- , , , - . - , - , - . , - (LUID). - , - , init(M), login(M) cron(M). - LUID (, auditd(ADM)), , LUID (, lpsched(ADM)). setuid(S) setgid(S) , LUID . LUID , (/tcb/files/rc?.d/*). /etc/passwd /etc/group - - , . - , (. ), su(C), . , . , lpsched : /tcb/bin/su - lp -c /usr/lib/lpsched > /dev/null 2>&1 su LUID , . , - . , - , . stopio(S), , . - . - 5-63 - , getty, , stopio - . , - , ( SIGHUP), . , , , . SIGHUP, . , , , - . , - , . , - , , . "" " - " . SUID, execsuid, - ( . promain(M)) - nopromain. SUID, - chmodsugid. chown, - , chown. , - TCB, - - (audit). , - TCB. , , , - , - , sticky-. (sticky-), . - , , - , , ( ) , . . - sticky- . , - - , . , - - . , , - . , . , , . - , , . . - 5-64 -   (dial-in passwords) tty, - . - , , . , , /etc/dialups. - - tty ; : /dev/tty1A /dev/tty5C /etc/d_passwd. - , /etc/passwd. (" ") /etc/d_passwd - , (, /bin/sh), /etc/passwd. , ( tty /etc/dialups) /etc/d_passwd, - , /etc/d_passwd. - : passwd -d dialname dialname ( /etc/d_passwd). dialname - ("/"), - . dialname. - - . . - 5-65 -   mount -- . - - , - mnt(C), - . /etc/default/filesys. : bdev=/dev/root cdev=/dev/rroot mountdir=/ \ desc="The Root Filesystem" rcmount=no mount=no bdev=/dev/u cdev=/dev/ru mountdir=/u rcmount=yes \ fsckflags=-y desc="The User Filesystem" bdev=/dev/x cdev=/dev/rx mountdir=/x mount=yes \ rcmount=yes fsckflags=-y desc="The Extra Filesystem" , : ? ---------------------------------------------------- root /u /x , , "mount=yes" . , mnt ( ), - - , - , . "mount=prompt" - , , - . , -f passwd(C). , - /u : passwd -f /dev/u mnt, , . mnt(C) " " (User's Reference). . - 5-66 -   , . Jobs->Authorization sysadmsh . , at batch, - , . - " : at, cron batch" " " (User's Guide).  ,   - , root, . cron, cron, , sysadmsh  : Jobs->Authorize->Scheduled->Default "-": None Allow cron Deny cron . - , . , / ( - ). , . . - 5-67 - at/batch, at/batch, , sysadmsh  : Jobs->Authorize->Delayed->Default "-": None Allow at/batch Deny at/batch . - , . , / ( - ). , . / cron -  cron, , sysadmsh  : Jobs->Authorize->Scheduled->User User:. , <F3> . , "-": Allow cron Deny cron - , . - , . . - 5-68 -  cron , - / cron, sysadmsh Jobs->Authorize->Scheduled->View allow, - , ; deny, , . / at/batch   at/batch, , sysadmsh  : Jobs->Authorize->Delayed->User User:. , <F3> . , "-": Allow at/batch Deny at/batch - . , - .  at/batch , - / at/batch, sysadmsh Jobs->Authorize->Delayed->View cron, allow, , - ; deny, , . . - 5-69 -  at/batch , at  batch. - at  batch , , sysadmsh: Jobs->Authorize->Environment->At Jobs->Authorize->Environment->Batch /usr/lib/cron/.proto (at)  /usr/lib/cron/.proto.b (batch). , at batch. - /bin/sh , -. : $d $l ulimit $m umask $t ( , 1 1970 .) $< , . , . , - , . . - 5-70 - -; . 1. - , nice(C): nice -5 /bin/sh/ << 'END_OF_FILE' $< END_OF_FILE 2. - : /bin/csh << 'END_OF_FILE_' $< END_OF_FILE  6   6-1 sysadmsh 6-2 backup 6-2 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-4 6-8 6-9 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-14 6-17 6-19 6-21 cpio 6-25 xbackup 6-25 6-32 6-32 , 6-33 6-35 . - 6-1 -  - - , . : * ( ); * (, ); * ( ). . - , . , - . - - (, /u). ( . "- " .) ( - backup) . , sysadmsh ( ) - , - . ( , - , tar(C), " " "" "" (Tutorial). - ; .) , , , tar(C), cpio(C), backup(ADM) restore(ADM), . , , , ( backup restore) . . - 6-2 -  SYSADMSH - - . , - , . " " sysadmsh , , - . - - . , "" , . Backups, . - , . sysadmsh "" . - . (, - , , - .) , - .  backup  backup. ( root.) , . root, - , root - . backup  , - root.   , - . 20- -  96tpi 1.2 MB, . - 6-3 - 450- . , , - , . , , - , , .   sysadmsh . . , , , . sysadmsh : * fsphoto(ADM): , - ; * fsave(ADM): , ; * schedule(ADM): ; * xbackup xrestore(ADM): XENIX. , Method "xbackup". ( , - , XENIX. cpio.) * cpio(C): , - . . Backups sysadmsh "" , . . - 6-4 -   - , . , , , - . - , - .   schedule. /usr/lib/sysadmin. , , * * * . , schedule, . schedule schedule - ; , root. schedule - sysadmsh: Backups->Schedule ( sysadmsh vi(C), - - SA_EDITOR. , - , . environ(C) sh(C).) - , . . - 6-5 - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | # SYSTEM BACKUP SCHEDULE ( )| | site mymachine ( ...) | | | | # Media Entries ( ) | | | | # 48 tpi 360K floppy 0 ( 0 ...)| | # media /dev/rfd048ds9 k 360 format /dev/rfd048ds9 | | # 48 tpi 360K floppy 1 | | # media /dev/rfd148ds9 k 360 format /dev/rfd148ds9 | | # 96 tpi 720K floppy 0 | | # media /dev/rfd096ds9 k 720 format /dev/rfd096ds9 | | # 96 tpi 720K floppy 1 | | # media /dev/rfd196ds9 k 720 format /dev/rfd196ds9 | | # 96 tpi 1.2 MB floppy 0 | | # media /dev/rfd096ds15 k 1200 format /dev/rfd096ds15 | | # 96 tpi 1.2 MB floppy 1 | | # media /dev/rfd196ds15 k 1200 format /dev/rfd196ds15 | | # 135 tpi 1.44 MB floppy 0 | | # media /dev/rfd0135ds18 k 1440 format /dev/rfd0135ds8 | | # 135 tpi 1.44 MB floppy 1 | | # media /dev/rfd1135ds18 k 1440 format /dev/rfd1135ds8 | | # Cartridge tape ( ) | | # media /dev/rct0 d 20000 300 450 600 tape erase | | # Mini cartridge drive (10MB) ( -)| | # media /dev/rctmini k 8800 format /dev/rctmini | | # Mini cartridge drive (40MB) | | # media /dev/rctmini k 37500 format -e /dev/rctmini | | # 9-track tape drive ( 9-.) | | # media /dev/rmt0 d 1600 2400 1200 600 | | | | # Backup Descriptor Table ( )| | | | # Backup Vol. Save for Vitality Label | | # level size how long (importance) marker | | 0 - "1 year" critical "a red sticker" | | 1 - "4 months" necessary "a yellow sticker"| | 8 - "3 weeks" useful "a blue sticker" | | 9 - "1 week" precautionary none | | | | # Schedule Table () | | | | # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Method | # Filesystem M T W T F M T W T F M T W T F M T W T F | | /dev/rroot 0 x 9 x 9 8 x 9 x 9 1 x 9 x 9 8 x 9 x 9 cpio| | /dev/ru 9 0 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 1 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 cpio| +--------------------------------------------------------------+  6-1.  schedule . - 6-6 - mymachine , - , /etc/systemid, . , schedule, 6-1, . 0 96tpi 1.2 (. ). # , . , , , - . , 96tpi . - . +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | # 96 tpi 720K floppy 1 | | # media /dev/rfd196ds9 k 720 format /dev/rfd196ds9 | | | | # 96 tpi 1.2 MB floppy 0 | | media /dev/rfd096ds15 k 1200 format /dev/rfd096ds15 | | | | # 96 tpi 1.2 MB floppy 1 | | # media /dev/rfd196ds15 k 1200 format /dev/rfd196ds15 | | | - . (. ) (Backup level - ): - (Vol.size - ), ( ), ( ) - ( - Label marker). , - , , - . , "Vol.size" . . , "Vol.size" ( - ). , . , . - " ". . - 6-7 - +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | # Backup Vol. Save for Vitality Label | | # level size how long (importance) marker | | 0 - "1 year" critical "a red sticker" | | (1 )| | 1 - "4 months" necessary "a yellow sticker"| | (4 - ) | | 8 - "3 weeks" useful "a blue sticker" | | (3 . ) | | 9 - "1 week" precautionary none | | (1 . ) | +--------------------------------------------------------------+  6-2.  - . , - . 0 - . , 1, 8 9 - , . ( " " .) , 0 - /u. , /u ( ) , , . /u, - ( /usr). BACKUP, schedule . /u , schedule ( 6-3). +----------------------------------------------------------------+ | # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Method| | # Filesystem M T W T F M T W T F M T W T F M T W T F | | /dev/rroot 0 x 9 x 9 8 x 9 x 9 1 x 9 x 9 8 x 9 x 9 cpio | | /dev/ru 9 0 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 1 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 cpio | +----------------------------------------------------------------+  6-3. , (M-F, .. -) - : (, - ), - - . , - . 1-0, M-F, , . . - 6-8 - , , , 0 - ; - . ( ) - cpio. - xbackup, XENIX, cpio backup. , xbackup(ADM) XENIX, . cpio UNIX, XENIX AFS, . xbackup , .  , AFS - , - .   , . - - , . : +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ , , , . , . . - 6-9 - , , , schedule : . 6-4. +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | # Backup Vol. Save for Vitality Label | | # level size how long (importance) marker | | 0 - "1 year" critical "a red sticker" | | ( )| | 1 - "4 months" necessary "a yellow sticker"| | ( )| | 8 - "3 weeks" useful "a blue sticker" | | ( ) | | 9 - "1 week" precautionary none | | ( ) | +--------------------------------------------------------------+  6-4.  , (, - "1 2" "2 2"). , , , , .   - . (, ), - : , - , - , . - . (- : 9 - - , , -, - .) . - 6-10 - / ( .) . - . , , - . , , . . - 6-11 -   ,