6.

. , named.

6.1.

named. , . /etc/named.boot. BOOTFILE named named.

6.1.1.

:

domain       Berkeley.Edu

". ", . , " (default domain) " . domain , , . , . - , /etc/resolv.conf ( ). domain .

6.1.2.

directory , . directory , .


       directory        /var/named

, named, /var/named directory. - , named , $INCLUDE, named , (dump core) .

6.1.3.

, :

primary        Berkeley.Edu   ucbhosts

, , . , .

, , IN. , /class , class - . , hesiod :

primary/HS         Berkeley.Edu    hesiod.data

, , IN .

6.1.4.

, ( ), .

secondary     Berkeley.Edu   128.32.0.10  128.32.0.4  ucbhosts.bak

, . , . , , , - IP/DNS , . , . secondary, , , . . . , . , , , , , . , -- , , , ; .

, IN, /class secondary, secondary/HS.

6.1.5.

. ( 4.9.3.)

    stub   Berkeley.Edu       128.32.0.10  128.32.0.4  ucbhosts.bak

, .

, , NS . , "". NS , .

  

    primary        CSIRO.AU       csiro.dat
    stub           dms.CSIRO.AU   130.155.16.1  dms.stub 
    stub           dap.CSIRO.AU   130.155.98.1  dap.stub

6.1.6.

, " " , :

  

    cache       .             root.cache

.

- named . - , , -, - .

, IN cache /class, class/HS.

6.1.7.

. - . forwarders internet:

  

    forwarders       128.32.0.10   128.32.0.4

, .

, - IP Internet, . - , . , , , .

" " , , . , NS . , slave , .

6.1.8.

, - - - , . 

  

     options forward-only

, . , , , , . , .

, forwardres " " , options forward-only " " , forwarders. options forward-only , , , .

options forward-only . , slave.

6.1.9.

BIND () () , , . , ( ) , " ". 

  

     options      no-recursion

, , - , , , .

NS RR, resolv.conf.

6.1.10.

, syslog , 

  

           options        query-log

, Perl AWK , .

6.1.11.

BIND , , ,  nslookup. , , "operation not implemented", named ; , , , 

  
    
         options    fake-iquery

: , ISO8859 ([ ]), - . , - .

6.1.12.

, , BIND. :

  
    
        limit   <name>   <value>

:

  

        limit  transfers-in  10

named-xfer BIND . , , , . : max-fetch NN.

  

       limit   transfers-per-ns  2

named-xfer, BIND . . , transfers-per-ns . , .

limit datasize <system-dependent>

, " ", BIND . BIND ( ) . , , BIND limit datasize NN. k 1024X, m (1024^2)X, g (1024^3)X. 1995., limit datasize 64m.

6.1.13.

, Inernet, . "" , PTR " " " , . , xfrnets.

, forwarders, , . , A 16,

xfrnets 16.0.0.0

, BIND , . , , , , , , , , . ,

xfrnets 16.1.0.2&255.255.255.255

16.1.0.2 . , "& ", .

xfrnets BIND 4.9. tcplist.

6.1.14.

, , BIND, BIND , " ". "" ; - , . , , . , named.boot sortlist, . sortlist , forwarders, xfrnets, bogusns - xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx, "" . sortlist , .

C, B Internet, , B sortlist. "" "". , , , BIND 4.9.

sortlist , BIND A , , sortlist . , , A " " (LIFO); , , "" . .

, , ; , "" , "" . BIND , "" , "", . BIND, , (, ) , , . "multihomed" , - , . , , , .

6.1.15.

, "". , bogusns named.boot. forwarders, xfrnets, sortlist - Internet xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx. , , ; .

6.1.16.

, named.boot , - ( directory, sortlist, xfrnets cache), , ( primary , secondary - - , , ). include, . . , , directory, , .

6.2.

/etc/resolv.conf. , . localhost, . , - , , . , , .

resolv.conf , , :


; 
#  
domain local-domain 
search search-list 
nameserver server-address 
sortlist sort-list 
options option-list

domain search , . search, (search-list) local-domain. nameserver ; nameserver . ";" "#", ; , ( BIND 4.9) - , .

Local-domain , ".". local-domain LOCALDOMAIN. , local-domain .

Search-list - , , , , ".". search-list . , "LOCALDOMAIN" search-list .

(server-address) , . , , . , ( ) nslookup. , , Internet, 127.0.0.1 0.0.0.0. - BSD SOCK_DGRAM. , 127.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 ( "0"), , , BSD, , -. IP (loopback) , ( /etc/rc.local) :


route add myhost.domain.name localhost 1

Sort-list - IP . gethostbyname . , . , , .

Option-list - , - . :

 
debug

RES_DEBUG _res.options.

 
ndots:n

( " ") res query(), , local-domain search-list. "1".

6.3.

6.3.1. root.cache

, . , . . ( Masterfile Format) .

6.4.

. hosts host.rev. , . , ; , , / .

6.4.1. hosts

. .

6.4.2. hosts.rev

IN-ADDR.ARPA. , . Internet , , . IN-ADDR.ARPA , . Internet. , . Internet 128.32.0.4 4.0.32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA. , .

6.4.3. named.local

PTR (loopback interface), local-host, 127.0.0.1. . , 127.0.0.1 PTR "localhost.". PTR "1.0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA". , , "localhost" ( hosts.equiv ~/.rhosts). PTR, , "localhost.my.dom.ain" A ( 127.0.0.1). "localhost." , 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa; DEFNAMES / DNSRCH "localhost" .

6.5.

. (The Standard Resource Record Format (RR)) RFC1035. :

 

{name};  {ttl}   addr-class   Record-Type   Record-Specific-data

, . . RR , ; RR. - (ttl). . , (Start Of Authority)( ). - ; : IN internet . HS, MIT/Athena "Hesiod". . . . .

: 

 
"."

.

 
"@"

@ .

 
"\X"

X - (0-9), , . , "\." , .

 
"\DDD"

D - , , DDD. .

 
"( )"

. , . ( , SOA .)

 
";"

; . , .

 
"*"

. , , . ( MX), , .

- - - ".", (@). , , , , . : , , ".".

6.5.1. $INCLUDE

$INCLUDE, , , , , $ORIGIN . , , . :

    
$INCLUDE /usr/local/adm/named/data/mail-exchanges

/usr/local/adm/named/data/mail-exchanges. $INCLUDE . . " $ORIGIN" - .

$INCLUDE . , . $INCLUDE.

6.5.2. $ORIGIN

(origin) - . . , , . , . , $ORIGIN " " - .

6.5.3. SOA - 


{name}  {ttl}  addr-class   SOA     Origin               Person in charge
@              IN           SOA     ucbvax.Berkeley.Edu.
kjd.ucbvax.Berkeley.Edu. (
                                    1995122103   ; Serial
                                    10800        ; Refresh
                                    1800         ; Retry
                                    3600000      ; Expire
                                    259200 )     ; Minimum

. SOA, . - "@", $ORIGIN SOA . Origin - ( , (primary master) ). (Person in charge) - , "@" ".". (serial number) - , . , . "." ; n.m "n000m", "n*1000+m" ( 1.234 1000234 1234). - , , . , "YYYYMMDDNN" 100 4294 . , . perl RCS . Refresh ( ) , , ? Retry ( ) . Expire , , - . Minimum - , (ttl) . , - (RR) . SOA.

6.5.4. NS - 

 
{name}   {ttl}   addr-class   NS   Name-servers-name
  
                 IN           NS   ucbarpa.Berkeley.Edu.

, NS, , . . .

6.5.5. A - 

 
{name}   {ttl}   addr-class   A    address
  
ucbarpa          IN           A    128.32.0.4
                 IN           A    10.0.0.78

, A, . , - . A.

6.5.6. HINFO - 

 
{name}   {ttl}    addr-class  HINFO   Hardware    OS

                  IN          HINFO   VAX-11/780  UNIX

, HINFO, . This lists the , . , ( ""). HINFO, - HINFO. .

6.5.7. WKS - (Well Known Services)

 
 
{name}   {ttl}    addr-class  WKS   address     protocol   list-of-services

                  IN          WKS   128.32.0.10 UDP        who route timed domain
                  IN          WKS  128.32.0.10 TCP       ( echo telnet discard
sunrpc sftp uucp-path systat daytime netstat qotd nntp link chargen ftp auth
time whois mtp pop rje finger smtp supdup hostnames domain nameserver )

, WKS, , . /etc/services. WKS. RFC1123 WKS:

2.2

...

WKS , WKS Internet. , , .

...

5.2.12 WKS MX: RFC-974, . 5

RFC-974 [SMTP:3] WKS (" "), , SMTP. , WKS , WKS MX .

...

6.1.3.6 Status of RR Types

...

TXT WKS Internet; , TXT WKS .

6.5.8. CNAME - 

 
alias     {ttl}     addr-class   CNAME   Canonical-name
 
ucbmonet            IN           CNAME   monet

(Canonical Name), CNAME, , , . . , . , (, NS MX) , . , A CNAME, , MX NS - . (CNAME) CNAME, .

, . , CNAME, , .

6.5.9. PTR - 

 
name      {ttl}     addr-class   PTR     real-name

7.0                 IN           PTR     monet.Berkeley. Edu.

(Domain Name Pointer), PTR, - . PTR IN-ADDR.ARPA. hosts.rev. PTR gethostbyaddr. "." BIND $ORIGIN .

6.5.10. MX - (Mail Exchange)

 
name      {ttl}     addr-class   MX      preference value    mail exchange 

Munnari.OZ.AU.      IN           MX      0                  Seismo.CSS.GOV.
*.IL.               IN           MX      0                  RELAY.CS.NET.

Mail eXchange, MX, , . , MX, - , MX "" 0 . , , MX , . , , . , Seismo.CSS.GOV. - , Munnari.OZ.AU.. . "preference value" - , . , , MX . RFC974.

"*" ( ) MX. , , , (relay). : IL RELAY.CS.NET. "wildcard", , *.IL MX RELAY.CS.NET. MX "wildcard" - , , , MX . - , , , "wildcard". MX "wildcard" " " "" , , "" , " ". - , MX " " "wildcard", " ", . MX "wildcard" - , .

6.5.11. TXT - 

 
name   {ttl}   addr-class   TXT   string
Munnari.OZ.AU. IN           TXT   "foo"

TXT . , ; TXT . MIT Hesiod - .

6.5.12. RP - 

 
owner   {ttl}  addr-class   RP    mbox-domain-name   TXT-domain-name

franklin       IN           RP    ben.franklin.berkeley.edu. sysadmins.berkeley.edu.

" ", RP, . , , . , , .

, mbox-domain-name - , . DNS , , SOA (Person-in-charge). , mbox-domain-name "<ben@franklin.berkeley.edu>". ( "."), , .

, TXT-domain-name - TXT. TXT TXT-domain-name. , DNS. TXT-domain-name ( ".") , TXT. "sysadmins.berkeley.edu." - TXT, .

RP . RP, TTL.

RP ; .

6.5.13. AFSDB - DCE AFS

 
name     {ttl}    addr-class  AFSDB   subtype   server-host-name
toaster.com.      IN          AFSDB   1         jack.toaster.com.
toaster.com.      IN          AFSDB   1         jill.toaster.com.
toaster.com.      IN          AFSDB   2         tracker.toaster.com.

AFSDB , , . subtype ( "preference" MX) , . Subtype 1 , AFS (R) AFS . Subtype 2 , DCE (R) . , jack.toaster.com jill.toaster.com AFS toaster.com, AFS toaster.com . tracker.toaster.com DCE toaster.com, DCE, DCE tracker.toaster.com . DCE TXT , DCE. RFC1183 .

AFSDB ; .

6.5.14. PX - X.400/RFC822 

 
name    {ttl}   addr-class   PX   prefer    822-dom    X.400-dom

*.ADMD-garr.X42D.it.   IN    PX   50        it.        ADMD-garr.C-it.
*.infn.it.             IN    PX   50        infn.it.   O.PRMD-infn.ADMD-garr.C-it.
*.it.                  IN    PX   50        it.        O-gate.PRMD-garr.ADMD-garr.C-it.

PX ( X.400/RFC822) X.400 O/R RFC822 ( ). RFC1327.

3 :

1) X.400 RFC822 ( "table 1 rules" RFC1327)

2) RFC822 X.400 ( "table 2 rules" RFC1327)

3) RFC822 X.400 ( "gate table" RFC1327)

PX DNS, , name : 1, name - X.400 DNS, 2 3 name RFC822. , X.400 DNS X42D, RFC-1664. RFC1327 DNS. Preference Preference MX: 50. 822-dom RFC822, X.400-dom X.400 ( DNS). name (wildcarded), RFC1327 "wildcard" . , , RFC1327 DNS PX.

X.400 RFC822 X.400 DNS, SOA NS . RFC822 X.400 name. : RFC1664.

, , DNS RFC1327 DNS.

, RFC1664, PX, , DNS RFC1327.

PX ; .

6.6.

(Time To Live) RRset . "", TTL.

Minimum SOA . BIND . .

TTL . Refresh SOA.

, TTL 0.5 7 . TTL , (86400 ) (259200 ).

.

, Minimum , TTL .

( ) TTL .

, , TTL SOA Refresh, - .

6.7. " "

" ". , .

, , named SECURE_ZONES secure_zone TXT. secure_zone, . secure_zone TXT :

 
secure_zone     addr-class     TXT     string

addr-class HS IN. TXT "network address:netmask" "host IP address:H".

"network address:netmask" . , named .

"host IP address:H" . "H" ":" . secure_zone TXT.

, , Hesiod B 130.215.0.0 128.23.10.56, TXT:


secure_zone     HS     TXT     "130.215.0.0:255.255.0.0" 
secure_zone     HS     TXT     "128.23.10.56:H"

Hesiod internet (firewall) named .

, (loopback) (127.0.0.1) secure_zone, .

6.8. Hesiod, HS-class

Hesiod, MIT Project Athena - , BIND. Sun' NIS: , , , , . , BIND , Hesiod NIS , Hesiod , , . Hesiod BIND; .

Hesiod anonymous FTP ATHENA-DIST.MIT.EDU tar /pub/ATHENA/hesiod.tar.Z. named BIND 4.9. Hesiod Athena /pub/ATHENA/usenix/athena-changes.PS FTP . tar Hesiod.

Hesiod , IN, TXT CNAME. , Hesiod .

, BIND HS, , IN .

6.9.

. .

6.9.1.

6.9.1.1. 


; 
; Boot file for Primary Name Server
; 
            ;type         domain                  source file or host
;
             directory    /usr/local/adm/named
             primary      Berkeley.Edu            ucbhosts
             primary      32.128.in-addr.arpa     ucbhosts.rev
             primary      0.0.127.in-addr.arpa    named.local
             cache;       .                       root.cache

6.9.1.2. 


;
; Boot file for Secondary Name Server
;

            ;type         domain                  source file or host
;
             directory    /usr/local/adm/named
             secondary    Berkeley.Edu            128.32.0.4 128.32.0.10 ucbhosts.bak
             secondary    32.128.in-addr.arpa     128.32.0.4 128.32.0.10 ucbhosts.rev.bak
             primary      0.0.127.in-addr.arpa    named.local
             cache        .                       root.cache

6.9.1.3. 


;
; Boot file for Caching Only Name Server
;
            ;type         domain                  source file or host
;
            directory     /usr/local/adm/named
            cache         .                       root.cache
            primary       0.0.127.in-addr.arpa    named.local

6.9.2. / DNS

6.9.2.1. /etc/resolv.conf


domain Berkeley.Edu
nameserver 128.32.0.4
nameserver 128.32.0.10
sortlist   130.155.160.0/255.255.240.0 130.155.0.0

6.9.3. root.cache

 

;
;     This file holds the information on root name servers needed to
;     initialize cache of Internet domain name servers
;     (e.g. reference this file in the "cache  .  <file>"
;     configuration file of BIND domain name servers).
;
;     This file is made available by InterNIC registration services
;     under anonymous FTP as
;            file          /domain/named.root
;            on server     FTP.RS.INTERNIC.NET
;   -OR- under Gopher at   RS.INTERNIC.NET
;        under menu        InterNIC Registration Services (NSI)
;        submenu           InterNIC Registration Archives
;            file          named.root
;
;   last update:     Oct 5, 1994
;   related version of root zone:   1994100500
;
.                 604800     IN    NS    NS.INTERNIC.NET.
NS.INTERNIC.NET.  604800     IN    A     198.41.0.4
.                 604800     IN    NS    NS1.ISI.EDU.
NS1.ISI.EDU.      604800     IN    A     128.9.0.107
.                 604800     IN    NS    C.PSI.NET.
C.PSI.NET.        604800     IN    A     192.33.4.12
.                 604800     IN    NS    TERP.UMD.EDU.
TERP.UMD.EDU.     604800     IN    A     128.8.10.90
.                 604800     IN    NS    NS.NASA.GOV.
NS.NASA.GOV.      604800     IN    A     128.102.16.10
                  604800     IN    A     192.52.195.10
.                 604800     IN    NS    NS.ISC.ORG.
NS.ISC.ORG.       604800     IN    A     192.5.5.241
.                 604800     IN    NS    NS.NIC.DDN.MIL.
NS.NIC.DDN.MIL.   604800     IN    A     192.112.36.4
.                 604800     IN    NS    AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL.
AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL. 604800     IN    A     128.63.4.82
                  604800     IN    A     192.5.25.82
.                 604800     IN    NS    NIC.NORDU.NET.
NIC.NORDU.NET.    604800     IN    A     192.36.148.17
; End of File

6.9.4. named.local

 

@   IN   SOA   ucbvax.Berkeley.Edu. kjd.ucbvax.Berkeley.Edu. (
               1994072100           ; Serial
               10800                ; Refresh
               1800                 ; Retry
               3600000              ; Expire
               259200 )             ; Minimum
    IN   NS    ucbvax.Berkeley.Edu. ; pedantic
1   IN   PTR   localhost.

6.9.5. host.rev

 

; 
;  @(#)ucb-hosts.rev    1.1    (Berkeley)    86/02/05
;
@      IN   SOA   ucbvax.Berkeley.Edu. kjd.monet.Berkeley.Edu. (
                  1986020501           ; Serial
                  10800                ; Refresh
                  1800                 ; Retry
                  3600000              ; Expire
                  259200 )             ; Minimum
       IN   NS    ucbarpa.Berkeley.Edu.
       IN   NS    ucbvax.Berkeley.Edu.
0.0    IN   PTR   Berkeley-net.Berkeley.EDU.
       IN   A     255.255.255.0
0.130  IN   PTR   csdiv-net.Berkeley.EDU.
4.0    IN   PTR   ucbarpa.Berkeley.Edu.
6.0    IN   PTR   ernie.Berkeley.Edu.
7.0    IN   PTR   monet.Berkeley.Edu.
10.0   IN   PTR   ucbvax.Berkeley.Edu.
6.130  IN   PTR   monet.Berkeley.Edu.

6.9.6. Hosts 


;
;    @(#)ucb-hosts    1.2    (berkeley)    88/02/05
;
@            IN   SOA    ucbvax.Berkeley.Edu.   kjd.monet.Berkeley.Edu. (
                         1988020501             ; Serial
                         10800                  ; Refresh 
                         1800                   ; Retry 
                         3600000                ; Expire 
                         259200 )               ; Minimum
             IN   NS     ucbarpa.Berkeley.Edu.
             IN   NS     ucbvax.Berkeley.Edu.
localhost    IN   A      127.1
             ; note that 127.1 is the same as 127.0.0.1; see inet(3n) 
ucbarpa      IN   A      128.32.4
             IN   A      10.0.0.78
             IN   HINFO  VAX-11/780  UNIX
arpa         IN   CNAME  ucbarpa
ernie        IN   A      128.32.6
             IN   HINFO  VAX-11/780  UNIX
Ucbernie     IN   CNAME  ernie
monet        IN   A      128.32.7
             IN   A      128.32.130.6
             IN   HINFO  VAX-11/750  UNIX
Ucbmonet     IN   CNAME  monet
ucbvax       IN   A      10.2.0.78
             ; 128.32.10 means 128.32.0.10; see inet(3n) 
             IN   A      128.32.10
             ; HINFO and WKS are widely unused, 
             ; but we'll show them as examples. 
             IN   HINFO  VAX-11/750  UNIX
             IN   WKS    128.32.0.10 TCP ( echo telnet discard sunrpc sftp 
uucp-path systat daytime netstat qotd nntp link chargen ftp auth time whois 
mtp pop rje finger smtp supdup hostnames domain nameserver )
vax          IN   CNAME  ucbvax
toybox       IN   A      128.32.131.119
             IN   HINFO  Pro350      RT11
toybox       IN   MX     0  monet.Berkeley.Edu.
csrg         IN   MX     0  Ralph.CS
             IN   MX     0  Zhou.CS
             IN   MX     0  Painter.CS
             IN   MX     0  Riggle.CS
             IN   MX     0  Terry.CS
             IN   MX     0  Kevin.CS
A.S.Plotnikov, 1998