Lib.Ru: Moris Dzh. Bah. Arhitektura operacionnoj sistemy Unix

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("THE DESIGN OF THE UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM" by Maurice J. Bach)
Perevod Kryukova A. V.
  • Predislovie......................................................... 3
  • GLAVA 1 OBSHCHIJ OBZOR OSOBENNOSTEJ SISTEMY
    1.1 ISTORIYA......................................................... 6
    1.2 STRUKTURA SISTEMY............................................... 8
    1.3 OBZOR S TOCHKI ZRENIYA POLXZOVATELYA.............................. 10
    1.3.1 Fajlovaya sistema.......................................... 10
    1.3.2 Sreda vypolneniya processov................................ 14
    1.3.3 |lementy konstrukcionnyh blokov........................... 16
    1.4 FUNKCII OPERACIONNOJ SISTEMY................................... 17
    1.5 PREDPOLAGAEMAYA APPARATNAYA SREDA................................ 18
    1.5.1 Preryvaniya i osobye situacii.............................. 19
    1.5.2 Urovni preryvaniya processora.............................. 20
    1.5.3 Raspredelenie pamyati...................................... 20
    1.6 VYVODY......................................................... 21


  • GLAVA 2 VVEDENIE V ARHITEKTURU YADRA OPERACIONNOJ SISTEMY
    2.1 ARHITEKTURA OPERACIONNOJ SISTEMY UNIX.......................... 22
    2.2 VVEDENIE V OSNOVNYE PONYATIYA SISTEMY............................ 24
    2.2.1 Obzor osobennostej podsistemy upravleniya fajlami.......... 24
    2.2.2 Processy.................................................. 26
    2.2.2.1 Kontekst processa.................................... 31
    2.2.2.2 Sostoyaniya processa................................... 31
    2.2.2.3 Perehody iz sostoyaniya v sostoyanie.................... 31
    2.2.2.4 "Son" i probuzhdenie.................................. 34
    2.3 STRUKTURY DANNYH YADRA.......................................... 35
    2.4 UPRAVLENIE SISTEMOJ............................................ 36
    2.5 VYVODY I OBZOR POSLEDUYUSHCHIH GLAV................................ 37
    2.6 UPRAZHNENIYA..................................................... 38


  • ogl GLAVA 3 BUFER SVERHOPERATIVNOJ PAMYATI
    3.1 ZAGOLOVKI BUFERA.............................................. 39
    3.2 STRUKTURA OBLASTI BUFEROV (BUFERNOGO PULA).................... 41
    3.3 MEHANIZM POISKA BUFERA........................................ 42
    3.4 CHTENIE I ZAPISX DISKOVYH BLOKOV............................... 52
    3.5 PREIMUSHCHESTVA I NEUDOBSTVA BUFERNOGO KESHA...................... 55
    3.6 VYVODY........................................................ 56
    3.7 UPRAZHNENIYA.................................................... 57


  • ogl GLAVA 4 VNUTRENNEE PREDSTAVLENIE FAJLOV
    4.1 INDEKSY....................................................... 59
    4.1.1 Opredelenie.............................................. 59
    4.1.2 Obrashchenie k indeksam..................................... 62
    4.1.3 Osvobozhdenie indeksov.................................... 64
    4.2 STRUKTURA FAJLA OBYCHNOGO TIPA................................. 64
    4.3 KATALOGI...................................................... 70
    4.4 PREVRASHCHENIE SOSTAVNOGO IMENI FAJLA (PUTI POISKA)
    V IDENTIFIKATOR INDEKSA....................................... 71
    4.5 SUPERBLOK..................................................... 73
    4.6 NAZNACHENIE INDEKSA NOVOMU FAJLU............................... 73
    4.7 VYDELENIE DISKOVYH BLOKOV..................................... 80
    4.8 DRUGIE TIPY FAJLOV............................................ 83
    4.9 VYVODY........................................................ 83


  • ogl GLAVA 5 SISTEMNYE OPERACII DLYA RABOTY S FAJLOVOJ SISTEMOJ
    5.1 OPEN.......................................................... 86
    5.2 READ.......................................................... 90
    5.3 WRITE......................................................... 95
    5.4 ZAHVAT FAJLA I ZAPISI......................................... 96
    5.5 UKAZANIE MESTA V FAJLE,GDE BUDET VYPOLNYATXSYA VVOD-VYVOD -LSEEK 96
    5.6 CLOSE......................................................... 97
    5.7 SOZDANIE FAJLA................................................ 99
    5.8 SOZDANIE SPECIALXNYH FAJLOV.................................. 100
    5.9 SMENA TEKUSHCHEGO I KORNEVOGO KATALOGA.......................... 102
    5.10 SMENA VLADELXCA I REZHIMA DOSTUPA K FAJLU.................... 103
    5.11 STAT I FSTAT................................................ 103
    5.12 KANALY...................................................... 104
    5.12.1 Sistemnaya funkciya pipe................................. 104
    5.12.2 Otkrytie poimenovannogo kanala......................... 106
    5.12.3 CHtenie iz kanalov i zapis' v kanaly.................... 106
    5.12.4 Zakrytie kanalov....................................... 108
    5.12.5 Primery................................................ 109
    5.13 DUP......................................................... 110
    5.14 MONTIROVANIE I DEMONTIROVANIE FAJLOVYH SISTEM............... 111
    5.14.1 Peresechenie tochek montirovaniya v marshrutah poiska fajlov.. 115
    5.14.2 Demontirovanie fajlovoj sistemy........................... 118
    5.15 LINK........................................................ 120
    5.16 UNLINK...................................................... 123
    5.16.1 Celostnost' fajlovoj sistemy.............................. 125
    5.16.2 Povody dlya konkurencii.................................... 126
    5.17 ABSTRAKTNYE OBRASHCHENIYA K FAJLOVYM SISTEMAM................... 129
    5.18 SOPROVOZHDENIE FAJLOVOJ SISTEMY.............................. 130
    5.19 VYVODY...................................................... 131
    5.20 UPRAZHNENIYA.................................................. 131


  • ogl GLAVA 6 STRUKTURA PROCESSOV
    6.1 SOSTOYANIYA PROCESSA I PEREHODY MEZHDU NIMI..................... 137
    6.2 FORMAT PAMYATI SISTEMY........................................ 141
    6.2.1 Oblasti................................................. 141
    6.2.2 Stranicy i tablicy stranic.............................. 143
    6.2.3 Razmeshchenie yadra......................................... 145
    6.2.4 Prostranstvo processa................................... 146
    6.3 KONTEKST PROCESSA............................................ 147
    6.4 SOHRANENIE KONTEKSTA PROCESSA................................ 150
    6.4.1 Preryvaniya i osobye situacii............................ 151
    6.4.2 Vzaimodejstvie s operacionnoj sistemoj cherezzovy
    sistemnyh funkcij....................................... 153
    6.4.3 Pereklyuchenie konteksta.................................. 156
    6.4.4 Sohranenie konteksta na sluchaj avarijnogo zaversheniya.... 158
    6.4.5 Kopirovanie dannyh mezhdu adresnym prostranstvsis-
    temy i adresnym prostranstvom zadachi.................... 159
    6.5 UPRAVLENIE ADRESNYM PROSTRANSTVOM PROCESSA................... 159
    6.5.1 Blokirovka oblasti i snyatie blokirovki.................. 160
    6.5.2 Vydelenie oblasti....................................... 160
    6.5.3 Prisoedinenie oblasti k processu........................ 161
    6.5.4 Izmenenie razmera oblasti............................... 162
    6.5.5 Zagruzka oblasti........................................ 163
    6.5.6 Osvobozhdenie oblasti.................................... 167
    6.5.7 Otsoedinenie oblasti ot processa........................ 168
    6.5.8 Kopirovanie soderzhimogo oblasti......................... 169
    6.6 PRIOSTANOVKA VYPOLNENIYA...................................... 170
    6.6.1 Sobytiya, vyzyvayushchie priostanov vypolneniya, i ih adresa.. 171
    6.6.2 Algoritmy priostanova i vozobnovleniya vypolneniya........ 173
    6.7 VYVODY....................................................... 175
    6.8 UPRAZHNENIYA................................................... 176


  • ogl GLAVA 7 UPRAVLENIE PROCESSOM
    7.1 SOZDANIE PROCESSA............................................ 179
    7.2 SIGNALY...................................................... 187
    7.2.1 Obrabotka signalov...................................... 190
    7.2.2 Gruppy processov........................................ 197
    7.2.3 Posylka signalov processami............................. 197
    7.3 ZAVERSHENIE VYPOLNENIYA PROCESSA............................... 198
    7.4 OZHIDANIE ZAVERSHENIYA VYPOLNENIYA PROCESSA...................... 200
    7.5 VYZOV DRUGIH PROGRAMM........................................ 204
    7.6 KOD IDENTIFIKACII POLXZOVATELYA PROCESSA...................... 213
    7.7 IZMENENIE RAZMERA PROCESSA................................... 215
    7.8 KOMANDNYJ PROCESSOR SHELL.................................... 218
    7.9 ZAGRUZKA SISTEMY I NACHALXNYJ PROCESS......................... 220
    7.10 VYVODY...................................................... 223
    7.11 UPRAZHNENIYA.................................................. 224


  • ogl GLAVA 8 DISPETCHERIZACIYA PROCESSOV I EE VREMENNYE HARAKTERISTIKI
    8.1 PLANIROVANIE VYPOLNENIYA PROCESSOV............................ 232
    8.1.1 Algoritm................................................ 233
    8.1.2 Parametry dispetcherizacii............................... 233
    8.1.3 Primery dispetcherizacii processov....................... 237
    8.1.4 Upravlenie prioritetami................................. 238
    8.1.5 Planirovanie na osnove spravedlivogo razdela............ 239
    8.1.6 Rabota v rezhime real'nogo vremeni....................... 241
    8.2 SISTEMNYE OPERACII, SVYAZANNYE SO VREMENEM.................... 241
    8.3 TAJMER....................................................... 243
    8.3.1 Perezapusk chasov........................................ 245
    8.3.2 Vnutrennie sistemnye tajm-auty.......................... 246
    8.3.3 Postroenie profilya...................................... 247
    8.3.4 Uchet i statistika....................................... 250
    8.3.5 Podderzhanie vremeni v sisteme........................... 251
    8.4 VYVODY....................................................... 251
    8.5 UPRAZHNENIYA................................................... 251



  • ogl GLAVA 9 ALGORITMY UPRAVLENIYA PAMYATXYU
    9.1 SVOPING...................................................... 253
    9.1.1 Upravlenie prostranstvom na ustrojstve vygruzki......... 253
    9.1.2 Vygruzka processov...................................... 257
    9.1.2.1 Vygruzka pri vypolnenii sistemnoj funkcii fork........ 259
    9.1.2.2 Vygruzka s rasshireniem................................ 260
    9.1.3 Zagruzka (podkachka) processov........................... 260
    9.2 PODKACHKA PO ZAPROSU.......................................... 265
    9.2.1 Struktury dannyh, isp-mye podsistemoj zameshcheniya stranic..267
    9.2.1.1 Funkciya fork v sisteme s zameshcheniem stranic........ 270
    9.2.1.2 Funkciya exec v sisteme s zameshcheniem stranic........ 272
    9.2.2 "Sborshchik" stranic....................................... 274
    9.2.3 Otkazy pri obrashcheniyah k stranicam....................... 277
    9.2.3.1 Obrabotka preryvanij po otkazu iz-za nedostupnosti 278
    9.2.3.2 Obrabotka preryvanij po otkazu sistemy zashchity...... 282
    9.2.4 Zameshchenie stranic na menee slozhnoj tehnicheskoj baze..... 285
    9.3 SISTEMA SMESHANNOGO TIPA SO SVOPINGOM I PODKACHKOJ PO ZAPROSU.. 286
    9.4 VYVODY....................................................... 287
    9.5 UPRAZHNENIYA................................................... 287


  • ogl GLAVA 10 PODSISTEMA UPRAVLENIYA VVODOM-VYVODOM
    10.1 VZAIMODEJSTVIE DRAJVEROV S PROGRAMMNOJ I APPARATNOJ SREDOJ.. 290
    10.1.1 Konfiguraciya sistemy................................... 291
    10.1.2 Sistemnye funkcii i vzaimodejstvie s drajverami........ 293
    10.1.2.1 Open.............................................. 294
    10.1.2.2 Close............................................. 297
    10.1.2.3 Read i Write...................................... 298
    10.1.2.4 Strategicheskij interfejs.......................... 299
    10.1.2.5 Ioctl............................................. 300
    10.1.2.6 Drugie funkcii, imeyushchie otnoshenie k fajlovoj siste 300
    10.1.3 Programmy obrabotki preryvanij......................... 301
    10.2 DISKOVYE DRAJVERY........................................... 301
    10.3 TERMINALXNYE DRAJVERY....................................... 305
    10.3.1 Simvol'nye spiski...................................... 307
    10.3.2 Terminal'nyj drajver v kanonicheskom rezhime............. 310
    10.3.3 Terminal'nyj drajver v rezhime bez obrabotki simvolov... 315
    10.3.4 Opros terminala........................................ 318
    10.3.5 Naznachenie operatorskogo terminala..................... 318
    10.3.6 Drajver kosvennogo terminala........................... 319
    10.3.7 Vhod v sistemu......................................... 319
    10.4 POTOKI...................................................... 320
    10.4.1 Bolee detal'noe rassmotrenie potokov................... 324
    10.4.2 Analiz potokov......................................... 326
    10.5 VYVODY...................................................... 327
    10.6 UPRAZHNENIYA.................................................. 327


  • ogl GLAVA 11 VZAIMODEJSTVIE PROCESSOV
    11.1 TRASSIROVKA PROCESSOV....................................... 330
    11.2 VZAIMODEJSTVIE PROCESSOV V VERSII V SISTEMY................. 334
    11.2.1 Soobshcheniya.............................................. 335
    11.2.2 Razdelenie pamyati...................................... 341
    11.2.3 Semafory............................................... 344
    11.2.4 Obshchie zamechaniya........................................ 353
    11.3 VZAIMODEJSTVIE V SETI....................................... 354
    11.4 GNEZDA...................................................... 355
    11.5 VYVODY...................................................... 360
    11.6 UPRAZHNENIYA.................................................. 360


  • ogl GLAVA 12 MNOGOPROCESSORNYE SISTEMY
    12.1 PROBLEMY, SVYAZANNYE S MNOGOPROCESSORNYMI SISTEMAMI.......... 362
    12.2 GLAVNYJ I PODCHINENNYJ PROCESSORY............................ 363
    12.3 SEMAFORY.................................................... 365
    12.3.1 Opredelenie semaforov.................................. 366
    12.3.2 Realizaciya semaforov................................... 367
    12.3.3 Primery algoritmov..................................... 374
    12.3.3.1 Vydelenie bufera.................................. 374
    12.3.3.2 Wait.............................................. 377
    12.3.3.3 Drajvery.......................................... 377
    12.3.3.4 Fiktivnye processy................................ 378
    12.4 SISTEMA TUNIS............................................... 378
    12.5 UZKIE MESTA V FUNKCIONIROVANII MNOGOPROCESSORNYH SISTEM..... 379
    12.6 UPRAZHNENIYA.................................................. 379


  • ogl GLAVA 13 RASPREDELENNYE SISTEMY
    13.1 PERIFERIJNYE PROCESSORY..................................... 382
    13.2 SVYAZX TIPA NEWCASTLE........................................ 390
    13.3 "PROZRACHNYE" RASPREDELENNYE FAJLOVYE SISTEMY................ 393
    13.4 RASPREDELENNAYA MODELX BEZ PEREDATOCHNYH PROCESSOV............ 396
    13.5 VYVODY...................................................... 397
    13.6 UPRAZHNENIYA.................................................. 398


  • ogl PRILOZHENIE
    SISTEMNYE OPERACII............................................... 400
    access....................................................... 400
    acct......................................................... 400
    alarm........................................................ 400
    brk.......................................................... 401
    chdir........................................................ 401
    chmod........................................................ 401
    chown........................................................ 401
    chroot....................................................... 401
    close........................................................ 402
    creat........................................................ 402
    dup.......................................................... 402
    exec......................................................... 402
    exit......................................................... 402
    fcntl........................................................ 403
    fork......................................................... 404
    getpid....................................................... 404
    getuid....................................................... 404
    ioctl........................................................ 404
    kill......................................................... 404
    link......................................................... 405
    lseek........................................................ 405
    mknod........................................................ 405
    mount........................................................ 406
    msgctl....................................................... 406
    msgget....................................................... 407
    msgsnd i msgrcv.............................................. 407
    nice......................................................... 408
    open......................................................... 408
    pause........................................................ 409
    pipe......................................................... 409
    plock........................................................ 409
    profil....................................................... 410
    ptrace....................................................... 410
    read......................................................... 410
    semctl....................................................... 411
    semget....................................................... 412
    semop........................................................ 412
    setpgrp...................................................... 413
    setuid....................................................... 413
    shmctl....................................................... 413
    shmget....................................................... 414
    shmop........................................................ 414
    signal....................................................... 415
    stat......................................................... 416
    stime........................................................ 416
    sync......................................................... 416
    time......................................................... 416
    times........................................................ 417
    ulimit....................................................... 417
    umask........................................................ 417
    umount....................................................... 418
    uname........................................................ 418
    unlink....................................................... 418
    ustat........................................................ 418
    utime........................................................ 419
    wait......................................................... 419
    write........................................................ 419
    BIBLIOGRAFIYA..................................................... 420

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