"" -- 2000 1978 . 4000 1988 . 1988 . 225 . . - " " 75 . . " ", : 1984 . 11- 1988 . "" -- -- : -- ("SW\P"), -- (Management buy out). , . , . , (Laverage buy out). , , , , . , . . -- , . , "" , . -- . , . . , " ", , - . " " . , " " , , , "", . , 35% "" " " . "" " " , . -- - . , , ( , ): + ----------------------------------- , , (, , , .. ). "green mailing" -- " ". "" , . "" 3,6 . ., . , , , , . , , . "" . , . "" ( ) " ". "" , " ". 14% , : , . "" , 85% . " " ""? . . , "" , . "", , , "" . "" "" . " ". "", "" "" -- , -- "" . 1992 . " " "" 350 . . " ", 172 . ., . , , . , HK, "" ", , " (""). "" 225 . "" 25 . . "" . N 1 , N 2 "" . 6 . . 6 . . "" Laverage buy out. "", . 5,25 . . 6 . " " 5 . . 2 . . "" . "" , 5 . . ( ) 30 . . . , , 35 ., ., , , . "" "". , " " ("") "" , . , , , "" "" , "Management bay out" . 2,5 . . , . 80% . " " . . "Mud slinging" -- " ". -- , . Poison pill -- " ". ( ). "Golden parachutes" -- " ". , "", . , , , . "White knight" -- " ". , . , , , . " " , " ", .   , .. . , , . 50- . -- , , . , . : -- , ; -- ; -- ; -- , . , . : -- ; -- ; -- (); -- . . , , "", "" " ". 1-7 . , . , . , , "". () " ". , . . (clean payment) , . . , . (cash against documents) , , . (. . .), , , , , , , 1978 . : -- D/P (documents against payment) -- ; , (aviso) , -- D/A (documents against acceptance) -- , . () , . -- Irrevocable under taking ( ). , . -- Paperless colection ( ). , , , , , , . . "". , . , , , , , , . -- Letter of credit -- L/C (). . , , , . , . 1. 2. 3. , 4. -- 5. 5. 6. , , . . , , , , . , , , . , - , , , .. , . , . , 80% , -- - -- , " ". : -- . , ; -- : . ; -- . , ; -- , , .. . : -- , , . ( ) . , . , , , . , ? , , , . , , , . . . , , , . , . . , , , , -, , .  ,  , , . - , . , , , , , , , .. , , , , , . - - " " "" . " " . . , , , -- , , -- , , . . , , , . -- . , .. , , . . . , , , , . , , , , , , , . ? , , , , . -- ( ) . -- . . 1. . , , , , - . ( ) , , . , , . 2. , . , , . . 3. . , , . 4. . , ( ) , . , . , , , , ("Report" "Premium"). , , . ("Deport "Discount"). -- Discount (Deport) Premium (Report) -- "". " " -- , , .. , , , , -- , . , -- " ", -- "" ("Solo") (Outright Exchange Rate). , -- , , , , , . , , . , , . " " . . , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . . . . , . , . -- - , . (Discount) (Premium). -- , , , . 5. -- , (, ). . call-option, , put-option, , .. . , , , . -- -- . (Premium) . , , . zero-cost-options forward-range-contract. put-option call-option. () , ( ). , . . -- , call-option put-option . call-option, "". call-option. put-option . , . . . , , , . , . , , , -- . , , , . (-). , .   . , . , , , " , ", 350 . .. XI . , : . " " , . , "" , 1877 . "" , . , , , . - 1952 . " ". . , , , . "- ". , . - 50- -- 60- . . , . , 70- , .   , . , . 1980 ., . (- ) 17 . 1987 . 58,5 . ., -- 50 ., -- 8, . . ( 18%), ( 15%), ( 14%). . , . , . " " . " " , - . . , () , . , , , "" " ". . , ) : -- - ; -- , ; -- , ; -- , , . , , , , . : , , , , , . . , , , .