:


---------------------------------------------------------------
     © Copyright  , 2003
     Email: maksim@otstavnov.com
     WWW: www.otstavnov.com
     ISBN5-94842-003-5
     Origin: http://www.otstavnov.com/fsft/ISBN5-94842-003-5/ISBN5-94842-003-5.html
---------------------------------------------------------------

372.800.2

74.263.2

80


, " " "" (http://inf.1september.ru) 2002-3 ., , "" " ".

, , www.otstavnov.com/fsft (GNU FDL). .


80 . -- .: " ", 200". -- 96 .: .

ISBN 5-94842-003-5


, , , . "" OpenOffice.org, Mozilla, GIMP, GNOME KDE .

, .


2002-3, .

2002, ( 10.4).




?

1. OpenWriter -- word-

2.

3. OpenDraw --

4. GIMP --

5. OpenCalc --

6.

7.

8. II: ""

9. III:

10.



?

0.1

, , "", (, MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Windows NT, MacOS X). , .

" " - -- , , , , "" -, -, , , -- "", "" (, , ).

, , , , :

? , :

, ( , -- ) , "".

(2002-3) . , , "", " ", " " . "", .

0.2

, . , , .

, ( ) () " ", , , , : 0) ( , , ) ; 1) ; 2) () , , / , ( ); 3) , .

"" ( ) , , . , , .

(free software) , , " " (shareware, - "-") "" (freeware).

, , " " (open source software) " ", .

"" (open software): "" , , -- .

, "" , "" -- . , , , (, ) . , (freeware).

, : -- , , , . , , , - GNU/Linux, , , , , , "" , 1, "" -, .

( , , ), [2, 3]. , , , ( -- ), , , , , .

0.3 " ..."

, ( , "" ), . , ( ) ( ) , , , , . , .

. , , , " " ( , , , , ), - . , , (, , ), - .

. , , , ( , , , , , , ), " " [1] (" "), , .

:

, "" ( " ") (, , , ).

, , () (. 2 " ..."), . (. 5) .. .. , , , / ( , ).

, , , , , , , . , , .

, , , , , .

2001 , " ", "" " " [2], , , , , , " " [4] ( ).

0.4

, , .

, , , (, ). " ", , , (, , ) , , .

" ", ( , , ) , ( , - , ) , -- . , , . , -- , , , ( ?), , , , .

(), , ( Microsoft Windows MacOS), , ( ): , -- .

, .

1. OpenWriter -- word-

"" word- (AbiWord, Kword, OpenWriter) , ( LyX ..). , , , : ?

" ...", , ( , , , Microsoft Word, "", StarOffice WordPerfect). WordPerfect, ( , ) .

, . : , -- , , . , .

, .

1.1 ""

( ) word- ( , , , () , () , ..) . , :

<>, .</>

word- , :

, .

WYSIWYG- ( "What you see is what you get" -- " , ").

: WYSIWYG- , " " "" , .

, . , , :

, .

, (, HTML XML- ) , , ( ..) ( , ..), .

, , , -- .








, Mozilla ,

, , . , , (, , Emacs, Enriched text, Emacs , ), word-, , "" : .

"" ( ), , , , ( , ). : word- ( , "" Microsoft Word, StarOffice 5, "", ), HTML.

, , , , , , , - , .

, , , , . , , "" word- ( , , , ), : .

. , , , . -- .

1.2

.

, , *ML-: -- GML, SGML, HTML, XML, -- "markup language" -- " ".

-- TeX ( , "", "") (, LaTeX). , , (TeX .. " " , ., ).

-- ( ) , , (, Microsoft Word, "" ..). , 2.

, TeX (, , ), -- , , , , , , *ML-, "", "".

1.3 *ML-

SGML ( 1986 .) , ( ISO 8879). , SGML , ( ) . " SGML" , , HTML , WWW.

HTML " SGML": , . "" HTML , , , , , .

HTML , SGML-, SGML.

, WWW XML -- " ", , HTML SGML-. WWW- HTML XML; "" .

1.4 " *ML!"

, , XML, . :

XML , , ( , (DTD) , , XML- " " ).

XML -- -- OpenOffice.org ( -- OO.o). XML-, , " " ( OpenWriter), " " (OpenCalc), "" (OpenImpess), "" (OpenMath), "" (OpenWeb) , "" , " " (OpenDraw), .

, OO.o -- " ", " ": "" "", "" ( " ") XML-. "" , -- , - ( ).

1.5 OpenWriter

OpenWriter ( -- OW) -- , word- . ( , , Ooowriter)3.



OpenWriter

, word- ( ) , OW (. ) -- . , ( ) :

[6-9].

, , , OW " ". ".sfx", -- PKZIP-, ( ) XML-, ( XML) , , .

(content.xml). XML, , , , ( "" OW ), . , :

<text:p text:style-name="P2">
<text:span text:style-name="T1">
0.
</text:span>
<text:span text:style-name="T2">
OpenWriter --
</text:span>
<text:span text:style-name="T3">

</text:span>
<text:span text:style-name="T2">
word-
</text:span>
<text:span text:style-name="T3">

</text:span>
</text:p>

, "P2" "T1", "T2" "T3". , , , , "T2" --

<style:style style:name="T2" style:family="text">
<style:properties fo:font-weight="bold" style:font-weight-asian="bold" style:font-weight-complex="bold"/>
</style:style>

"" () , .

content.xml XML- OO.o. HTML , , , XML. , () , content.xml Mozilla , XML.


OW . ( 1.0) , "" , ), . :

1) , ( ) ( , );

2) -, . , . , OO.o ( Linux Solaris; FreeBSD), Microsoft Windows 9x/Me Microsoft Windows NT/00/XP, () "", MacOS X ( , Apple Computers);

3) XML ( , , .. , SGML). Unicode, ( " ") , ,

4) , .

1.6

OO.o "" ( ) Linux "" (-, - , ).

OO.o, ALT Linux ("" Master 2.0 "" Junior 2.0; www.altlinux.ru) ASPLinux 7.3 ( , www.asplinux.ru). , , , , , ( ) .

(Linux Microsoft Windows) OpenOffice.ru, www.openoffice.ru ( ) . OOO "", Solaris , www.openoffice.org.

, OpenOffice, -- www.openoffice.ru ( http://docs.openoffice.ru).

-- (www.openoffice.org).

OO.o OW . [6-9].

2.

"" () -- ( ) .

. -- . , , , .. ( , ) -- .

, WWW, , "" .

, "" -- . , , , , .

, , -- . , -- ( "", .. , ).

-- , . "" - , -- . word-, word- , " " , .

2.1 ""

word-, , ( , , , () , () , ..) .

Word- , .

" ", " " ( , , XML, HTML TeX) (, ) - (, HTML Pascal). , " " , , "", , , , .

"" : " , , . , , ... ... " [10].

2.2

, : .

. ( ) (, , ), , ( ), , , - .

, . , "" ( "") , , , , , , , ( , ).

2.3 Vi Emacs

, , -, , , "" , . vi ( , Sun Microsystems) Emacs ( , -- GNU). , , ed TECO, .

 !
?
-
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
-- INSERT -- 3,1 All

vi

, ( , , vim ) ( , ). GNU Emacs (www.fsf.org) ().

, " " . Vi(m) "" . . , , . ( , ed ) . , , , . vi -- -- .

Emacs -- "" , , "" : , , , , . - , Emacs "Esc-Meta-Alt-Ctrl-Shift" ( , , , Emacs -- Editing MACroS, .. " ").

, : vi , Emacs ( - ) , .

2.4

, vi -- ( ), Emacs -- , () , Emasc Lisp ( ). C, Lisp ( ).

Emacs, , "" , "" c (, ), , " ". , Emacs, USENET ( WWW).

-- -- Emacs, , (, Emacs , , , Borland). .

, Emacs ( ) " ", . () (""), "" ( ). Emacspeak Emacs , .

(, , ) "" .

( Emacs) . ( ), , ( , ). -- -- Emacs .

( , () , , Pascal) Emacs , , . , " " , ( ) , . , , , 4.

vi Emacs? , vi, -, ( ), -, . , vi. ( ).

, , , , , , .

2.5 " "

. , , , , " " .

. , note :

 !
?
-

, ( , ), , , vi, :

:s///g

() :

 !
?
-

, " ", , , . sed, vi, :

$sed -n 's///g' note

, (, note.1, note.2, note.3), ( , ), .

$sed -n 's///g' note.*

, , , , - (, , ). , , , "" (, , ).

2.6

UNIX " " ( , , -- -- ). () , , . ( ) -, . . "" 6 " ".

2.7

( ) . () .

Microsoft Windows Cygwin, GNU ( ) ( vim), . , MS Windows, MS-DOS (MS Windows 95/98/Me), - (, NT -- MS Windows NT/00/XP, ), , Cygwin . ".inputrc", :

set meta-flag on
set convert-meta off
set output-meta on

Cygwin ( ) Interix UNIX Tools for Windows, GNU ( Microsoft ).

GNU Emacs MS Windows GNU (www.gnu.org).

( , ) [11], , Unix Linux. .
. , 1999 . GNU Emacs [12], GNU (www.gnu.org); Emacs, .

3. OpenDraw --


, , , .

, , ( , ), , , ( , ).

( ) ( , ) , " " [1] .

, "" . , , . , , , , , , " " .

3.1

: ( ) ( , ).

, : " 55: (), (), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ". ( " ", , -, : " 55: , 3, , 3(, 3, ), , 3, ", , ).

: " (3,3), 2 1".

, -- , , -- . () "" (, ).

, , ( ), ( , , , ). .

3.2

, .

( ), . : " (15,15), 10 5", .

, ( ). , ( ) : .

, , (, ), - . , , : " " .

, , , , , .., -- . , , ( , ). , 5.

, -- . , , ("") , (, , , ). , , , .

, ( , -- , "" , - ; ). , .

( ), (-"") .

3.3

, - , :

, ,

, , . OpenDraw, , "" 1, -- word- OpenWriter, .

3.4 OpenDraw

OO.o, OpenDraw "" XML- ( XML , , . "" 1).

(Linux, Solaris) (Microsoft Windows, MacOS) ( ) .

OpenDraw , ( Intel P-II, Celeron K6-2 500 G3 350 64 M). - , sodipodi "" XFig.

"" () OpenOffice.org StarOffice ( StarDraw ). ( "" ) , DXF, ().

OpenDraw .

, StarDraw, , "" , ( , , , .). , , " ", OpenDraw , "" (, , ). OpenDraw ( ).

OpenDraw "", , "" , . , , .

, PKZip-, XML. - , OpenDraw XML, .

OpenOffice.org, OpenDraw . , .

3.5 OpenDraw

OpenDraw :

:

( "" ), , ( ) .

, , (), . .

3.6

OpenDraw . (. "" 1) "" /.

, "" (, ) .

, , , , 3 . , (, ), . , , , "" , , .

, . ( ), .

3.7 " " , "3D"

OpenDraw . , , , "" .

(3D-). 1) , 2) , 3) ( ""). "" , .

( ) OpenDraw , , : , ( " " ) "" ( ) . , , , .

3.8


, , -- , . , , .

OpenDraw , "" "" " ". , .

: , , . . , .

( , , ; , , ).

, , , , .

3.9

OO.o "" ( ) Linux "" (-, - , ).

OO.o, ALT Linux ("" Master "" Junior; www.altlinux.ru) ASPLinux ( , www.asplinux.ru). , , , , , ( ) .

(Linux Microsoft Windows) OpenOffice.ru, www.openoffice.ru ( ) . OO.o "", Solaris , www.openoffice.org.

, OpenOffice, -- www.openoffice.ru ( http://docs.openoffice.ru). -- www.openoffice.org).

OO.o OpenDraw . [6-8].

4. GIMP --

"", OpenDraw, , :

4.1

-- , "" () , . -- , , ( .. -), .

("" ) .

( ) " " ( , ). 1024728x24, 1024 , 728 24 ( "" , , ). , , "", (DPI); , , .

4.2

() . " " , . , , ("" RGB, "" CMYK ..) ( , ), .. "-" ( "", ) .

( , , , ).

TIFF ( , ), PNG ( WWW, ), JPEG ( ) GIF ( 8 (256) ). , ( GIMP) , , .

4.3 GIMP

GNU Image Manipulation Program ( ), GIMP ( "") -- , (1985-86 .).

GIMP , " " Photoshop6. -- 1.2 ( "" () , -- ).

, GIMP GTK ( GTK+), ( , GTK+ GNOME).

GIMP, ( Linux, MacOS, Microsoft Windows .), WWW , , , . , , FilmGIMP, , , .

GIMP : "" . GIMP , ( ) ( ) . , .

GIMP -- , , , .

4.4 GIMP --

, GIMP . -- , ( -- ), , - .

GDK, GIMP . GIMP . , Emacs, "".

. Script-fu, , - , " " (, "" ("") , ). Script-fu -- GIMP (Schema), . - .

-- , , () . , , , , , , .

, GIMP. (Perl), GIMP- Perl-fu. , ( ""), , , ( , ).

GIMP (, - ) , , , , "" GIMP .

4.5

, GIMP ( ) , .



GIMP (. 1). , "" , , , . ( ).

( - "") . (", ", " ", "", "", "", "", " ", " ", " "), , ( , -) "" , .




( , , Microsoft Windows) GTK+, " ". , , , (. 2-3). ( ) " ", , . , , , .

, , . "" , "" , , , " " (, ), (, , Microsoft Windows), - .

, "" , . , :

GIMP .

4.6

-- , . . :

"": , .

GIMP , , ( , ).

4.7

GIMP "" ( ) Linux "" (-, - , ). GIMP ( , ).

GIMP Linux -- www.gimp.org; Microsoft Windows -- www.wingimp.org; MacOS -- www.macgimp.org. , GIMP -- www.gimp.ru.

GIMP [9]. [13, 14].

5. OpenCalc --

"", "" . computare, : , , . , , : , .

, - " ", , ( , ), , , , , .

, , , . , , , . : - , " " .

, "", , , . , .

"" , , , , . "" " " , .

5.1 " "

: " ", " " (killer application). - , .

, "" , : .

, - (RS-232), , , . X-, , , .

"" -- ( "") , , , , , .

, , ( "", , ). , , "" - . , , . -- , , , . , , , ( KSpread Sharp Zaurus).

5.2

, , , .

-- , () , (), . ( () , . , , "=100" (, , "=" ) 100, .)

, (, , , , .. "=1(2(((; (b;c)))))" : "=1(2(a+b*c))").

, , . , -"" ( , ), - ( ).

, " ", , , , (, , , ).

5.3

(, " " Sourceforge, ), " ". -- . , , - : , - (, ) 90% , .

, :

-- -- . , -, , , : , .. "" , , " " , . , " ", "... A5 D5". , , , ""; , , , , , "1 2 3" ", , ", , .




, . , , , .

, "", ( ), , "" , , ( ) , 1) ( ), 2) , 3) . 4) ( 11 ), .


, , Microsoft Excel ( Microsoft Office 2000). : 99% . : "" Gnumeric, Microsoft Excel, ( ).

, , , "" OpenCalc - OpenWriter OpenDraw, .

5.4 OpenCalc

( Microsoft Excel), OpenCalc XML, (- workbook " ", - "") . OpenOffice.org, OpenCalc XML- ( ) PKZIP-, . ( "" "", .)

"" , OpenCalc "" , Microsoft Excel , DIF (Data Interchange Format), StarCalc, , SYLK, -- dBase Lotus 1-2-3. (workbook) (html 3.2).

(1.0) OpenCalc () 255 ( , A IV) 32000 ( ), , , . OpenCalc .

OpenCalc , , , , , , . . , . , , .

OCalc -- . : , , , .. .

OpenCalc , :

, OO.o, OpenCalc. , , , , ( , ).

* * *

OpenCalc :

1) ( );

2) ( ). , . , OO.o ( Linux Solaris; FreeBSD), Microsoft Windows 9x/Me Microsoft Windows NT/00/XP, () "", MacOS X ( , Apple Computers);

3) XML. Unicode, ( " ") , ,

4) , .

5.5

OO.o "" ( ) Linux "" (-, - , ).

OO.o, ALT Linux ("" Master "" Junior; www.altlinux.ru) ASPLinux ( , www.asplinux.ru). , , , , , ( ) .

(Linux Microsoft Windows) OpenOffice.ru, www.openoffice.ru ( ) . OOO "", Solaris , www.openoffice.org.

, OpenOffice, -- www.openoffice.ru ( http://docs.openoffice.ru). -- www.openoffice.org).

OO.o OpenCalc . [6-8].

6.

, , ( ( -- , .

, , , . , ( - ).

-- , , . , .

1967-68 . .. WIMP-, .. , (windows), (icons), (menus) (pointers), .

1968-69 . UNIX, , , , , , , . ( -- -- -- " " ...).

, , , : , (, , ) -- , , -- , . , "" -- (, " " ) "" .

, " " , (, CP/M, MS-DOS (PC-DOS) ). MS-DOS , " " .

6.1

, ( 33) , . "" , ( , , , ), . (, , ) -- , , , .

, , , " ", , " " (, ), . "", , .

, - . . ( , , , , .) -- , , , .

" ", . , , . -- , : , -- , , , , , , .

-- -- mutatis mutandis -- , , . , . . , , , .

, -, , ("") , "", , , , -- " ".

( ) "-", " " , , .

-, , "" ( , "") , .

, , , , . , , -- .

( "" , , , ) , , , .., .

" " -- , , , . , , , .

, , , . , .

, , , " ":

" , , , ".

- , : , : " "? , ?

" , ... , , , ".

, :

", ... , , ... !"

, , ( ). ( ) , ( ), .

6.2 :

, " " , . " ", . , , , , .. "" .

, , "" "". ( ), -- , . -- -- . 1993 . ( ISO/IEK IS 9945-2:1993), "" POSIX.2.

, Unix, BSD, GNU . bash GNU Tools, . GNU Tools , Linux, , , .

() , , , , , , , , , , , , , ( ), .

6.3

: (""), , , (, ), . -- ( exit), . ( ) "" () (, ; . ).

$ ls
!                     k7m-104.old                tmp.sh
EPIA_Manual_v1.0.pdf  k7m-104.pdf                wget-log
[0-11-9].jpg          words-to-avoid.ru.html.1   army_engl.txt
names                 words-to-avoid.ru.html.2   dengi.rar
opensource.mit.edu    www.computerra.ru          econ.pdf
ruspunk.swf           www.ctc.msiu.ru            firewalls.tar
school                tmp                        gosorgan.amursk.ru
tmp.1                 www.oreilly.com            j463_k7m.pdf
tmp.html
$_
. 1


" " . 1 ( , -- . ls ( LiSt -- ), , .

$ ls -l
total 3707
drwxr-xr-x   2 maksim   None         4096 Oct 29  2001 !
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None        19743 Nov  5 00:08 EPIA_Manual_v1.0.pdf
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None           39 May 27  2002 [0-11-9].jpg
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None       666120 Nov 12  2001 army_engl.txt
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None        12402 Oct 11  2001 dengi.rar
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None       101873 Oct  8  2001 econ.pdf
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None      2129920 Aug 15  2001 firewalls.tar
drwxr-xr-x   2 maksim   None            0 Nov 10 08:48 gosorgan.amursk.ru
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None       768086 May  1  2002 j463_k7m.pdf
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None       340016 May  1  2002 k7m-104.old
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None      2543572 Dec  9  2001 k7m-104.pdf
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None           23 Nov 28 03:44 names
drwxr-xr-x   5 maksim   None         4096 Nov  7 07:08 opensource.mit.edu
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None       855480 Jun  7 17:01 ruspunk.swf
drwxr-xr-x   5 maksim   None            0 Oct 14  2001 school
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None        16000 Aug 25 02:24 tmp
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None          467 Oct 29  2001 tmp.1
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None        67888 Sep 26  2001 tmp.html
-rwxr-xr-x   1 maksim   None          198 Aug 23 04:48 tmp.sh
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None          835 Nov 27  2001 wget-log
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None        12698 Jun 16  2000 words-to-avoid.ru.html.1
-rw-r--r--   1 maksim   None        12698 Jun 16  2000 words-to-avoid.ru.html.2
drwxr-xr-x   6 maksim   None         4096 Sep 26  2001 www.computerra.ru
drwxr-xr-x   3 maksim   None            0 Oct  9  2001 www.ctc.msiu.ru
drwxr-xr-x  12 maksim   None         4096 Apr 26  2002 www.oreilly.com
$_

. 2

( ) : , , ls, , , -, , (. . 2). (, , ) , "", "" ?

: , ls , - , . -- , , . , , (, ls -al --color=always | less, , lls).

. (, ), (, ) " " " ", () . , , , , " ", . "" , .

$ cat








^D
$_
$ cat >names




^D
$ ls names
names
$ cat <names




$_

. 3

. 4


, . -- cat, , , (. . 3). , - - , , POSIX-.

- -- , . , < >, . . 4. cat names . , - , "" (, , ) .

"" ( "") -- .

$ cat names names >names2
$ cat <names2








$ sort <names2








$ uniq <names2








$ sort <names2 | uniq



. 5

. 5 . cat names names >names2 names2, names. sort , uniq , . , , , , .

, - ( : sort <names2 >temp ; uniq temp ; rm temp), , |, "" sort uniq , : sort <names2 | uniq temp. , , .

, , ( " "). , . 1, words-to-avoid.ru.html.1 words-to-avoid.ru.html.2, rm; , , words-to-avoid*. * ; . rm words-to-avoid.ru.html.1 words-to-avoid.ru.html.2, "" , , , .

6.4

:

, , : () (, ). , , , bc, . ( , ) .

( , ) ( ) 7 . , , , , , .

, , , . , , , (). bash ( POSIX-, .. ) ( bas ). .

6.5

, , , , "" Unix , . - [11], .

( , ); bash, . (, Microsoft Windows) bash, .

Microsoft Windows Cygwin, GNU , . , MS Windows, MS-DOS (MS Windows 95/98/Me), - MS-DOS (, NT -- MS Windows NT/00/XP, ), , Cygwin . .inputrc, :

set meta-flag on
set convert-meta off
set output-meta on

Cygwin ( ) Interix UNIX Tools for Windows, GNU, bash ( Microsoft ).

7.

-- . , , " " (), , . X-, .

( , , ) , Intel 486 , X- , - ( , ) .

, , , , . -- -- ( ) ( , ), x86- PowerPC-, "" -- X-, -- .

7.1 X Window System Xfree86

X Window System -- -- 1984 ., , -- Athena ( ) W Windowing ( ) -- . , , - , "" 1987 . X Consortium ( X Open Group, www.X.org).

X .

X, XFree86, (www.xfree86.org) 4.2 . XFree86 -- X, ( , ) x86- , , , "", , "". , "86" Intel, XFree86 . XFree86 , Microsoft Windows NT.

X , www.X.org.

7.2

, , , , .

(, ) X-. (, ) , , X-. X- ( X- , X-).

X Windows System , : X- , TCP/IP , , . , , (" "), (" "), X- ( - ).

, X-, . , , X .

, , . -- .

7.3 "" X

. 1 "" X Window -- , . : X.


X. , . . -- , . X . Zap (Control-Alt-Backspace) -- ( ), Zoom (Control-Alt-+/-) -- "" . (, GNU/Linux) Control-Alt .

, : xterm (. 2). X , . , -- , . , : , . ( ), , ( xterm) -- .

xclock (. 3). , ( ) , , . ( ) , X Toolkit. , , , . , , -- X-.

xterm ( ) , "" X . , , ( , , , -- Athena).

, ? , , " " -- . X PC. , "" .

. , X- -- . , , , -- (window manager).

7.4

X-? -- . ( , -- , "" ; , xsetroot .)

-- , . , - " " . -- Enlightenment.

"" (www.Enlightenment.org) (Carsten Haitzler, Geoff Harrison) -- 0.16.5. 2000 . "" GNOME ( ""), , "-" (Sawfish). GNOME-, - , GNOME Enlightenment .


"" (. 4). !

, -- xterm "" ( ) -- . , "" , , "" , , , . , ?

. , ( -- "") (. 5). , (Annihilate), / (Raise/Lower), / (Shade/Unshade) / (Stick/Unstick) , ! ( Enlightenment -- ), , -- .

, -- , . .

, "" . (pager), . 6 . , , , , , . ? " , , -- . Enlightenment 64 .

Enlightenment : , "", (. 7). , , , , .

: ? "" , "". Enlightenment "" (themes) .

, , Enlightenment -- ...

7.5

... . , . -- " " -- -- "" . GNOME KDE, "".

-- "" , Enlightenment .

? , . , "" , ( ) .

: , , , "", Enlightenment. -- "" -- "".

, "" ? , . , . , "" (toolkits), .

7.6 ?

WIMP , , , : ( () ) , .

1995 ., , 20 , " " " WIMP" [17, . 239-243]. (, , . -- ). :

, , :

"" WIMP- , / : , , , WIMP -- - -- (OFM, AppleScript ..), , ( "" " ", Wizards " ").

, WIMP [16], , : WIMP (" ", " - - ", (" , X, Y?", " , 01.01.2000 " ..). , WIMP- , "", , -- .

7.7 ?

[18] "" WIMP, , - (. ""), :

, - (true UNIX GUI) , . , , , .. (RAD). , "", - .

, , " ". , , , , XUL, Mozilla (www.mozilla.org) , , Netscape 6 (www.netscape.com), XUL RAD. (. "" 10).

8. II: ""

, X Window System , "" .

- , "" "".

8.1 "" ?

. KDE GNOME " " , 800 Celeron, ( ..) " " 500 128 . , " ", , , , , , .

, . "" , ( ).

IceWB, BlackBox fluxBox ( WindowMaker)8 ( Intel Pentium) 100 32 ( "" , "" GIMP (. "" 3) Intel Pentium MMX 166 64).

, " ": . , word- OpenWriter, "", ( ). , , , "" . , KOffice, , "" , , "" KDE.

( "" , , (, IBM PC- Intel 486 AMD 586 "" Motorola 68K), , , "" . "", - .)

, "" . , , , , , , .

8.2

"", -- X Window Server:

"" , X Window Server , , , : ( ) . (, ..), "" .

( ), , , , , WWW-, .. , , "-", , .

, ( "") , .. " " ( ), ( ) "" , .. , "" ( ), .

( window manager, , - " ", , , , , " " " ").

, .

, , X, . , , "", " " ( ), , ( , "" ).

, "", , , ( , , ). (, )9.


8.3 ""

( ) "" (widgets = window gadgets, " ") -- , , , ., " " . ( X Window System), , , .

, , . , ( ) : , , , .. , .

( (, : , ..), GNOME KDE, , . , , , .)

:

.

8.4

, , , . , . :

* * *

(, ) "", " ", "" .. . .

8.5 BlackBox FluxBox


BlackBox (BB) -- , "" . " ", "" .

, BB () , " " ( ) . "" "" "". ( ) "" , .

( "" ), . , "" Workspaces (" "), "" "". "", "" .

BB . Click to focus (" ") , GNOME, KDE Microsoft Windows: ( "") "" . "" ( , ). Sloppy focus (" ") ( "" ).

-"" , BB -- "" (Slit). "" ( ) ( ), - .

BB -- OpenBox FluxBox.

" Fluxbox -- (tabs) . , fluxbox . . - ( ) . , . , , . , , : ." [3]

BB, FluxBox OpenBox "" .

8.6 WindowMaker


WindowMaker (WM) -- ( GNUStep) NextSTEP -- . NextSTEP , WM , -- ( ) , "" .

WM, NextSTEP, "" , . "" ( WM), "" , . "" "", , -- "" .

WM "" ( Alt-n , "" ""). WM , , "", Wprefs.app, " ".

8.7 IceWM



IceWM -- , , - Microsoft Windows OS/2, .

, ( , Microsoft Windows, GNOME KDE). IceWM. , "" "", WindowMaker, Sawfish, Blackbox Enlightenment.

( , ), "-", . .

IceWM "" (" "), .

8.8

, . FluxBox, "" ( , , , [19] -- "" .

, ALT Linux Junior 2.1 (www.altlinux.ru), , .

9. III:

(, "" X Window System, ) Microsoft Windows MS-DOS10.

, , . MS-DOS -- , . - (, ), (, "" ).

, , , , . , , "-" . , X Window System, .

; ; ( ) ( ). "", .

9.1

( "", ) - (, , ), , . "" " " .

(, . ; , (CAD, ) , , .)

, : . , , "" , ; "", .

, , MacOS Microsoft Windows ( ) . "" , ( - ) , (""), .

, . , , , . -- KDE, GNOME "". (, , ..).

9.2

- . , , , :

( " " , , , "" .)

: KDE GNOME. () , , . GNOME KDE, GNOME.

9.3 GNOME ( GNU)



GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment -- " GNU, ", " GNU") -- .

(, , , ), "" , CORBA " " ( " ") (" ").

GNOME , : Sawfish ("" ), Enlightenment, IceWM, WindowMaker, AfterStep FVWM2, GNOME, , .

"" (GNOME 2.1) -- , , .

GNOME GTK+, . , , , . "" . Linux, BSD, AIX Solaris; GNOME, Sun Microsystems 2001 . GNOME, .

GNOME "", . Nautilus, GNOME Panel (Gnome Control Center).

"". Nautilus (, , ..), . "" , , , ( CDE Microsoft Windows Explorer).

, "" " ": , ( , , , "").

(drag'n'drop), "" (, ..), : , " " , . , : , "" , , . "" "", .

. , , GNOME. . , : - (menu panel) . , -- . (edge), (aligned), (sliding) (floating), ( " "), , .

. ( , .), ( , , , ..) , , "" , .

:

, , GNOME Panel, : , : , - ( , , ).

"" : , - ( , , - (global)), "" (normal) , - .

, : , , .. "" , / "" , "" , .

, "". , " " (capplets), .

( ""), -- , -- , ..

"" .. " " (Document Handlers), , . "" , , "", .

, , GNOME -- , , "" " ", .

, , , , .

GNOME ; , Sun Microsystems (130 .) , . GTK+, Glade Gnome .

"" , , . , "" .

9.4 KDE ( K)


KDE -- CDE -- Common Desktop Environment (" ") -- , . "K" KDE .

, ( KDE ; , , , Konqueror ( Conqueror -- "", ""), -- Konsole ( Console -- "), -- Kandalf ( , ...)), KDE -- .

"" , KDE -- ( , ) . "" -- Konqueror. Konqueror , Microsoft Internet Explorer Microsoft Windows ( MS Windows 98 MS-DOS MS Windows 2000 NT) -- WWW .

KDE Microsoft , , , , ( man, Info GNU, ). Konqueror .

KDE " ", . KDE , GNOME, ( , ). KDE KWin.

KDE "" , "" "" , , KOffice.

9.5 "" KOffice

KDE KOffice, "" Qt KDE . KOffice , :

KOffice , "" , XML, XML-. "" , ; .

KDE KOffice (. www.kde.ru), , , , , "-" .

9.6

GNOME KDE ( ) . .

http://www.gnome.org http://www.kde.org, . KDE http://www.kde.ru (http://www.gnome.ru , "" ).

"" Linux (, [20]) , - , . ( KDE -- ) , .

10.

- -- , , .., () .

-11 -- , WWW, " " ("-") . , .

- - (TCP/IP). , - , , AppleShare NetBIEU, TCP/IP. , , TCP/IP-, , .

TCP/IP BSD 12. -- -- , , , (firewalling) . .

10.1

NFS. - NFS. NFS (.. ) . , , , 13.

. ( ), 14, , DAP (X.500) LDAP. LDAP , .

SMB . - , (SMB), IBM, Novell, Microsoft - , , . , SMB .

, SMB () , SAMBA (www.samba.org). SAMBA .

SAMBA , 15, , , , Microsoft Windows Novell OS.

SAMBA - , IPX NetBIOS, TCP/IP, , 16, TCP/IP (, ).

SAMBA , ( Microsoft Windows NT. SAMBA "" .

10.2

-- . "" , WWW- .., , . , , .

10.3 Mozilla

, , Mozilla.

Mozilla , WWW (), USENET, ("") IRC WWW (). , , (, , " "). Mozilla , (MacOS X, GNU/Linux, Solaris, Irix, HPUX, BSD/OS .), (MacOS 9, Microsoft Windows, BeOS, OS/2) .

Mozilla 1.x -- AOL Time Warner AOL Netscape. Mozilla -- Netscape Navigator Netscape Communicator, , , WWW- NSCA Mozaic. -- Netscape Navigator 6.x 7.x.

Mozilla , .

10.4 Mozilla17


. WWW "" FTP- Navigator. Mozilla (. . 1).

, " " . -- , ( , ), -- . .

, "". "..." , , ( -- Opera. : , , .) , . , , .

"" html- ( , , ), , .

, ("... "). . ( ) , .

, , , : .

, ( ) cookies , .

, -- " " (Sidebar). , . . , , , , , -, .

. WWW . , -- " ".

, , "".

, . , , , -- .

, - , . , GPG, OpenPGP, .

, , , , , , -- , . .

. -- , . -- , -- . , . .

, , . , , , , . , ( , , ) .

"" . , - . HTML. - , .

"", . , . word-, , , . , , HTML. " " "<HTML> ". , Navigator, . HTML , (, W3C ).

, , . . - . .

. , , , . , , . , "" , . , . , .

: , , . , . -- . -- , . .

. -- , . -- .

" " , , , .

-- "" -- cookies, Java, , - .

" " . , , . .

"" , "". , , , , , .

10.5 Mozilla:

, "" Mozilla, . , , .

"" Gecko. ("") "" Gecko ("", ""). "" . , , Galeon, Aphrodite Phoenix; , "", (, ) .

XUL. , Mozilla XUL, XML-, .. , , XML ( XML "" 1).

Mozilla " XUL" " ". Mozilla . 30 128 500 .

"" XUL' Mozilla , , , " " .



, chrome "" ( ), , .

, XUL , , ... www.mozdev.org www.xulplanet.com XUL, http://books.mozdev.org/chapters/ " Mozilla" ( , ).

, ", !" XUL ( ):

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!-- Sample XUL file -->
<window xmlns="http://www.mozilla.org/keymaster/gatekeeper/there.is.only.xul">
<box align="center">
<button label="hello xFly" onclick="alert('Hello World');" />
</box>
</window>

JavaScript- HTML XML . , , XUL, ("" (window), "" (box), "" (button) ..), XUL- , , Mozilla , , XUL- HTML , XUL- , XUL-, , . XUL , , .

, (RAD) -- . : XUL (, HTML, , XML-) . , , , XUL, XML-.



10.6

Mozilla , -- . Mozilla ( , ).

1. . " ".

2. (.). " : - " -- .: -, 2001. : http://www.otstavnov.com/fsr
3. . " " // " ", ## 09-10, 1999 .
4. .. , .. . : . .1 -- .: , 2001. . . http://www.ctc.msiu.ru/materials/
5. "" # 29, 2002 .
6. StarOffice 5.2 (" " " ", 600 .) "" . " " ( ) "" , StarOffice, ASPLinux (www.asplinux.ru). , OO.o 1.0 StarOffice 5.2 ; " " .

7. , . Linux : . -- : "", 2002. -- 389 . , , , OO.o Mozilla, Linux ( - ). III, OW -- (.. ) OW .OpenDraw 7 . , OpenCalc -- (.. ) OpenCalc .

8. . OpenOffice.ru. . -- .: ALT Linux, 2002. -- 115 . , , "" ALT Linux 2.0 Master OpenOffice.ru http://docs.openoffice.ru, OW, . OpenDraw, , -- OpenCalc

, , GNU (GNU FDL) , , ( ) ( , ).

9. .., ... : . 1. -- .: , 2001. -- 348 . GNU FDL, : www.ctc.msiu.ru/materials/books.php. , , StarWriter 5.2, OW; , , .

10. ., " " // " ". . 6. -- .: "", 1992

11. "Linux Unix: shell" -- : BHV, 2001

12. . GNU Emacs ( ) -- .: , 1999

13. Karin Kylander & Olof S Kylander. GIMP: The Official Handbook. The Coriolis Group: 1999, ISBN 1-57610-520-2

GIMP, . " GIMP" ( , postscript- pdf-) http://manual.gimp.org, The Coriolis Group.

, -, , - GIMP. , -- , , , -- .

14. Carey Bunks. Grokking the GIMP New Riders Publishing, 2000; ISBN: 0735709246; 352 pp.

, GIMP, Grokking the GIMP, http://gimp-savvy.com/BOOK/.

15 Nikolai Bezroukov. The Orthodox File Manager (OFM) Paradigm. Work in progress // http://www.softpanorama.org/OFM/Ofm_00.shtml

16 D. Englebart, W. English. A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect // AFIPS Conf. Proc., Fall Joint Computer Conf. -- San Francisco, 1968.

17 . -: // . -. -- .: "-", 1999

18 . True UNIX GUI // http://www.ice.ru/~vitus/thoughts/true_unix_gui.txt/true_unix_gui.txt

19. " " #12, 2002 . (http://www.homepc.ru/offline/2002/78/).

20. . " Linux" -- .: "", 2000

<maksim@otstavnov.com> (www.otstavnov.com) -- TechInvestLab.com, "" (www.ibusiness.ru) "CIO" (www.cio.ru), , " " (www.neweco.ru).

-- . 150 , - " : - " ( .: -, 2001).

1 , - , , , , , Microsoft Windows Microsoft Office, , .

2 , , "" . , ( , " ") , : " " .

3" " ( , Sun Microsystems StarDivision , ) StarOffice, word- -- StarWriter; , , ( 5.1 5.2).

4 , , , , Emacs, Emacs Lisp.

5 , , , -- -- .

6 , , , .

7 , , , , , , -60, , , . , ( ) ( ), , . ( ) .

8 [3] , , .

9 , X (), . , ( , ), -- . , X, , , , .)

10 (Microsoft Windows 1.x, 2.x, 3x, 9x Me), Microsoft Windows NT ( Microsoft Windows 2000, XP .NET Server).

11 "" , TCP/IP, "" -- -. -, . "" -- internetworking, " ".

12 Berkley TCP/IP Stack , .

13 , , .

14 SQL.

15 - , "" .

16 100- Ethernet-.

17 <dobr@iop.kiev.ua>. [19].


Last-modified: Tue, 22 Apr 2003 08:43:40 GMT
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