-------------------------------------+--------------+ |swapdel - too few free pages | MINASMEM | |( - )| | +-----------------------------------------------+--------------+ |stropen: out of stream | NSTREAM | |( ) | | +-----------------------------------------------+--------------+ |stropen: out of queues | NQUEUE | |( | | | ) | | +-----------------------------------------------+--------------+ (*) n  - . - 8-8 - ________________________________________________________________   , - , , - ( - ) . - .   - . - , - . , - . . , , , . , NPROC ( - ) . , - , , - . , , , .   - . . - "ulimit" , . - ULIMIT . ULIMIT 8.2. , " " - . - 8-9 -  8.2   +------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | | | +------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | * | NBUF,NHBUF | | | | +------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | -| NAUTOUP,MAXSLICE,| | | BDFLUSHR, | | | AGEINTERVAL | | | (. - | | | - | | | ) | +------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | | NCALL,NINODE, | | (-| NSINODE,NFILE, | | ; -| NPROC,NREGIONS, | | | NCLIST (.- | | .) | , | | | - | | | -| | | -| | | ) | +------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | | ULIMIT | | | | +------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | | NOFILES | | | | +------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | | MAXUP | | | | +------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | , -| SHLBMAX,FLCKREC, | | | SPTMAP,NUMXT, | | | NUMSXT,PRFMAX, | | | (. | | | STREAMS - | | | RFS) | +------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | | PUTBUFSIZE, | | | DO387CR3 | +------------------------------------------+-------------------+ - 8-9a - * , - , , . - , - - . . " -".   / - . . * . * . - 8-10 -  - NBUF 1 - -. , . - -, , - , - , . NHBUF -. , , , , . , sar-b . NHBUF 2; , - NBUF NHBUF - 4. NBUF NHBUF mtune - -. - . NBUF NHBUF , - . 2 , , 250 , 4 - 400 . , , - , - . , . sar-b, , swpot/s 1.0, . , , , - , . , , , - , - . , - . - 8-10a -   , UNIX - - . - . , , - . , , - , . - 8-11 - 8.1, , , mtune  - 2 , - . - , 5 , - , - , -.- 3-- 4-- . , , , - . , - - .  8.3   +----------------+--------------------------------------------+ | | | | +------------+----------------+--------------+ | | 2 M | 3 M | 4 M | +----------------+------------+----------------+--------------+ |NBUF | 250 | 300 | 400 | |NHBUF |   64 |   64 | 128 | |NCALL |   30 |   40 |   50 | |NINODE | 150 | 200 | 300 | |NS5INODE | 150 | 200 | 300 | |NFILE | 150 | 200 | 300 | |NREGION | 210 | 250 | 300 | |NCLIST | 120 | 140 | 170 | |NPROC | 100 | 120 | 150 | +----------------+------------+----------------+--------------+   , . , / - . - . - 8-12 -   - , . , mkfs(ADM). , (.. - ), . - , , - . . , , - .   /. . , . - ; - . 100 99 , 99 , 16 , - . , , , - .   ; , . - . , 1 3 , , () () - (). 1. , - fsck(ADM), -s ________________________________________________________________  AFS. ________________________________________________________________ - 8-13 - 2. , - cpio(C) -pdm - , , cpio -pdm  .   : 2find 1sourcedir2 -print | cpio -pdm destdir sourcedir - ; destdir - , - . , - , - . , , , , , , . , . 3. - sysadmsh "Backups( )" . ( " " ). , . 4. , . - 8-14 - ________________________________________________________________   , - , , - - , . : * * * , * , 1profile3  $PATH  ps ps(C) - . "" , , , - , . , ; , TIME ( ) STIME ( ). "" (, - , ), , . , kill(C). , , . "" - . , - , cron(C) , - . - 8-15 -  $PATH $PATH . "not found( )" $PATH. - , . , , . : *   $PATH , - (/bin /usr/bin). , . *   - (:/bin). *   , $PATH - . * 1 3 . $PATH. - 8-16 - ________________________________________________________________   -   . - . : sar - . timex - . . - . sar(ADM) - . - . . . - , sar. sar c - , . Sar , , , - , sa1  sa2 . sa1  sa2  , crontab sys. sar : 2 sar <> t <>  , . t , 5 . , - ; /usr/adm/sa. ' sar(ADM). - 8-17 - 2 - 30 . . , , , - . - , - .  :  ( - configure, , ), : . , , - . , , - , . , , - . , - , , . sar , . , - , . (. "- : sar -w" ).  : sar -b -b : bread/s , ( -- ) . lread/s , . %rcache - (100% breads/lreads). - 8-18 - bwrit/s , ( -- ) . lwrit/s , . %wcache - (100% bwrit/s lwrit/s). pread/s - . pwrit/s - . %rcache  %wcache, - . %rcache  90, %wcache 65, - . sar -b: +--------------------------------------------------------------- | unix unix 3.2 2 386i 02/18/89 |16:32:57 bread/s lread/s %rcache bwrit/s lwrit/s %wcache pread/s pwrit/s |16:33:07 3 39 93 1 16 91 0 0 |16:33:17 4 40 90 2 16 87 0 0 |16:33:27 4 41 90 3 7 64 0 0 | Average 4 40 91 2 13 84 0 0 |() , .  : sar -q sar -q , - . runq-sz ; 2. - , , - . %runocc , ; , . swpq-sz ; , . %swpocc ; , . - 8-19 - sar -q: +--------------------------------------------------------------- | unix unix 3.2 2 386i 02/18/89 | 11:00:56 runq-sz %runocc swpq-sz %swpocc | 11:01:07 1.7 98 1.5 36 | 11:01:17 1.0 63 1.0 31 | 11:01:27 1.0 58 1.0 49 | Average 1.3 74 1.2 39 |() (%runocc) 58% 98%, , (%swpocc) 31% 49%. - , , , - . %runocc 90% runq-sz 2, , - . - - . %swpocc 20%, .  : sar -u sar- u ( ). - , . , . /, - . -u sar - , (%sys), (%user), / (%wio) (%idle). %sys %usr . - , - - . - %wio , . %idle, - , ; , , %idle. "idle" ( ) - . , , 40 100 , - - 8-20 - . 30%, - ; - . ( ps(C) , , -, .) , , /. , . , /usr/spool/crontab, - , . ps , - . , - ( nroff(CT) troff(CT)) . - - nice(C) batch(C). - sar-u: +--------------------------------------------------------------- | unix unix 3.2 2 386i 02/18/89 | 09:20:08 %usr %sys %wio %idle | 09:40:12 6 7 2 86 | 10:00:03 7 9 3 80 | 10:20:07 14 16 10 61 | Average 9 11 5 76 |()  : sar - v -v  , - , , . , - . proc-sz , - - . inod-sz  - , - . file-sz , . ov . ( - ). - 8-21 - lock-sz , . fhdr-sz . / . sar -v: +--------------------------------------------------------------- | unix unix 3.2 2 386i 02/18/89 | 17:36:05 proc-sz ov inod-sz ov file-sz ov lock-sz fhdr-sz | 17:36:35 17/40 0 39/80 0 29/80 0 0/50 0/0 | 17:37:05 19/40 0 46/80 0 35/80 0 0/50 0/0 | 17:37:35 18/40 0 43/80 0 34/80 0 0/50 0/0 , , . , , - . : sar -w -w  - . . swpin/s . bswin/s 512- (), - ( ) . swpot/s . 1, - . bswot/s , . pswch/s . - 30 50 4-6 - . - 8-22 - sar -w: +--------------------------------------------------------------- | unix unix 3.2 2 386i 02/18/89 | 09:20:08 swpin/s bswin/s swpot/s bswot/s pswch/s | 09:40:12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 37 | 10:00:03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39 | 10:20:07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39 | Average 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 38 |() , , .  : timex timex  , . , timex - , . . timex : $ timex -s  < > . , timex - . , . - 8-23 - ________________________________________________________________   , /etc/conf/cf.d/mtune. : , , -   NDISK , . . NBUF , 1. . . - . 100 600. 1076 . - - 1 (NHBUF) - (NBUF) . NPBUF , /, . / . 52 . - - 20. - 8-24 - NHBUF " " 1. - - .  -  2. 12 . - NHBUF , NBUF, NHBUF, - 4. MAXBUF -. . - - , - , . NBUF , NBUF , MAXBUF , NBUF. - NBUF , MAXBUF . NREGION . NREGION 36 . : , . - - ( ). , " - " , - . , - . - 3,5 NPROC. , : Region table overflow NAUTOUP . , NAUTOUP. - , - , - . . bdflush. - 8-25 - BDFLUSHR . - 1 . bdflush. PUTBUFSZ , putbuf, - PUTBUFSZ, . putbuf , -  crash. PIOMAP , - / (PIO) . /