5

Linux. , UNIX , .

Linux, UNIX .

Linux , .

, UNIX.

Linux . , Linux.

5.1 X Window

X-Window , ( ) UNIX . X-Window (MIT), UNIX . UNIX X-Window.

, (David Wexelblat ), ( E-Mail: dwex@XFree86.org ) MIT X Window System 11, 6 (X11R6) 80386/80486/Pentium UNIX . , XFree86 TM, (XFree86 XFree86 Project, Inc.) System V/386, 386BSD UNIX x86, Linux. , , .

X Window . : The X Window System: A User's Guide (. A) XFree86 Linux. , XFree86 ( ). THE LINUX XFree86 HOWTO.

XFree86 3.1, 1994, . ( XFree86 .)

, , . , , . . , SVGA . ' , (Linux XFree86) .

, SuperProbe, XFree86. .

XFree86 3.1, 1994 :

:

, VLB PCI.

256 , , Avance Logic, MX and Video 7 , 256 . , 16 32 (65 4 ) ( Msch32, P9000, S3 Cirrus ). 8 (256 ).

VGA, Hercules, Hyundai HGC1280, Sigma LaserView Apoll. Compaq AVGA 64 GVGA 64 .

. XFree86.

, , , . , . XFree86, . , Diamond, 3.1 XFree86, Diamond .

XFree86 Linux 8 . , S3.

XFree , . Benchmark XFree86 comp.windows.x.i386unix comp.os.linux.misc.

, Linux 486DX2-66, 20 RAM, VLB S3-864 2 . X benchmarks Sun Sparc IPX. Linux - 7 , Sparc IPX ( , XFree86-3.1 Linux 171,000 xstones; Sparc IPX - 24000). , XFree86 Linux ( ).

4 16 (, 8 8 ). , , . ( , ), 8 . 4- ( ) 8- .

XFree86

Xfree86 FTP-. sunsite.unc.edu /pub/Linux/X11. ( 3.1; ).

, XFree86 Linux, XFree86 .

XFree FTP-, XFree86-3.1.

: 

                         

     XF86-3.1-8514.tar.gz      8514 .
     XF86-3.1-AGX.tar.gz       AGX .
     XF86-3.1-Mach32.tar.gz    Mach32 .
     XF86-3.1-Mach8.tar.gz     Mach8 .
     XF86-3.1-Mono.tar.gz       .
     XF86-3.1-P9000.tar.gz     P9000 .
     XF86-3.1-S3.tar.gz        S3 .
     XF86-3.1-SVGA.tar.gz      Super VGA .
     XF86-3.1-VGA16.tar.gz     VGA/EGA .
     XF86-3.1-W32.tar.gz       ET4000/W32 .

    :

                         

     XF86-3.1-bin.tar.gz       X11R6.
     XF86-3.1-cfg.tar.gz        xdm, xinit  fs.
     XF86-3.1-doc.tar.gz       .
     XF86-3.1-inc.tar.gz     Include . (?)
     XF86-3.1-lib.tar.gz      .
     XF86-3.1-fnt.tar.gz      .

      :

                         

    XF86-3.1-ctrb.tar.gz        (?).
    XF86-3.1-extra.tar.gz       XFree86.
    XF86-3.1-lkit.tar.gz        .
    XF86-3.1-fnt75.tar.gz     75-dpi.
    XF86-3.1-fnt100.tar.gz    100-dpi.
    XF86-3.1-fntbig.tar.gz   Large Kanji   .
    XF86-3.1-fntscl.tar.gz     (Speedo, Type1).
    XF86-3.1-man.tar.gz      .
    XF86-3.1-pex.tar.gz       , include-,   PEX.
    XF86-3.1-slib.tar.gz      .
    XF86-3.1-usrbin.tar.gz   -,   /usr/bin.
    XF86-3.1-xdmshdw.tar.gz    xdm    .

XFree README .

XFree86, , /usr/X11R6 ( root), . : 

    # gzip -dc XF86-3.1-bin.tar.gz | tar xfB -

, /usr/X11R6, .

, /usr/X11R6/bin/X , . , SVGA , /usr/bin/X11/X /usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_SVGA. , : 

    # ln -sf /usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_MONO  /usr/X11R6/bin/X

.

, , SuperProbe ( XF86-3.1-bin). .

, /usr/bin/X11R6 PATH. /etc/profile /etc/csh.login ( (shell) ). PATH, .bashrc .cshrc, .

. : 

    /usr/X11R6/lib
/etc/ld.so.conf /sbin/ldconfig .

XFree86

XFree . , , XFree.

XF86Config , XFree86 .

``'' XFree86 , , 640x480, . XFree , , , .

, :

XFree86 /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XF86Config. , . XFree86 XF86Config.eg. XF86Config .

XF86Config man page ' . , . XF86Config . , XFree86, .

!, XF86Config XFree86; XFree86 3.1.

! , , . , , ; ( ) XF86Config .

XF86Config Section "<section-name>" ... EndSection. Files, : 

       Section "Files"
             RgbPath     "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/rgb"
             FontPath    "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/"
             FontPath    "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/"
       EndSection

RgbPath , FontPath , . , , , .

ServerFlags . .

  Section "ServerFlags"
  # Uncomment this to cause a core dump at the spot where a signal is
  # received. This may leave the console in an unusable state, but may
  # provide a better stack trace in the core dump to aid in debugging
  #    NoTrapSignals
  # ncomment this to disable the <Crtl><Alt><BS> server abort sequence
  #    DontZap
  EndSection

.

Keyboard. . 

    Section "Keyboard"
          Protocol    "Standard"
          AutoRepeat  500 5
          ServerNumLock
    EndSection
. .

- Pointer . 

    Section "Pointer"

          Protocol    "MouseSystems"
          Device      "/dev/mouse"

    # Baudrate and SampleRate are only for some Logitech mice
    #    BaudRate   9600
    #    SampleRate 150

    # Emulate3Buttons is an option for 2-button Microsoft mice
    #    Emulate3Buttons

    # ChordMiddle is an option for some 3-button Logitech mice
    #    ChordMiddle

    EndSection

, Protocol Device. Protocol , . ( Linux - , ) :

Logitech busmouse BusMouse. , Logitech Logitech, Microsoft, Mouseman .

Device . Linux /dev/mouse. /dev/mouse ( /dev/cua0 - COM1 /dev/cua1 - COM2) busmouse. , /dev .

- Monitor, . XF86Config , Monitor ( ). , XF86Config . 

 Section "Monitor"

   Identifier  "CTX 5468 NI"

   # These values are for a CTX 5468NI only! Don't attempt to use
   # them with your monitor (unless you have this model)

   Bandwidth    60
   HorizSync    30-38,47-50
   VertRefresh  50-90

   # Modes:  Name   dotclock    horiz                vert

   ModeLine "640x480"  25       640 664 760 800      480 491 493 525

   ModeLine "800x600"  36       800 824 896 1024     600 601 603 625
   ModeLine "1024x768" 65       1024 1088 1200 1328  768 783 789 818

 EndSection

Identifier . , XF86Config.

HorizSync . (multisync) , ( , ), . , . : 

          HorizSync    31.5, 35.2, 37.9, 35.5, 48.95

. , .

VertRefresh . HorizSync . .

HorizSync VertRefresh , . .

ModeLine . :

    ModeLine <name> <clock> <horiz-values> <vert-values>

<name> - , . <dot-clock> . . . <horiz-values> <vert-values> 4- . , .

ModeLine ? VideoModes.doc, XFree86, , . clock , . XF86Config .

modeDB.txt Monitors XFree, ModeLine . /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc.

ModeLine VESA. . modeDB.txt VESA. : 

    # 640x480@60Hz Non-Interlaced mode
    # Horizontal Sync = 31.5kHz
    # Timing: H=(0.95us, 3.81us, 1.59us), V=(0.35ms, 0.064ms, 1.02ms)
    #
    # name      clock   horizontal timing     vertical timing    flags
    "640x480"   25.175  640  664  760  800    480  491  493  525

640x480 . 25.175 Mhz, ( ). : 

    ModeLine "640x480" 25.175  640 664 760 800  480 491 493 525

, name ModeLine ( "640x480") , .

ModeLine , Bandwidth, HorizSync VertRefresh. , .

VESA , modeDB.txt Monitors . , 14 15 1024x768 - Bandwidth. , , , .

ModeLine, VideoModes.doc . ModeLine , .

, ModeLine, . , , VideoModes.doc . ! XFree . .

Device . :

       Section "Device"
                 Identifier "#9 GXE 64"

                 # Nothing yet; we fill in these values later.

       EndSection

. Identifier .

, Identifier. X- . . X- , , RAMDAC .

, XF86Config.

- Screen X- .

          Section "Screen"
              Driver     "Accel"
              Device     "#9 GXE 64"
              Monitor    "CTX 5468 NI"
              Subsection "Display"
                    Depth      16
                    Modes      "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480"
               ViewPort   0 0
               Virtual    1024 768
           EndSubsection
     EndSection

Driver , . :

Accel:

XF86_S3, XF86_Mach32, XF86_Mach8, XF86_8514, XF86_P9000, XF86_AGX, and XF86_W32 ;

SVGA:

XF86_SVGA ;

VGA16

: XF86_VGA16 ;

VGA2

: XF86_Mono ;

Mono

: non-VGA XF86_Mono XF86_VGA16 .

, /usr/X11R6/bin/X .

Device Device, . Device : 

    Identifier "#9 GXE 64"

, "#9 GXE 64" Device.

Monitor Monitor , "CTX 5468 NI".

Display . XF86Config . , :

(. XF86Config). .

XF86Config . , - . X XF86Config .

modeDB.txt, AccelCards Devices ( /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc). README . (, ) XF86Config. , .

#9 GXE 64, S3. , , .

- , . SuperProbe ( /usr/X11R6/bin) , X .

: 

    X -showconfig

, ( X ). , XF86_S3 : 

    XFree86 Version 3.1 / X Window System
    (protocol Version 11, revision 0, vendor release 6000)
    Operating System: Linux
    Configured drivers:
      S3: accelerated server for S3 graphics adaptors (Patchlevel 0)
            mmio_928, s3_generic

mmio_928 s3_generic. XF86_S3 , . #9 GXE 64 mmio_928.

, X . :

    X -probeonly > /tmp/x.out 2>&1

shell. csh :

    X -probeonly &> /tmp/x.out

. .

/tmp/x.out : 

    XFree86 Version 3.1 / X Window System
    (protocol Version 11, revision 0, vendor release 6000)
    Operating System: Linux
    Configured drivers:
      S3: accelerated server for S3 graphics adaptors (Patch level 0)
            mmio_928, s3_generic
    Several lines deleted...
    (--) S3: card type: 386/486 localbus
    (--) S3: chipset:   864 rev. 0
    (--) S3: chipset driver: mmio_928

, (XF86_S3) mmio_928 s3_generic. mmio_928. , Device , , .

    Section "Device"
              # We already had Identifier here...
              Identifier "#9 GXE 64"
              # Add this line:
              Chipset "mmio_928"
    EndSection

, . , . .

(modeDB.txt, ) , . , 8 16- . modeDB.txt Cardinal ET4000:

 chip     ram   virtual   clocks                           default-mode  flags
 ET4000   1024  1024 768   25  28  38  36  40  45  32   0  "1024x768"

, : 25, 28, 38, 36, 40, 45, 32, and 0 MHz.

Device XF86Config, Clocks . :

              Clocks 25 28 38 36 40 45 32 0

Device, Chipset. , ! .

, X . X -probeonly, , :

    (--
    ) S3: clocks:  25.18  28.32  38.02  36.15  40.33  45.32  32.00  00.00

Clocks, . 8 , , .

X -probeonly, Devices Clocks . , X , Clocks.

, ( XF86_Accel; S3, AGX XGA-2 boards.) X- . . , X -probeonly .

, , Clocks ClockChip. , . . , README.S3 , S3-864 ``ICD2061A''. , :

              ClockChip "icd2061a"

Clocks. Clocks, ClockChip Devices Chipset.

XF86Config Ramdac, RAMDAC. XF86_Accel . , X RAMDAC.

Devices. X , ( README.cirrus README.S3). Options. , #9 GXE 64 :

              Option "number_nine"
              Option "dac_8_bit"

X , X . , . . - , X /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/ ' .

, , EndSection Device, :

    Section "Device"
              # Device section for the #9 GXE 64 only !
              Identifier "#9 GXE 64"
              Chipset "mmio_928"
              ClockChip "icd2061a"
              Option "number_nine"
              Option "dac_8_bit"
    EndSection

, Clocks ClockChip. #9 GXE 64.

X-Windows

XF86Config, X . , /usr/X11R6/bin ( PATH).

X Window :

    startx

"" xinit ( xinit UNIX-).

X , .xinitrc . , /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xinit/xinitrc.

xinitrc :

    #!/bin/sh

    xterm -fn 7x13bold -geometry 80x32+10+50 &
    xterm -fn 9x15bold -geometry 80x34+30-10 &
    oclock -geometry 70x70-7+7 &
    xsetroot -solid midnightblue &
    exec twm

xterm ( ), oclock () - . twm - . , twm exec. /bin/sh, twm twm, X- . twm, . , . , twm, Exit Twm.

, .xinitrc exec ( & ). X , .xinitrc.

, X-, ctrl-alt-backspace .

.xinitrc . . , fvwm , , , , , . X Window , .

X Window, The X Window System: A User's Guide. X- , . xterm, oclock, twm .

, - . , XF86Config. , . , , . , Device XF86Config. , X /usr/X11R6/bin/X .

, X , :

    X > /tmp/x.out 2>&1

X ( ctrl-alt-backspace) /tmp/x.out. X , , .

VideoModes.doc, XFree, XF86Config.

, ctrl-alt-numeric + ctrl-alt-numeric - , Screen XF86Config. , . , , .

, .

XFree86 comp.windows.x.i386unix USENET. - - - .

5.2 MS-DOS

, - ' , MS-DOS, .

MSDOS, MS-DOS Linux. , MS-DOS /dev/fd0 (A: MS/DOS), 

    # mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt

/mnt. 4.6.2 -.

, MS-DOS . , , MS-DOS /dev/hda1, 

    # mount -t msdos /dev/hda1 /mnt

. DOS- . MS-DOS , /etc/fstab (. 4.8). , /etc/fstab DOS /dev/hda1 /dos.

    /dev/hda1     /dos     msdos      defaults

MS-DOS, Mtools. mcd, mdir mcopy MS-DOS cd, dir, copy. Mtools, .

MS-DOS MS-DOS - . MS-DOS. SLS. FTP (. C). MS-DOS DOS , Wordperfect. Linux MS-DOS MS-DOS UNIX- .

, X Window Microsoft Windows. FTP .

5.3 TCP/IP

Linux TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP . Linux Ethernet ( ) Internet - TCP/IP.

UNIX- (LAN) . Ethernet , . , Internet, Linux-.

TCP/IP Linux ``NET-2''. NET-2 BSD UNIX. ``NET-2'' TCP/IP Linux.

Linux NET-2 SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol). SLIP Internet . SLIP, SLIP- Internet . , Linux- Ethernet Internet, Linux SLIP-.

TCP/IP Linux, Linux NET-2 HOWTO, FTP sunsite.unc.edu. NET-2 HOWTO - TCP/IP, Ethernet SLIP Linux. The Linux Ethernet HOWTO () Ethernet Linux. The Linux Network Administrator's Guide Linux - LDP (Linux Documentation Project). A.

: Craig Hunt TCPIP Network Administration/. TCP/IP UNIX.

Linux TCP/IP - ``loopback'', . , ``loopback''.

Linux Ethernet TCP/IP , Ethernet: 3com 3c503, 3c503/16; Novell NE1000, NE2000; Western Digital WD8003, WD8013; Hewlett Packard HP27245, HP27247, HP27250.

, : WD-80x3 clones: LANNET LEC-45; NE2000 clones: Alta Combo, Artisoft LANtastic AE-2, Asante Etherpak 2001/2003, D-Link Ethernet II, LTC E-NET/16 P/N 8300-200-002, Network Solutions HE-203, SVEC 4 Dimension Ethernet, 4-Dimension FD0490 EtherBoard 16, and D-Link DE-600, SMC Elite 16.

Ethernet Linux "Linux Ethernet HOWTO".

Linux SLIP, Internet . , SLIP- - 14.4bps, V.32bis. (. : , , ; 28.8bps V.34, ).

TCP/IP

, Ethernet - TCP/IP . , (, ) , , , . , . , . , - Linux Network Administrators' Guide NET-2-HOWTO.

, , Linux TCP/IP. , telnet ftp, , ifconfig route ( /etc), ( /etc/hosts). , Linux , , , Linux, .

, TCP/IP. 4.7. .

, , NET-2. . , Linux , TCP/IP . /etc, /usr/etc, /usr/etc/inet, /sbin .

find . , NET-2 - .

Ethernet. SLIP, , , SLIP .

, () TCP/IP, .

SLIP: , . . SLIP, IP : (a) "" IP , ; (b) "" , , . , SLIP, .

NET-2 , , ( ). TCP/IP. : , route ifconfig. TCP/IP ; .

rc-

rc- , by init, ( sendmail, cron, ..) , , - .. rc- /etc/rc.d, /etc.

rc-, TCP/IP. : rc.inet1 rc.inet2. rc.inet1 ( IP ) rc.inet2 TCP/IP (telnetd, tftpd ..).

' , rc.inet rc.net. , rc- , init. , /etc/inittab , rc-. rc.inet1 rc.inet2 /etc/inittab.

, rc.inet1 . IP, (routing table) . (datagrams) . : - , - , - , ( ). : ifconfig route. /etc /sbin.

ifconfig , IP , , . route .

rc.inet1 , . , , . IP , , Internet. 


  #!/bin/sh
  # This is /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1 -- Configure the TCP/IP interfaces

  # First, configure the loopback device

  HOSTNAME=`hostname`

  /etc/ifconfig lo 127.0.0.1 # uses default netmask 255.0.0.0
  /etc/route add 127.0.0.1 # a route to point to the loopback device

  # Next, configure the ethernet device. If you're only  using
  # loopback or SLIP, comment out the rest of these lines.

  # Edit for your setup.
  IPADDR="128.253.154.32"     # REPLACE with YOUR IP address
  NETMASK="255.255.255.0"     # REPLACE with YOUR netmask
  NETWORK="128.253.154.0"     # REPLACE  with  YOUR  network address
  BROADCAST="128.253.154.255" # REPLACE with YOUR  broadcast address,
                                    # if you have one. If not, leave blank
                                    # and edit below.
  GATEWAY="128.253.154.1"     # REPLACE with  YOUR  gateway address!

  /etc/ifconfig eth0 ${IPADDR} netmask ${NETMASK} broadcast ${BROADCAST}

  # If you don't have a broadcast address, change the above line to:
  # /etc/ifconfig eth0 ${IPADDR} netmask ${NETMASK}

  /etc/route add ${NETWORK}

  # The following is only necessary if you have a gateway; that is,
  # your network is connected to the outside world.
  /etc/route add default gw ${GATEWAY} metric 1

  # End of Ethernet Configuration

, . , , , .

rc.inet2 , TCP/IP. - inetd. inetd . (, telnet), inetd ( telnet inetd in.telnetd). , (.. telnetd, ftpd ..) - inetd .

syslogd - - log-, /etc/syslogd.conf. routed - . , , . routed .

rc.inet2 . - NFS. TCP/IP , , (, NFS), - .

, , /etc. .

    #! /bin/sh
    # Sample /etc/rc.d/rc.inet2

    # Start syslogd
    if [ -f /etc/syslogd ]
    then
            /etc/syslogd
    fi

    # Start inetd
    if [ -f /etc/inetd ]
    then
            /etc/inetd
    fi

    # Start routed
    if [ -f /etc/routed ]
    then
            /etc/routed -q
    fi

    # Done!

, rc.inet2 - named. named - . () IP . - , named . ( ). named . TCP/IP.

/etc/hosts

/etc/hosts IP , . , /etc/hosts , , "" ( ). - .

, loomer.vpizza.com IP 128.253.154.32, /etc/hosts :

    127.0.0.1               localhost
    128.253.154.32          loomer.vpizza.com loomer

loopback, /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost - .

/etc/networks

/etc/networks , . route , .

, route ( rc.inet1) /etc/networks.

     .

    default 0.0.0.0 # default route    - mandatory
    loopnet 127.0.0.0 # loopback network - mandatory
    mynet 128.253.154.0 # Modify for your own network address

/etc/host.conf

, (IP-). /etc/hosts (. ), , (nameserver). /etc/host.conf .

    order hosts,bind
    multi on

/etc/hosts , ( ). multi IP /etc/hosts.

/etc/resolv.conf

IP- , IP- . , , . , - loomer.vpizza.com, vpizza.com.

, goober.norelco.com 128.253.154.5, /etc/resolv.conf :

    domain      norelco.com
    nameserver  127.253.154.5

- resolv.conf.

- (hostname)

- hostname. /etc/rc /etc/rc.local; rc-, . , () - loomer.vpizza.com, rc-, :

/bin/hostname loomer.vpizza.com

, hostname /bin.

, , . , , , (, Mosaic X- IP). (. : Netscape)

netstat, ; . netstat . , , , , telnet, . . (, , , ). route ( root) .

IP -. , 

    $ telnet shoop.vpizza.com

. IP ; , , ( ) .

. , Linux Network Administrators' Guide LDP.

SLIP

SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) TCP/IP , . , SLIP SLIP-. SLIP-.

, SLIP: dip slattach. SLIP- . , SLIP, SLIP- ( kermit) ifconfig route, dip slattach ioctl(), SLIP-.

Dip SLIP-, (handshaking) ( , ), SLIP- . slattach , SLIP. , SLIP- . dip.

Dip Linux SLIP-, Ethernet . dip.

SLIP Ethernet, "" SLIP- ( ) SLIP-. SLIP ``point-to-point'' ( ). , PPP (Point to Point Protocol) Linux.

SLIP-, SLIP- IP . SLIP- "" IP - IP , . SLIP- IP , IP . SLIP- IP . dip SLIP- SLIP.

. SLIP loopback ethernet. . TCP/IP, , .

dip IP

SLIP-, IP , IP - /etc/hosts. , : rc.inet2, host.conf resolv.conf. rc.inet1, . SLIP- dip, rc.inet1 ifconfig route , dip . ( , slattach, ifconfig route rc.inet1 SLIP - ).

dip SLIP . , dip ifconfig route , dip ( shell, dip, ). , SLIP-. SLIP- . dip ( ) SLIP-.

ifconfig "pointopoint", dip . , SLIP- 128.253.154.2, IP- 128.253.154.32, root

    ifconfig sl0 128.253.154.32 pointopoint 128.253.154.2

dip.

, SLIP-, ifconfig route - sl0, sl1 ..

5.3.4 ', dip SLIP-.

slattach IP

, SLIP-, dip . slattach. /etc/rc.inet1 :

    #!/bin/sh
    IPADDR="128.253.154.32"         # Replace with your IP address
    REMADDR="128.253.154.2" # Replace with your SLIP server address

    # Modify the following for the appropriate serial device for
    # the SLIP connection:
    slattach -p cslip -s 19200 /dev/ttyS0
    /etc/ifconfig sl0 $IPADDR pointopoint $REMADDR up
    /etc/route add default gw $REMADDR

slattach SLIP- (sl0, sl1, ..) .

, slattach - SLIP-. slip cslip. slip - SLIP, , cslip - SLIP . cslip; , , slip.

SLIP-, . , , . , TCP/IP, .

dip IP

SLIP- IP , , , , /etc/hosts. ( (loopback address) 127.0.0.1.)

SLIP- IP ( ) . , SLIP- :

    Your IP address is 128.253.154.44.
    Server address is 128.253.154.2.

dip SLIP-.

5.3.3.1 TCP/IP SLIP. ', dip SLIP-.

dip

dip SLIP-, SLIP-. SLIP-, dip - , .

dip " " (``chat script''), , SLIP- . / , IP .

IP . $local $remote. IP . dip.

    main:
      # Set Maximum Transfer Unit. This is the maximum size of packets
      # transmitted on the SLIP device. Many SLIP servers use either
      # 1500 or 1006; check with your network admins when in doubt.
      get $mtu 1500

      # Make the SLIP route the default route on your system.
      default

      # Set the desired serial port and speed.
      port cua03
      speed 38400

      # Reset the modem and terminal line. If this causes trouble
      # for you, comment it out.
      reset

      # Prepare for dialing. Replace the following with your
      # modem initialization string.
      send AT&C1&D2\\N3&Q5%M3%C1N1W1L1S48=7\r
      wait OK 2
      if $errlvl != 0 goto error
      # Dial the SLIP server
      dial 2546000
      if $errlvl != 0 goto error
      wait CONNECT 60
      if $errlvl != 0 goto error

      # We are connected.  Login to the system.
    login:
      sleep 3
      send \r\n\r\n
      # Wait for the login prompt
      wait login: 10
      if $errlvl != 0 goto error

      # Send your username
      send USERNAME\n

      # Wait for password prompt
      wait ord: 5
      if $errlvl != 0 goto error

      # Send password.
      send PASSWORD\n

      # Wait for SLIP server ready prompt
      wait annex: 30
      if $errlvl != 0 goto error

      # Send commands to SLIP server to initate connection.
      send slip\n
      wait Annex 30

      # Get the remote IP address from the SLIP server. The
      # `get...remote' command reads text in the form xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx,
      # and assigns it to the variable given as the second argument
      # (here, $remote).
      get $remote remote
      if $errlvl != 0 goto error
      wait Your 30

       # Get local IP address from SLIP server, assign to variable
       # $local.
      get $local remote
      if $errlvl != 0 goto error

      # Fire up the SLIP connection

    done:
      print CONNECTED to $remote at $rmtip
      print GATEWAY address $rmtip
      print LOCAL address $local
      mode SLIP
      goto exit
    error:
      print SLIP to $remote failed.

    exit:

dip ifconfig route, $local $remote. get..., SLIP- .

ifconfig route, dip , shell dip, dip. dip -v , . , , dip SLIP- , :

    /etc/dip/dip -v /etc/dip/mychat 2>&1

dip- (mychat.dip) /etc/dip. Ethernet SLIP. TCP/IP, , , .

5.4 UUCP

UUCP (UNIX-to-UNIX Copy) - , UNIX. UUCP, UNIX ( ) , , .. TCP/IP SLIP , UUCP. , ( 5.5 5.6) UUCP . , Internet, Internet, UUCP.

Linux Network Administrator's Guide UUCP Linux. , anonymous FTP sunsite.unc.edu, Linux UUCP HOWTO, . UUCP - Tim O'Reilly Grace Todino Managing UUCP and USENET. A.

5.5

UNIX, Linux . E-mail ( ) ( ) ( , TCP/IP, UUCP, ). e-mail : . - , . elm mailx. - , , , . ""; . , , "" .

Linux - Smail. . e-mail, TCP/IP UUCP. Yf UNIX sendmail, , - , Linux .

Linux Mail HOWTO Linux . , TCP/IP UUCP, , ( 5.3 5.4). UUCP TCP/IP, .

anonymous FTP sunsite.unc.edu /pub/Linux/system/Mail.

5.6 USENET

Linux . , "" (``articles'') " " (``newsgroups'')... . TCP/IP UUCP , USENET - .

- . - , ( ). ( newsreader) , , .

Linux . . , ``C News'' ``INN''. "" (newsreaders), rn tin. . . .

( USENET), , . , /usr/spool/news, .

, . , TCP/IP, , NNTP (Network News Transmission Protocol). NNTP . NNTP , , USENET. NNTP-, USENET . NNTP NNTP- . , NNTP- .

.

, . . .

"" ( anonymous FTP ftp.uu.net /news) - . (patches) sunsite.unc.edu /pub/Linux/system/Mail (, , , Linux). Linux .

Linux News HOWTO sunsite.unc.edu /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO. , LDP Linux Network Administrator's Guide Linux. Tim O'Reilly Grace Todino Managing UUCP and Usenet UUCP . USENET ``How to become a USENET site'', ftp.uu.net, /usenet/news.announce.newusers.

. , .

,

,