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   (abs@auriga.ru)
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                -

	        

	      

	        .








	
	Active Voice ( : " ")



	

	Simple             ()
	Continuous         ()
	Perfect            ()
	Perfect Continuous (-)




	 (Present)

	
  ( ?).


	    ,  , .

	    

	    every day -  

	    usually - 

	    often - 

	    always - 

	    never - 

	    sometimes - 

	    

	     ,      
	        
	    if,
	    when,
	    as soon as,
	    before,
	     Future Simple.

	    As soon as I write the letter, I will post it immediately.

	    

	     ,     Continuous  ,
	     ,  , :
	    to see,
	    to feel,
	    to hear,
	    to know,
	    to understand,
	    to want,
	    to love,
	    to be,
	    to belong,
	    to consist.

	    I see her now.

	    I hear a noise.

	    I don't understand what he is talking about.
			
	
 (  ?).


	      , ,    .

			
	
 ( /?).


	    ,    ,
	          .
	           .

	       .

	    

	      :

	    already - ,

	    just -  ,

	    today - ,

	    this week -   
.
			
	
      .


	    ,    ,   ,
	            
	     .
	    "  ..."
			



	
	 ( ).

	     .

	     .
			
	  (  -   ).
	
	 ()  ( :     ).
	
	  (  ) .

	       .
			



	
	I,you,we,they V,

	    he,she,it V-s		
	to be V-ing
	to have/has V3
	to have/has been V-ing



	
	I write a letter.

	    I write book stories.
			
	I am writing this letter.

	    {You,we,they} are writing this letter.

	    {He,she,it} is writing this letter.

			
	I have written this letter.

	    He has already written this letter.
			
	I have been writing this letter for two days.




	 (Past)

	
	    ,     
	           .

			
	
	      , ,  
	       .

	       .
	         Past Continuous  
	    for, since, recently.
			
	
	    ,   -    .
	
	
	    ,        
	        ,    .

	         Past Perfect Continuous  
	    at, when, while.
			



	
	() .

	    ()   .

	    ()  .

	    ()  1980 .
			
	    .

	    ,   .

	    ,   .

			
	  /   .

	      ,   .
			
	     (    ),    .
	



	
	V-ed, V2
	was/were V-ing
	had V3
	had been V-ing



	
	He wrote this letter yesterday.
	He was writing this letter yesterday when I came.

	    They were writing this letter at seven o'clock last night.

	    He was writing the letter while you were reading.
			
	He had written this letter by seven o'clock last night.

	    He had written this letter before I came.
			
	He had been writing this letter for two hours yesterday when I came.

	    He had been writing the letter since two o'clock when you came.
			




	 (Future)

	
	        ,
	       .
	
	
	      , ,  
	       .

	       .
			
	
	    ,   
	     -      .
	
	
	    ,      
	           .
	



	
	 .

	        .

	      .

	       .
			
	     .

	     ,   .

	     ,    .
			
	    .

	      ,   .
			
	   ,   .
	



	
	will V
	will be V-ing
	will have V3
	will have been V-ing



	
	I will write the letter tomorrow.

	    I will write the letter tomorrow by 7 o'clock.
			
	I will be writing a letter when he comes.

	    (      come --   
	      ,   -  !).

	    I will be writing a letter at 7 o'clock tomorrow.

	    I will be writing a letter while you'll be reading.
			
	I will have written the letter before he comes.
	
	I will have been writing a letter for an hour when he comes.
	








	
	Passive Voice ( : "   ")



	

	Simple             ()
	Continuous         ()
	Perfect            ()




	
(Present)		



	
	  (, ) .

			
	   .
	
	     .
	



	
	to be (am, are, is) V-ed, V3
	to be (am, are, is) being V-ed, V3
	to have/has been V-ed, V3



	
	I am often asked by the people about ...
	
	I am being asked by my chief...
	
	I have been asked at that moment.
	



	
(Past)		



	
	  -.

			
	    .
	
	     .
	



	
	was/were V-ed, V3
	was/were being V-ed, V3
	had been V-ed, V3



	
	I was asked by the policeman ...

	    They were asked by the policeman...
			
	I was being asked.
	
	I had been asked.
	




	
(Future)		



	
	  ().

			
	  
	
	     .
	




	
	will be V-ed, V3
	  ,  Future Simple:

	    will be being V-ed, V3		
	will have been V-ed, V3



	
	I will be asked by the students ...
	
	  
	
	I will have been asked.
	



 "  ", "  "  

I have (he has) to do; I ought to do.





    





	 
	 


	You are pretty.

	    You are so intelligent.

	    You dance so well.

	    You've got [have got] lovely hair.

	    I'll never forget this day.
			
	He said I was pretty.

	    He said I was so intelligent.

	    He said I danced so well.

	    He said I had got lovely hair.

	    He said he would never forget that day.

			


	Do you like ballet?

	    Have you ever been to Boston?

			
	He asked me if/whether I liked ballet.

	    He asked me if/whether I had ever been to Boston.

			


	Where do you study?

	    What are you reading?

	    When will we meet again?

	    Why don't you stay longer?

			
	He asked me where I studied.

	    He asked me what I was reading.

	    He asked me when I should meet him again.

	    He asked me why I didn't stay longer.

			


	Give me your telephone number, please.

	    Ring me up tomorrow.

	    Help me to translate an article from English!

			
	He asked me to give him my telephone number.

	    He asked me to ring him up the next morning.

	    He asked me to help him to translate an article from English.

			







	
	  (Active Voice)



	 
	    


	
	     , ...

	    He said, that...

			
	Simple
	Continuous
	Perfect
	Perfect Continuous



	
	 (Present)...
	


	 ()
	 ()
	 ()
	 (   )


	write
	is writing
	has written
	has been writing


	
	...     (Past)
	


	wrote
	was writing
	had written
	had been writing



	
	 (Past)...
	


	 ()
	 (  7 )
	 (  7 )
	 (  3 ,    )


	wrote
	was writing
	had written
	had been writing


	
	...      (Past)
	


	had written (Perfect)
	was writing (Continuous -  ) 

	    had been writing (Perfect Continuous)		
	    
	    



	
	 (Future)...
	


	 ()
	  (  7 )
	 (  7 )
	  (  3 ,    )


	will write
	will be writing
	will have written
	will have been writing


	
	...   -- (Future-in-the-past)
	


	would write
	would be writing
	would have written
	would have been writing




          
      ,   
:





	 
	 


	now - 

	    here - 

	    this, these - , , 

	    today - 

	    tomorrow - 

	    yesterday - 

	    next week -   

	    next year -   

	    last week -   

	    last year -   

			
	then - 

	    there - 

	    that, those - , , 

	    that day -   

	    (the) next day, the following day -   

	    the day before, the previous day - 

	    the next week, the following week -   

	    the next year, the following year -   

	    the previous week -   

	    the year before -   

			


      :

  , ...

He said to Boris that...,

 say   to
   tell
 :

He told Boris that...





	
	  (Passive Voice)



	 
	  


	
	     ,   

	    He said, that...

			
	Simple
	Continuous
	Perfect



	
	 (Present)...
	


	 ()
	 ()
	 ()


	
	...     (Past)
	


	were built
	were being built
	had been built



	
	 (Past)...
	


	,  (  )
	  ...
	 ( 1 )


	
	...        (Past)
	



	
	 (Future)...
	


	 (  )
	
	 ( 1 )


	
	...   -- (Future-in-the-past)
	


	would be built
	
	would have been built




Last-modified: Tue, 17 Aug 1999 14:50:54 GMT

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