proc. OOPSLA'87 (Addendum). Orlando, Florida. pp 17-34. . , ++ , ($$12.2.5). [8] C. N. Parkinson: Parkinson's Law and other Studies in Administration. Houghton-Mifflin. Boston. 1957. , . [9] Bertrand Meyer: Object Oriented Software Construction. Prentice Hall. 1988. 1-64 323-334 - , , . (Eiffel). [10] Alan Snyder: Encapsulation and Inheritance in Object-Oriented Programming Languages. Proc. OOPSLA'86. Portland, Oregon. pp.38-45. . , . [11] Rebecca Wirfs-Brock, Brian Wilkerson, and Lauren Wiener: Designing Object-Oriented Software. Prentice Hall. 1990. CRC (Classes, Responsibilities, Collaboration) (.. , , ). , Smalltalk.  * ++ , , . - . ++. , , . . . . 12.1 . , , , , , , .. . , , , . , , . , , , . . , , , , . , , , - , , . , , , . , ? , . , , , , . , ( , ). , , . , . , , . . ++ , . ++ - . . , . . , . , , . . . ++ . ++, . , : , , , .. , , , - ++. , ++ : [1] , . [2] , . [3] , . , : [1] C, CASE