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Original etogo dokumenta raspolozhen na
http://www.citforum.ru/operating_systems/linux/lig-10.shtml
 Perevod: Aleksandr Solov'ev (sae@mobil.perm.su)
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    Nizhe  napechatana General'naya Obshchedostupnaya Licenziya GNU (GPL
ili  copyleft), pod kotoroj nahoditsya Linux. Ona privedena zdes',
chtoby   likvidirovat'   voznikayushchie   nedorazumeniya  otnositel'no
statusa  avtorskih  prav  Linux.  |to  ne  shareware  i ne public
domain.  Bol'shaya  chast'  yadra  Linux  kernel  zashchishchena  copyright
oktyabr'  1993,  Linus  Torvalds  a  drugie programmy i chasti yadra
zashchishcheny copyrighted drugih avtorov. Takim obrazom, Linux zashchishchen
avtorskimi   pravami,  hotya  vy  mozhete  rasprostranyat'  ego  pri
vypolnenii uslovij GPL, privedennyh nizhe.

               General'naya obshchedostupnaya licenziya GNU
Versiya 2, Iyun' 1991 Copyright (c) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Vsem razresheno kopirovat' i rasprostranyat' tochnye kopii etogo dokumenta, soderzhashchego licenziyu, no kakie-libo izmeneniya zapreshcheny. Licenzii dlya bol'shinstva programm sformulirovany tak, chtoby lishit' vas svobody v ih peredache i modifikacii. V protivopolozhnost' etomu General'naya Obshchedostupnaya Licenziya GNU stremitsya garantirovat' vashu svobodu v rasprostranenii i izmenenii svobodnorasprostranyaemyh programm, obespechivaya ih svobodnoe rasprostranenie dlya vseh pol'zovatelej. |ta General'naya Obshchedostupnaya Licenziya primenyaetsya k bol'shej chasti programm Free Software Foundation i ko vsem prochim programmam, ch'i avtory razdelyayut eti principy. (Nekotorye drugie programmy Free Software Foundation nahodyatsya vmesto etogo pod Bibliotechnoj General'noj Obshchedostupnoj Licenziej). Vy tozhe mozhete rasprostranit' ee na svoi programmy. Kogda my govorim o svobodno rasprostranyaemyh programmah, eto otnositsya imenno k svobode, a ne k cene. Nashi General'nye Obshchedostupnye Licenzii sformulirovany tak, chtoby garantirovat' vam vozmozhnost' svobodno rasprostranyat' kopii svobodnorasprostranyaemyh programm (i poluchat' za etu rabotu platu, esli pozhelaete), chto vy poluchite ishodnye teksty ili smozhete ih poluchit', chto vy smozhete izmenyat' programmy ili ih chasti dlya sozdaniya novyh svobodnorasprostranyaemyh programm; i chto vy znaete, chto vy eto mozhete delat'. Dlya zashchity vashih prav nam neobhodimo nalozhit' ogranicheniya, kotorye zapreshchayut komu by to ni bylo narushat' eti prava ili prosit' vas otkazat'sya ot takih prav. |ti ogranicheniya peredayut vam i opredelennuyu otvetstvennost', esli vy rasprostranyaete kopii programm ili modificiruete ih. Naprimer, esli vy rasprostranyaete kopii takih programm besplatno ili za voznagrazhdenie, vy dolzhny peredat' poluchatelyam prava na nih, kotorye vy imeli. Vy dolzhny byt' uvereny, chto oni takzhe poluchat' ili budut imet' vozmozhnost' poluchit' ishodnye kody. I vy dolzhny soobshchit' eti usloviya, chtoby oni znali svoi prava. My zashchishchaem vashi prava v dva etapa: (1) zashchishchaem programmy s pomoshch'yu copyright i (2) peredaem vam etu licenziyu, chto daet vam legal'noe pravo kopirovat', rasprostranyat' i/ili modificirovat' programmy. Krome togo, dlya zashchity kazhdogo avtora i nashej sobstvennoj zashchity, my hotim byt' uverennymi, chto vse ponimayut, chto na svobodnorasprostranyaemye programmy otsutstvuet garantiya. Esli programma kem-to modificirovana i peredana dal'she, my hotim, chtoby poluchateli znali, chto to, chto oni poluchili, eto ne original, tak chto vse problemy, kotorye porozhdeny drugimi, ne dolzhny brosat' ten' na reputaciyu avtora originala. I nakonec, lyuboj svobodnorasprostranyaemoj programme postoyanno ugrozhaet patentovanie. My hotim izbezhat' opasnosti, chto redistributory svobodnorasprostranyaemyh programm samostoyatel'no zapatentuyut programmu, sdelav ee svoej chastnoj sobstvennost'yu. CHtoby pomeshat' etomu, my hotim so vsej opredelennost'yu skazat', chto libo licenziya dolzhna pozvolyat' vsem svobodno pol'zovat'sya programmoj, libo nikomu. Konkretnye usloviya kopirovaniya, rasprostraneniya i modifikacii privodyatsya nizhe.
0.
|ta licenziya primenima k lyuboj programme ili drugoj rabote, soderzhashchej uvedomlenie o vladel'ce copyright i o tom, chto ona mozhet rasprostranyat'sya v sootvetsvii s trebovaniyami General'noj Obshchedostupnoj Licenzii. "Programma", upotreblyaemyj dalee termin, otnositsya k lyuboj programme ili rabote, a takzhe "rabote osnovannoj na Programme". |to oznachaet, chto Programma ili proizvodnaya rabota nahodyatsya pod ohranoj copyright: to est' rabota, soderzhit Programmu ili ee chast' libo doslovno, libo s modifikaciyami i/ili perevodami na drugoj yazyk. (Dalee perevod vklyuchaetsya bez dopolnitel'nyh ogovorok v termin "modifikaciya"). Dalee pod obrashcheniem "vy" budem ponimat' vladel'ca licenzii. Drugaya deyatel'nost', otlichnaya ot kopirovaniya, rasprostraneniya i modifikacii, ne podpadaet pod dejstvie etoj Licenzii; ona za ee predelami ee vliyaniya. Sobstvenno ekspluataciya Programmy nichem ne ogranichivaetsya i vyhodnye dannye, vydavaemye Programmoj popadayut pod Licenziyu, tol'ko esli ih mozhno otnesti k "rabote, osnovannoj na Programme" (nezavisimo ot togo, chto dannye polucheny v rezul'tate vypolneniya Programmy). Libo dejstvitel'no zavisit ot togo, chto delaet Programma.
1.
Vy mozhete kopirovat' i rasprostranyat' tochnye kopii ishodnyh tekstov Programmy, kak vy ih poluchili, na lyubom nositele, snabzhennom zametnym i podobayushchim obrazom predstavlennym uvedomleniem o copyright i uvedomleniem ob otsutstvii garantii; sohranyajte bez izmenenij zapisi, otnosyashchiesya k etoj Licenzii i otsutstviyu garantii i peredavajte drugim vmeste s kopiej Programmy kopiyu etoj Licenzii. Vy mozhete poluchat' platu za samu fizicheskuyu proceduru peredachi kopii i vy mozhete za platu pod svoyu otvetstvennost' predlozhit' (ot svoego imeni) garantii.
2.
Vy mozhete modificirovat' svoyu kopiyu Programmy ili ee chasti, takim obrazom realizuya raboty, osnovannye na Programme, a dalee kopirovat' i raspredelyat' eti modifikacii i drugie raboty v terminah Razdela 1, obespechiv vypolnenie vseh uslovij:
a.
Modificirovannye fajly vy dolzhny snabdit' na vidnom meste v nachale uvedomleniem, chto vy izmenili fajly, i datoj izmenenij.
b.
Vy dolzhny snabdit' lyubuyu rabotu, kotoruyu vy rasprostranyaete ili publikuete, kak celikom, tak i chastyami, ili poluchennuyu na osnovanii Programmy ili ee chasti, licenziej, pozvolyayushchej besplatno peredavat' tret'im licam na osnovanii Licenzii.
c.
Esli modificirovannaya programma dolzhna chitat' v interaktivnom rezhime komandy v processe vypolneniya, vy dolzhny obespechit', chtoby v nachale raboty ona avtomaticheski vydavala ob座avleniya, vklyuchayushchie sootvetstvuyushchij copyright i uvedomlenie ob otsutstvii garantii (libo, naoborot, soobshchenie, chto vy predostavlyaete garantiyu) i chto pol'zovatel' mozhet zanimat'sya dal'nejshim rasprostraneniem programmy pri soblyudenii etih uslovij, a takzhe informaciyu pol'zovatelyu, gde mozhno uvidet' kopiyu etoj licenzii. (Isklyuchenie: Esli Programma sama po sebe interaktivnaya, no v normal'nom rezhime ne vydaet takie soobshcheniya, vasha rabota, baziruyushchayasya na Programme ne obyazana vydavat' eti ob座avleniya).
|ti trebovaniya primenimy k rabotam, svyazannym s modifikaciej v celom. Esli vydelennaya chast' etoj raboty ne yavlyaetsya proizvodnoj ot Programmy, i mozhet obosnovanno rassmatrivat'sya kak nezavisimaya i otdel'naya rabota, togda eta Licenziya i ee sostavlyayushchie ne primenimy k etim chastyam, kogda oni rasprostranyayutsya kak nezavisimye raboty. No kogda vy rasprostranyaete eti chasti vnutri celogo, chto mozhno opredelit', kak rabotu na osnove Programmy, rasprostranenie celogo dolzhno popadat' pod trebovaniya etoj Licenzii, ch'i ogranicheniya dlya poluchatelej licenzii budut rasprostranyat'sya na celoe, i takim obrazom vse chasti, vne zavisimosti ot togo, kto chto napisal. Takim obrazom, eto ne sleduet vosprinimat' kak popytku zayavit' svoi prava ili osparivat' vashi prava, na rabotu napisannuyu celikom vami, a namerenie realizovat' pravo upravleniya rasprostraneniem proizvodnyh ili kollektivnyh rabot , osnovannyh na Programme. V dopolnenie, prostoe ob容dinenie drugoj raboty, ne osnovannoj na Programme s Programmoj (ili rabotoj, osnovannoj na Programme) na odnom tome hraneniya ili sredstve rasprostraneniya ne perenosit dejstvie Licenzii na (etu) druguyu rabotu.
3.
Vy mozhete kopirovat' i rasprostranyat' Programmu (ili rabotu, osnovannuyu na programme iz Razdela 2) v ob容ktnyh kodah ili vypolnyaemoj forme s uchetom trebovanij Razdelov 1 i 2, pri uslovii, chto vy takzhe vypolnite odno iz sleduyushchego:
a.
Soprovodite ee polnymi mashinno-chitaemymi ishodnymi tekstami, kotorye dolzhny rasprostranyat'sya s uchetom trebovanij Razdelov 1 i 2, na sredstve kastomizacii, ispol'zuemom dlya obmena programmami; ili
b.
Soprovodite ee pis'mennym predlozheniem, dejstvitel'nym ne menee, chem v techenie treh let, prodat' lyuboj tret'ej storone po stoimosti, ne bol'shej, chem stoimost' fizicheskogo kopirovaniya distributiva, polnuyu mashinno-chitaemuyu kopiyu sootvetstvuyushchego ishodnogo koda, kotoryj mozhno rasprostranyat' s uchetom ogranichenij Razdelov 1 i 2, na sredstvah kastomizacii, ispol'zuemyh dlya obmena programmami; ili
c.
Soprovodit' ee informaciej, kotoruyu vy poluchili v kachestve predlozheniya po rasprostraneniyu sootvetstvuyushchego ishodnogo koda. ( |ta al'ternativa dopuskaetsya tol'ko dlya nekommercheskogo rasprostraneniya, i tol'ko esli vy poluchili programmu v kachestve predlozheniya v ob容ktnyh kodah ili vypolnyaemoj forme, v sootvetstvii s Podrazdelom b, privedennym vyshe).
Ishodnyj kod predpochtitelen dlya rabot po modifikacii. Polnyj ishodnyj kod podrazumevaet ves' ishodnyj kod dlya soderzhashchihsya modulej, plyus vse fajly opredeleniya interfejsa, plyus scenarii upravleniya kompilyaciej i installyaciej. Odnako, v kachestve specificheskogo isklyucheniya, rasprostranyaemyj ishodnyj kod ne obyazan soderzhat' to, chto obychno rasprostranyaetsya (v ishodnyh tekstah ili binarnom vide) s osnovnymi programmnymi komponentami (kompilyatorom, yadrom i t.p.) operacionnoj sistemy, na kotoroj programma vypolnyaetsya, za isklyucheniem sluchaya, kogda sama komponenta soprovozhdaet vypolnyaemye fajly. Esli rasprostranenie vypolnyaemyh ili ob容ktnyh kodov realizuetsya predostavleniem dostupa dlya kopirovaniya iz ukazannogo mesta, togda predostavlenie ekvivalentnogo dostupa dlya kopirovaniya ishodnyh ishodnogo koda iz togo zhe mesta schitaetsya rasprostraneniem ishodnogo koda, dazhe esli tret'i storony ne prinuzhdayutsya kopirovat' ishodnyj kod vmeste s ob容ktnym kodom.
4.
Vy ne dolzhny kopirovat', modificirovat', dopolnitel'no licenzirovat' ili rasprostranyat' Programmu inache, chem pod dannoj Licenziej. Inache lyubaya popytka kopirovat', modificirovat', dopolnitel'no licenzirovat' ili rasprostranyat' Programmu budet narusheniem i avtomaticheski annuliruet vashi prava, zashchishchaemye dannoj Licenziej. Odnako tret'ih storon, poluchivshie kopii ili prava po etoj Licenzii, oni ne annuliruyutsya, poka oni ih ne narushayut.
5.
Vy mozhete ne sledovat' etoj Licenzii, kol' skoro vy ee ne podpisyvali. Odnako, nichto drugoe ne daet vam prava modificirovat' ili rasprostranyat' Programmu ili proizvodnye iz nee raboty. |ti dejstviya zapreshcheny zakonom, esli vy ne prinimaete trebovaniya Licenzii. Poetomu, zanimayas' modifikaciej ili rasprostraneniem Programmy (ili lyuboj raboty, osnovannoj na Programme) vy dolzhny prodemonstrirovat' vashu priverzhennost' etoj Licenzii, v svyazi s etimi rabotami, i vsem trebovaniyami i usloviyam po kopirovaniyu, rasprostraneniyu ili modifikacii Programmy ili rabot, osnovannyh na Programme.
6.
Kazhdyj raz, kogda vy peredaete Programmu (ili rabotu, osnovannuyu na Programme), poluchatel' avtomaticheski poluchaet licenziyu ot pervogo vladel'ca licenzii na kopirovanie, rasprostranenie ili modifikaciyu Programmy s uchetom trebovanij i uslovij. Vy ne imeete prava nakladyvat' dopolnitel'nye ogranicheniya na ispol'zovanie Programmy temi, komu vy ee peredaete. Vy ne otvechaete po pretenziyam, pred座avlyaemym tret'imi storonami k etoj Licenzii.
7.
Esli po resheniyu suda ili po zayavleniyu o narushenii patenta ili po drugoj prichine (ne ogranichennoj patentnymi sporami) na vas nakladyvayutsya trebovaniya (resheniem suda, dejstvuyushchim dogovorom ili chem-to inym), kotorye protivorechat usloviyam Licenzii, eto ne yavlyaetsya osnovaniem dlya narusheniya vami uslovij Licenzii. Esli vy ne mozhete odnovremenno vypolnyat' usloviya Licenzii i vypolnyat' drugie obyazatel'stva, to vy voobshche ne imeete prava rasprostranyat' Programmu. Naprimer, esli trebovaniya patenta ne razreshayut bespribyl'noe rasprostranenie Programmy vsemi temi, kto pryamo ili oposredovanno poluchil ot vas kopii, togda edinstvennyj variant, pozvolyayushchij ne narushat' kak te, tak i drugie trebovaniya, zaklyuchaetsya v otkaze ot rasprostraneniya Programmy voobshche. Esli kakaya-to chast' etogo razdela ne primenima k konkretnoj situacii ili nevypolnima pri nekotoryh konkretnyh obstoyatel'stvah, to predpolagaetsya, chto chast' razdela ili ves' razdel primenimy v drugih obstoyatel'stvah. Cel'yu etogo razdela ne yavlyaetsya popytka podtolknut' vas k narusheniyu kakih-libo patentnyh prav ili prav sobstvennosti, ili osparivat' spravedlivost' takih prav. |tot razdel imeet edinstvennuyu cel' - zashchitu celostnosti sistemy svobodno rasprostranyaemyh programm, kotoraya realizuetsya praktikoj obshchedostupnyh licenzij. Mnogie lyudi vnesli bol'shoj vklad v obshirnyj nabor svobodno rasprostranyaemyh programm, polagayas' na etu sistemu. |to pravo avtora/daritelya reshat', zhelaet li on (ona) rasprostranyat' programmy cherez kakie-to drugie sistemy i my ne mozhet navyazyvat' vybor. Cel'yu dannogo razdela bylo utochnenie togo, chto yavlyaetsya sledstviem posleduyushchego soderzhaniya Licenzii.
8.
Esli rasprostranenie i/ili ispol'zovanie Programmy ogranicheno v nekotoryh stranah libo patentami, libo zapatentovannymi interfejsami, ishodnyj vladelec patenta, kotoryj pomestil Programmu po dannuyu Licenziyu, mozhet dobavit' yavno ukazannuyu geografiyu rasprostraneniya, isklyuchiv sootvetstvuyushchie strany, tak chto rasprostranenie budet razresheno sredi stran, ne popavshih v spisok isklyuchennyh. V etom sluchae dannaya Licenziya vklyuchaet ogranicheniya, kak neot容mlemuyu chast' svoego teksta.
9.
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) mozhet publikovat' i/ili izmenyat' vremya ot vremeni General'nuyu Obshchedostupnuyu Licenziyu. |ti novye versii budut analogichny po duhu dannoj versii, no mogut otlichat'sya v detalyah, svyazannyh s vnov' voznikshimi problemami. Kazhdaya versiya imeet unikal'nyj nomer. Esli Programma ukazyvaet nomer versii dannoj Licenzii, kotoraya vklyuchaet i "lyubuyu bolee rannyuyu versiyu", vy mozhete sledovat' trebovaniyam libo dannoj versii, libo lyuboj bolee rannej versiej, opublikovannoj Free Software Foundation. Esli Programma ne ukazyvaet nomer versii Licenzii, vy mozhete vybrat' lyubuyu kogda-libo opublikovannuyu Free Software Foundation versiyu.
10.
Esli vy hotite vstavit' chasti Programmy v drugie svobodno rasprostranyaemye programmy, ch'i usloviya rasprostraneniya otlichayutsya, napishite avtoru i sprosite ego razresheniya. Dlya programm, zashchishchennyh copyright Free Software Foundation, napishite v Free Software Foundation; my inogda delaem dlya etogo isklyucheniya. Nashe reshenie sleduet dvum celyam sohraneniya statusa svobodno rasprostranyaemyh programm dlya vseh proizvodnyh iz etih programm, i voobshche, pooshchrenie rasprostraneniya programm. OTKAZ V GARANTII
11.
POSKOLXKU PROGRAMMA IMEET LICENZIYU BESPLATNO RASPROSTRANYAEMOJ PROGRAMMY, NA PROGRAMMU OTSUTSTVUET GARANTIYA (V PREDELAH DOPUSKAEMYH ZAKONOM). ZA ISKLYUCHENIEM TEH SLUCHAEV, KOGDA PISXMENNO UKAZANO OBRATNOE, VLADELXCY COPYRIGHT I/ILI DRUGIE POSTAVLYUT PROGRAMMU "KAK ESTX" BEZ KAKOJ BY TO NI BYLO GARANTII, YAVNOJ ILI PODRAZUMEVAEMOJ, VKLYUCHAYA, NO NE OGRANICHIVAYA PODRAZUMEVAEMYE GARANTII, NEOBHODIMYE PRI TORGOVLE I OBYAZATELXNYE DLYA DRUGIH KONKRETNYH CELEJ. VY BERETE NA SEBYA VESX RISK ZA KACHESTVO I REZULXTATY RABOTY PROGRMMY. ESLI PROGRAMMA OKAZHETSYA NEISPRAVNOJ, VY NESETE VSE RASHODY PO NEOBHODIMOMU OBSLUZHIVANIYU, REMONTU ILI KORREKTIROVKE.
12.
NI V KAKIH SLUCHAYAH, KROME SLEDUYUSHCHIH IZ ZAKONOV PO ISPOLXZOVANIYU ILI SOGLASIYA V PISXMENNOJ FORME, NE BUDET NI ODIN VLADELEC COPYRIGHT ILI DRUGOE LICO, KOTOROE MOGLO MODIFICIROVATX PROGRAMMU I/ILI DALEE RASPROSTRANYATX EE V SOOTVETSTVII S USTANOVLENNYMI RAZRESHENIYAMI, NE BUDET NESTI OTVETSTVENNOSTX ZA NANESENNYJ PROGRAMMOJ USHCHERB, VKLYUCHAYA LYUBOJ USHCHERB OBSHCHEGO HARAKTERA, SPECIALXNYJ, SLUCHAJNYJ ILI YAVLYAYUSHCHIJSYA SLEDSTVIEM POVREZHDENIYA, VYYAVLENNOGO PRI ISPOLXZOVANII PROGRAMMY ILI NEVOZMOZHNOSTI ISPOLXZOVATX PROGRAMMU (VKLYUCHAYA, NO NE OGRANICHIVAYASX, POTERYU DANNYH ILI IH NEPRAVILXNUYU PEREDACHU ILI POTERI, KOTORYE PONESLI VY ILI TRETXYA STORONA, ILI NESPOSOBNOSTX PROGRAMMY VZAIMODEJSTVOVATX S DRUGIMI PROGRAMMAMI), DAZHE ESLI U VLADELXCEV ILI TRETXEJ STORONY KONSULXTIROVALISX PO POVODU VOZMOZHNOSTI TAKOGO USHCHERBA. KONEC TREBOVANIJ I USLOVIJ
Esli vy sozdali novuyu programmu i hotite prinesti maksimal'nuyu vozmozhnuyu pol'zu chelovechestvu, luchshe vsego etogo dostignut', sdelav ee svobodnorasprostranyaemoj, chto pozvolit vsem i kazhdomu rasprostranyat' i izmenyat' ee pri vypolnenii etih trebovanij. CHtoby eto sdelat', dobav'te sleduyushchie zapisi k svoej programme. Samoe nadezhnoe, eto dobavit' ih v nachalo kazhdogo fajla ishodnyh tekstov, dlya maksimal'nogo effekta dobaviv tuda zhe informaciyu ob otsutstvii garantii; kazhdyj fajl dolzhen kak minimum soderzhat' stroku ``copyright'' i ukazanie, gde est' polnyj tekst licenzii.
<odna stroka, chtoby privesti imya programmy i kratkij smysl togo, chto ona delaet> Copyright (c) 19yy <imya avtora> This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Dobav'te takzhe informaciyu, kak s vami svyazat'sya po elektronnoj i obychnoj pochte. Esli programma interaktivnaya, sdelajte nebol'shuyu vydachu na ekran v nachale raboty programmy, vrode etoj:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
Gipoteticheskie komandy `show w' i `show c' dolzhny pokazat' sootvetstvuyushchie chasti the General Public License. Razumeetsya, komandy, kotorye budete ispol'zovat' vy, mogut nazyvat'sya kak-to inache, chem `show w' i `show c'; ih dazhe mozhno realizovat' myshkoj ili cherez punkty menyu - kak bol'she podhodit vashej programme. Vy dolzhny takzhe pogovorit' so svoim rabotodatelem (esli vy rabotaete v kachestve programmista) ili v shkole, esli vy v nej, chtoby podpisat' "otkaz ot avtorskih prav" (``copyright disclaimer'') na programmu, esli eto neobhodimo. Vot obrazec:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice
(prim. perevodchika: Est' podozrenie, chto ochen' (i dazhe absolyutno) zhelatel'no pisat' eto na anglijskom yazyke). |ta General'naya Obshchedostupnaya Licenziya (GPL) ne razreshaet vstavlyat' vashu programmu drugie programmy, predstavlyayushchie ch'yu-to chastnuyu sobstvennost' Esli vasha programma - lish' odna iz programm biblioteki, mozhet byt' bolee celesoobrazno budet razreshit' vklyuchat' (link) ee v lyubye prikladnye programmy v kachestve bibliotechnoj funkcii Esli etogo dostatochno, ispol'zujte Bibliotechnuyu General'nuyu Obshchedostupnuyu Licenziyu GNU (GNU Library General Public License) vmesto Licenzii GPL. (prim. perevodchika: YUridicheskij slog, kotorym napisana Licenziya, dopuskaet lish' "literaturnyj" perevod. Dlya tochnoj peredachi smysla nado imet' dostatochnyj yuridicheskij opyt. Poetomu, pol'zuyas' sluchaem i trebovaniyami Licenzii, hochu uvedomit', chto nesmotrya na prinyatye mucheniya, ne mogu garantirovat' tochnost' perevoda. Original Licenzii prilagaetsya). Printed below is the GNU General Public License (the GPL or copyleft), under which Linux is licensed. It is reproduced here to clear up some of the confusion about Linux's copyright status---Linux is not shareware, and it is not in the public domain. The bulk of the Linux kernel is Copyright (c) 1993 by Linus Torvalds, and other software and parts of the kernel are copyrighted by their authors. Thus, Linux is copyrighted, however, you may redistribute it under the terms of the GPL printed below. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991 Copyright (c) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software. Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
0.
This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'', below, refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term ``modification''.) Each licensee is addressed as ``you''. Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1.
You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2.
You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a.
You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
b.
You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.
c.
If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program. In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.
3.
You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
a.
Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
b.
Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
c.
Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
4.
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
5.
You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
6.
Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
7.
If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8.
If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
10.
If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY
11.
BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

11.3 How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.> Copyright cO19yy <name of author> This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.
Origin: http://www-ru.gnu.org.ru/manifesto.rus/
Copyright © 1985, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
perevod © 1993 E.A. Semendyaeva.
perevod © 1999 O.S. Tihonov.

Kazhdomu predostavlyaetsya pravo delat' ili rasprostranyat' doslovnye kopii etogo dokumenta na lyubom nositele pri uslovii sohraneniya uvedomleniya ob avtorskih pravah i uvedomleniya o razresheniyah i pri uslovii predostavleniya rasprostranitelem razresheniya poluchatelyu na povtornoe rasprostranenie, kak v etom uvedomlenii.

Izmenyat' etot dokument nel'zya.

Manifest GNU

Manifest GNU, privedennyj nizhe, byl napisan Richardom Stolmenom v nachale proekta GNU, chtoby prizvat' k sotrudnichestvu i podderzhke. Za pervye neskol'ko let on byl nemnogo izmenen, chtoby uchest' novye razrabotki, no sejchas kazhetsya luchshim ostavit' ego neizmennym, poskol'ku mnogie lyudi ego uzhe videli.

S teh por vyyasnilis' nekotorye chastye sluchai nedoponimaniya, kotorye mozhno izbezhat', upotreblyaya drugie slova. Dobavlennye v 1993 godu snoski pomogayut proyasnit' eti mesta.

Dlya polucheniya sovremennoj informacii o dostupnyh programmah GNU, pozhalujsta, smotrite poslednij vypusk Byulletenya GNU. |tot perechen' slishkom dlinnyj, chtoby privodit' ego zdes'.

CHto takoe GNU? GNU eto ne UNIX!

GNU, chto oznachaet Gnu's Not Unix -- eto imya dlya polnost'yu Unix-sovmestimoj programmnoj sistemy, kotoruyu ya pishu tak, chto ya svobodno mogu peredat' ego vsem, kto smozhet eyu pol'zovat'sya.1 Neskol'ko dobrovol'cev pomogayut mne. Krajne trebuetsya vklad vremeni, deneg, programm i oborudovaniya.

Na dannyj moment u nas uzhe est' tekstovyj redaktor Emacs s yazykom Lisp dlya napisaniya komand redaktora, otladchik, rabotayushchij na urovne ishodnogo teksta, YACC-sovmestimyj generator analizatorov, komponovshchik i okolo 35 utilit. Obolochka (komandnyj interpretator) pochti zavershena. Novyj perenosimyj optimiziruyushchij kompilyator Si skompiliroval sam sebya i mozhet byt' vypushchen v etom godu. Nachal'noe yadro sushchestvuet, no nuzhny eshche mnogie svojstva, chtoby mozhno bylo emulirovat' Unix. Kogda yadro i kompilyator budut zakoncheny, mozhno budet rasprostranyat' sistemu GNU, prigodnuyu dlya razrabotki programm. My budem ispol'zovat' TeX v kachestve nashego programmy formatirovaniya teksta, no nad nroff prodolzhaetsya rabota. My budem ispol'zovat' takzhe svobodnuyu, perenosimuyu sistemu X Window. Posle etogo my dobavim perenosimyj Common Lisp, igru "Imperiya", elektronnuyu tablicu i sotni drugih veshchej plyus dialogovuyu dokumentaciyu. My nadeemsya v konce koncov predostavit' vse poleznoe, chto obychno postupaet s Unix sistemoj, i dazhe eshche bol'she.

GNU smozhet zapuskat' programmy Unix, no ne budet identichna Unix. My vvedem vse udobnye usovershenstvovaniya, osnovyvayas' na nashem opyte raboty s drugimi operacionnymi sistemami. V chastnosti, my planiruem sdelat' bolee dlinnymi imena fajlov, nomera versij fajlov, zashchishchennuyu ot sboev fajlovuyu sistemu, vozmozhno, zavershenie imeni fajla, podderzhku terminal'no-nezavisimogo vyvoda i, v konce koncov, vozmozhno, osnovannuyu na Lispe okonnuyu sistemu, pri pomoshchi kotoroj razlichnye Lisp-programmy i obychnye programmy Unix smogut sovmestno ispol'zovat' ekran. Kak Si, tak i Lisp budut dostupny v kachestve sistemnyh yazykov programmirovaniya. My postaraemsya obespechit' podderzhku UUCP, MIT Chaosnet i protokolov svyazi Internet.

Iznachal'no GNU nacelena na mashiny klassa 68000/1600 s virtual'noj pamyat'yu, tak kak na nih ee legche vsego zapustit'. Dopolnitel'nye usiliya dlya zapuska ee na men'shih mashinah budut predostavleny tomu, kto zahochet ispol'zovat' ee na nih.

CHtoby izbezhat' uzhasnoj putanicy, pozhalujsta, proiznosite `G' v slove `GNU', kogda ono yavlyaetsya imenem dannogo proekta.

Pochemu ya dolzhen napisat' GNU

YA schitayu, chto zolotoe pravilo trebuet: esli mne nravitsya programma, to ya dolzhen podelit'sya eyu s drugimi, komu ona tozhe nravitsya. Prodavcy programmnogo obespecheniya hotyat razdelit' pol'zovatelej i podchinit' ih sebe, delaya tak, chtoby kazhdyj iz nih soglashalsya ne delit'sya s drugimi. YA otkazyvayus' narushat' solidarnost' s drugimi pol'zovatelyami takim obrazom. YA ne mogu s chistoj sovest'yu podpisat' soglashenie o neraskrytii ili licenzionnoe soglashenie po programmnomu obespecheniyu. Vo vremya moej raboty v Laboratorii Iskusstvennogo Intellekta ya soprotivlyalsya etim tendenciyam i drugim preponam, no v konce koncov oni zashli slishkom daleko: ya ne mog ostavat'sya v institute, gde za menya delayutsya takie veshchi protiv moej voli.

CHtoby ya mog ispol'zovat' komp'yutery s chistoj sovest'yu, ya reshil sobrat' vmeste dostatochnoe kolichestvo svobodnyh programmnyh produktov, s tem, chtoby ya mog obhoditsya bez kakogo-libo nesvobodnogo programmnogo produkta. YA ushel iz Laboratorii II, chtoby imet' vozmozhnost' otkazat' MTI na lyubyh zakonnyh osnovaniyah pomeshat' mne razdavat' GNU.

Pochemu GNU budet sovmestima s Unix

Unix ne yavlyaetsya moim idealom sistemy, no on ne tak uzh ploh. Ego osnovnye cherty, po-vidimomu, budut polezny, ya nadeyus' chto smogu vospolnit' probely Unix bez togo, chtoby razrushit' ego osnovu. A sistema, sovmestimaya s Unix, mozhet byt' udobna dlya osvoeniya mnogim lyudyam.

Kakim obrazom GNU stanet dostupna

GNU ne yavlyaetsya obshchestvennoj sobstvennost'yu. Kazhdomu razresheno vidoizmenyat' i povtorno rasprostranyat' ee, no rasprostranitelyu ne razreshaetsya prepyatstvovat' ee dal'nejshemu rasprostraneniyu. To est', ne razreshaetsya prisvaivat' modifikacii. YA hochu byt' uverennym v tom, chto vse versii GNU ostanutsya svobodnymi.

Pochemu mnogie programmisty hotyat pomoch'

YA vstretil mnogo programmistov, kotorye zainteresovalis' GNU i zahoteli pomoch'.

Mnogih programmistov ne ustraivaet kommercializaciya sistemnyh programmnyh produktov. Ona mozhet dat' im vozmozhnost' zarabotat' bol'she deneg, no zastavlyaet ih chuvstvovat' sebya sopernikami s drugimi programmistami, a ne tovarishchami. Osnovnoj druzheskij akt sredi programmistov -- sovmestnoe ispol'zovanie programmam; tipichnye marketingovye soglasheniya, ispol'zuemye segodnya, po sushchestvu zapreshchayut programmistam otnositsya drug k drugu po-druzheski. Pokupatel' programmnogo produkta dolzhen vybirat' mezhdu druzhboj i podchineniem zakonu. Estestvenno, mnogie reshat, chto druzhba vazhnee. No te, kto verit v zakon, chuvstvuyut sebya nelovko, sdelav kakoj-libo vybor. Oni stanovyatsya cinichnymi i dumayut, chto programmirovanie -- eto prosto sposob delat' den'gi.

Rabotaya nad GNU i ispol'zuya ee, a ne prinadlezhashchie komu-libo programmy, my mozhem byt' blagozhelatel'ny ko vsem i v to zhe vremya soblyusti zakon. Krome togo, GNU sluzhit vdohnovlyayushchim primerom i znamenem, splachivayushchim ostal'nyh vokrug nas dlya sovmestnogo ispol'zovaniya programmam. |to mozhet dat' nam oshchushchenie garmonii, kotoroe nevozmozhno, esli my ispol'zuem nesvobodnyj programmnyj produkt. Dlya pochti poloviny programmistov, s kotorymi ya razgovarival, eto neocenimoe schast'e, kotoroe den'gi zamenit' ne mogut.

Kakim obrazom vy mozhete vnesti svoj vklad

YA proshu proizvoditelej komp'yuterov o pozhertvovaniyah v vide deneg ili mashin. YA proshu otdel'nyh lyudej o vklade programmami ili rabotoj.

Odno iz sledstvij togo, chto vy vnesli svoj vklad mashinami, eto to, chto na nih GNU budet zapushchena v kratchajshie sroki. Mashiny dolzhny byt' ukomplektovannymi, gotovymi k ispol'zovaniyu sistemami, prigodnymi dlya ispol'zovaniya v zhilom pomeshchenii i ne dolzhny nuzhdat'sya v slishkom slozhnyh sistemah ohlazhdeniya i pitaniya.

YA nashel ochen' mnogo programmistov, gotovyh potratit' chast' svoego rabochego vremeni dlya raboty nad GNU. Dlya bol'shinstva proektov takuyu raspredelennuyu rabotu s nepolnoj zanyatost'yu ochen' trudno koordinirovat'; nezavisimo napisannye chasti, vozmozhno, ne zarabotayut vmeste. No dlya chastnoj zadachi zameshcheniya Unix eto problema otsutstvuet. Polnaya sistema Unix soderzhit soten utilit, kazhdaya iz kotoryh dokumentirovana otdel'no. Bol'shinstvo opisanij interfejsov zafiksirovany dlya sovmestimosti s Unix. Esli kazhdyj sotrudnik smozhet napisat' sovmestimuyu zamenu dlya odnoj Unix-utility i sdelaet tak, chtoby ona rabotala vmesto originala v sisteme Unix, togda vmeste eti utility budut rabotat' nadlezhashchim obrazom. Dazhe esli pozvolit' Merfi sozdat' neskol'ko neozhidannyh problem, ob容dinenie etih komponent budet osushchestvimoj zadachej. (YAdro trebuet bolee tesnoj vzaimosvyazi i budet razrabatyvat'sya nebol'shoj kompaktnoj gruppoj).

V sluchae polucheniya mnoyu denezhnyh pozhertvovanij, ya budu v sostoyanii nanyat' neskol'kih chelovek na polnyj ili nepolnyj rabochij den'. Oklad budet ne vysokim po programmistskim merkam, no ya ishchu takih lyudej, dlya kotoryh ukreplenie duha obshchnosti tak zhe vazhno, kak i zarabatyvanie deneg. YA rassmatrivayu eto kak sposob dat' uvlechennym lyudyam vozmozhnost' otdat' vsyu svoyu energiyu rabote nad GNU, oberegaya ih ot neobhodimosti zarabatyvat' sebe na zhizn' drugim putem.

Pochemu vse pol'zovateli komp'yuterov poluchat vygodu

Kak tol'ko GNU budet napisana, kazhdyj smozhet poluchit' horoshij svobodnyj programmnyj produkt tak zhe svobodno, kak vozduh.2

|to oznachaet gorazdo bol'she, chem prosto ekonomiyu kazhdomu stoimosti licenzii na ispol'zovanie Unix. |to oznachaet, chto budet ustranena bol'shaya chast' rastochitel'nogo dublirovaniya usilij po sistemnomu programmirovaniyu. |ti usiliya smogut pojti vmesto etogo na prodvizhenie tehnologii.

Polnye ishodnye kody sistemy budut dostupny kazhdomu. V rezul'tate, tot pol'zovatel', kotoromu nuzhny izmeneniya v sisteme, vsegda smozhet besprepyatstvenno sdelat' ih sam ili nanyat' programmistov ili kompaniyu, kotorye vzyalis' by sdelat' ih dlya nego. Pol'zovateli bol'she ne budut vo vlasti odnogo programmista ili kompanii, kotorye vladeyut ishodnymi kodami i nahodyatsya v isklyuchitel'nom polozhenii v smysle vneseniya izmenenij.

Uchebnye zavedeniya smogut obespechit' bolee moshchnuyu obrazovatel'nuyu sredu, pooshchryaya vseh studentov izuchat' i uluchshat' sistemnye kody. Garvardskaya komp'yuternaya laboratoriya ran'she provodila sleduyushchuyu politiku: nikakaya programma ne mogla byt' ustanovlena v sisteme, esli vse ee ishodnye kody ne byli predostavleny na vseobshchee obozrenie; i eto fakticheski podderzhivalos' otkazom ustanavlivat' opredelennye programmy. |to menya ochen' vdohnovilo.

Nakonec, budut likvidirovany rashody na rassmotrenie togo, kto vladeet sistemnym programmnym produktom i chto on vprave ili ne vprave delat' s nim.

Soglasheniya o tom, chto lyudi dolzhny platit' za pol'zovanie programmoj, vklyuchaya licenzirovanie kopij, vsegda vlekut za soboj gromadnye zatraty dlya obshchestva iz-za gromozdkih mehanizmov, neobhodimyh dlya podscheta togo, skol'ko (to est', za kakie programmy) dolzhen platit' chelovek. I tol'ko policejskoe gosudarstvo mozhet zastavit' kazhdogo podchinit'sya im. Rassmotrim kosmicheskuyu stanciyu, gde proizvodstvo vozduha dolzhno stoit' ochen' dorogo: vzimanie s kazhdogo zhivogo sushchestva platy za litr vozduha mozhet byt' spravedlivo, no noshenie protivogaza no schetchikom i den' i noch' nevynosimo, dazhe esli kazhdyj v sostoyanii zaplatit' po schetu za vozduh. A televizionnye kamery povsyudu, chtoby sledit', ne snimaete li vy protivogaz, vozmutitel'ny. Luchshe uzh soderzhat' zavod po proizvodstvu vozduha na sredstva ot pogolovnogo naloga i sbrosit' protivogazy.

Kopirovanie vsej ili chasti programmy prisushche programmistu kak dyhanie i takzhe plodotvorno. I ono dolzhno byt' stol' zhe svobodnym.

Nekotorye legko oprovergaemye vozrazheniya protiv celej GNU

"Nikto ne budet ee ispol'zovat', esli ona budet besplatnoj, tak kak eto oznachaet, chto pol'zovatel' ne smozhet polozhit'sya ni na kakoe soprovozhdenie."

"Vy dolzhny budete naznachit' cenu za programmu, chtoby oplatit' obespechenie soprovozhdeniya."

Esli lyudi ohotnee zaplatyat za GNU plyus obsluzhivanie vmesto polucheniya GNU besplatno i bez obsluzhivaniya, to kompaniya po obespecheniyu tol'ko obsluzhivaniya teh, kto poluchil GNU besplatno, mozhet stat' pribyl'noj.3

My dolzhny razlichat' soprovozhdenie v vide dejstvitel'noj raboty po programmirovaniyu i prostuyu podderzhku. Pervoe -- eto nechto, v chem nel'zya polozhit'sya na prodavca programmnogo produkta. Esli vashi problemy ne razdelyayutsya dostatochnym kolichestvom lyudej, to prodavec skazhet vam, chtoby vy ubiralis'.

Esli vasha firma nuzhdaetsya v vozmozhnosti polozhit'sya na soprovozhdenie, to sushchestvuet edinstvennyj vyhod -- imet' vse neobhodimye ishodnye kody i servisnye programmy. Togda vy mozhete nanyat' lyubogo, kto smozhet reshit' vashu problemu; vy ne zavisite ni ot ch'ej milosti. V sluchae Unix cena ishodnyh kodov vyvodit eto iz rassmotreniya dlya bol'shinstva kompanij. S GNU eto budet prosto. Vpolne vozmozhno, chto pri etom ne najdetsya dostatochno kompetentnogo cheloveka, no vina za etu problemu ne mozhet vozlagat'sya na soglasheniya po rasprostraneniyu. GNU ne reshaet vse mirovye problemy, a tol'ko nekotorye iz nih.

Tem vremenem, pol'zovateli, kotorye nichego ne znayut o komp'yuterah, nuzhdayutsya v podderzhke: v vypolnenii dlya nih togo, chto oni mogli by s legkost'yu sdelat' sami, no ne znayut kak.

Takie uslugi mogut predostavit' kompanii, kotorye prodayut tol'ko podderzhku i remontnoe obsluzhivanie. Esli pravda, chto pol'zovateli skoree potratyat den'gi i poluchat produkt s obsluzhivaniem, to oni takzhe budut gotovy pokupat' obsluzhivanie, poluchiv produkt besplatno. Kompanii po obsluzhivaniyu budut konkurirovat' v kachestve i cene; pol'zovateli ne budut privyazany k kakoj-to odnoj iz nih. Tem vremenem, te iz nas, kto ne nuzhdaetsya v obsluzhivanii, smogut pol'zovat'sya programmoj bez ego oplaty.

"Vy ne smozhete zainteresovat' mnogih lyudej, ne ispol'zuya reklamu, a chtoby okupit' ee, vam pridetsya naznachit' cenu za programmu."

"Bespolezno reklamirovat' programmu, kotoruyu lyudi mogut poluchit' besplatno."

Sushchestvuyut razlichnye vidy besplatnoj ili ochen' deshevoj reklamy, kotoraya mozhet byt' ispol'zovana dlya informirovaniya bol'shogo chisla pol'zovatelej o chem-to podobnom GNU. No mozhet byt' pravda i to, chto mozhno zainteresovat' bol'shee chislo pol'zovatelej mikrokomp'yuterov s pomoshch'yu reklamnyh ob座avlenij. Esli eto dejstvitel'no tak, to firma, kotoraya reklamiruet uslugi po kopirovaniyu i peresylke GNU za platu, dolzhna byt' dostatochno procvetayushchej, chtoby platit' za reklamu i dazhe bolee togo. Togda tol'ko pol'zovateli, kotorye izvlekayut pol'zu iz reklamy, platyat za nee.

S drugoj storony, esli mnogie poluchayut GNU ot svoih druzej, i podobnye firmy ne budut procvetat', to eto pokazhet, chto reklama ne tak uzh neobhodima dlya rasprostraneniya GNU. Pochemu zhe storonniki svobodnogo rynka ne hotyat pozvolit' reshit' eto emu samomu?4

"Moej kompaniya nuzhna sobstvennaya operacionnaya sistema, chtoby poluchit' preimushchestvo v konkurentnoj bor'be."

GNU vyvedet programmnoe obespechenie dlya operacionnyh sistem iz sfery konkurentnoj bor'by. Vy ne smozhete poluchit' preimushchestvo v etoj oblasti, no i vashi konkurenty takzhe ne smogut poluchit' preimushchestvo nad vami. Vy budete konkurirovat' s nimi v drugih oblastyah, sovmestno izvlekaya vygodu v etoj oblasti. Esli vash biznes -- eto prodazha operacionnyh sistem, to vam GNU ne ponravitsya, no eto vashi trudnosti. Esli vash biznes sostoit v chem-nibud' eshche, to GNU smozhet ogradit' vas ot vtyagivaniya v dorogostoyashchij biznes po prodazhe operacionnyh sistem.

YA hotel by uvidet' dal'nejshee razvitie GNU, podderzhivaemoe darami ot mnogih proizvoditelej i pol'zovatelej, eto sokratit zatraty dlya kazhdogo.5

"Razve programmisty ne zasluzhivayut voznagrazhdeniya za svoe tvorchestvo?"

Esli uzh chto-to i zasluzhivaet voznagrazhdeniya, tak eto obshchestvennyj vklad. Tvorchestvo mozhet byt' obshchestvennym vkladom, no tol'ko do teh por, poka obshchestvo mozhet svobodno pol'zovat'sya ego rezul'tatami. Esli programmisty zasluzhivayut voznagrazhdeniya za sozdanie progressivnyh programm, to takzhe oni zasluzhivayut i nakazaniya, esli oni ogranichivayut ispol'zovanie etih programm.

"Mozhet li programmist prosit' voznagrazhdenie za svoe tvorchestvo?"

Net nichego plohogo v tom, chto kto-to trebuet platu za rabotu ili stremitsya uvelichit' svoj dohod, do teh por, poka on ne pol'zuetsya razrushitel'nymi sredstvami. No segodnya privychnye sredstva v oblasti programmnogo obespecheniya osnovyvayutsya imenno na razrushenii.

Vyzhimanie deneg iz pol'zovatelej programmy, ogranichivaya ih vozmozhnosti ispol'zovat' ee, -- eto i est' razrushenie, tak kak ogranicheniya umen'shaet ob容m i sposoby ispol'zovaniya programmy. |to sokrashchaet ob容m pribyli, kotoruyu chelovechestvo izvlekaet iz programmy. Kogda kto-to predumyshlenno vvodit ogranicheniya, to vrednym posledstviem etogo yavlyaetsya prednamerennoe razrushenie.

Prichina togo, chto dobrosovestnye grazhdane ne pol'zuyutsya takimi razrushitel'nymi sredstvami, chtoby stat' bogache, sostoit v tom, chto esli kazhdyj by postupal tak, to my vse vmeste stali by bednee ot vseobshchego razrusheniya. |to etika Kanta, ili Zolotoe pravilo. Tak kak mne ne nravyatsya posledstviya, proistekayushchie iz togo, chto kto-to pripryatyvaet informaciyu, ya vynuzhden schitat', chto tot, kto postupaet tak, neprav. V chastnosti, zhelanie byt' voznagrazhdennym za svoe tvorchestvo ne opravdyvaet lishenie obshchestva voobshche vsego tvoreniya ili ego chasti.

"Ne budut li programmisty golodat'?"

Na eto ya mogu otvetit', chto nikogo ne zastavlyayut byt' programmistom. Bol'shinstvo iz nas ne smogut uhitrit'sya zarabatyvat' den'gi, stoya na ulice i korcha grimasy. No v rezul'tate nas zhe nikto ne zastavlyaet provesti svoyu zhizn', stoya na ulice, korcha grimasy i golodaya. My delaem chto-to drugoe.

No eto nepravil'nyj otvet, tak kak on priznaet podrazumevaemoe v voprose predpolozhenie: chto bez sobstvennosti na programmnoe obespechenie programmist ne smozhet poluchit' ni centa. Po obshchemu mneniyu -- vse ili nichego.

Dejstvitel'naya zhe prichina, po kotoroj programmisty ne budut golodat', sostoit v tom, chto po-prezhnemu budet sushchestvovat' vozmozhnost' poluchat' den'gi za programmirovanie, prosto ne tak mnogo, kak sejchas.

Ogranichenie kopirovaniya ne yavlyaetsya edinstvennoj osnovoj biznesa v oblasti programmnogo obespecheniya. |to samaya rasprostranennaya osnova, tak kak ona prinosit bol'she vsego deneg. Esli by eto bylo zapreshcheno ili otvergnuto pokupatelyami, to biznes v oblasti programmnogo obespecheniya pereshel by na drugie organizacionnye principy, kotorye v dannyj moment ispol'zuyutsya ne tak chasto. Vsegda sushchestvuet mnozhestvo sposobov organizacii lyubogo vida biznesa.

Veroyatnee vsego, programmirovanie s novymi organizacionnymi principami ne budet takim pribyl'nym, kak sejchas. No eto ne argument protiv peremen. Ne schitaetsya zhe nespravedlivym zhalovanie, kotoroe poluchayut klerki po prodazhe sejchas. Esli by programmisty poluchali stol'ko zhe, to eto takzhe ne budet nespravedlivym. (Na praktike, oni budut vse tak zhe poluchat' znachitel'no bol'she, chem klerki.)

"Razve lyudi ne imeyut prava kontrolirovat', kak ispol'zuetsya ih tvorenie?"

"Kontrol' nad ispol'zovaniem ch'ih-to idej" na dele vvodit kontrol' nad zhizn'yu drugih lyudej, i on obychno ispol'zuetsya, chtoby sdelat' ih zhizn' bolee trudnoj.

Lyudi, kotorye vnimatel'no izuchali proishozhdenie prava na intellektual'nuyu sobstvennost' (naprimer, yuristy), govoryat, chto ne sushchestvuet vnutrenne prisushchego prava na intellektual'nuyu sobstvennost'. Vidy predpolagaemyh prav na intellektual'nuyu sobstvennost', kotorye priznayutsya pravitel'stvom, byli sozdany osobymi zakonodatel'nymi aktami dlya special'nyh celej.

Naprimer, patentnaya sistema byla sozdana dlya pooshchreniya togo, chtoby izobretateli raskryvali detali svoih izobretenij. |to dolzhno bylo pomoch' obshchestvu, a ne izobretatelyam. V to vremya period sushchestvovaniya v 17 let dlya patenta byl korotkim po sravneniyu s tempami povysheniya urovnya razvitiya. Tak kak patenty zatragivayut tol'ko predprinimatelej, dlya kotoryh zatraty usilij i deneg na licenzionnoe soglashenie maly po sravneniyu s rashodami na zapusk proizvodstva, to patenty zachastuyu ne nanosyat oshchutimogo vreda. Oni ne meshayut bol'shinstvu lyudej, kotorye ispol'zuyut zapatentovannye produkty.

Ideya avtorskih prav ne sushchestvovala v drevnosti, kogda avtory neredko kopirovali drugih avtorov so vsemi podrobnostyami v rabotah, kotorye ne otnosilis' k hudozhestvennoj literature. Takaya praktika byla polezna, i tol'ko blagodarya ej mnogie avtorskie raboty sohranilis' hotya by chastichno. Sistema avtorskih prav byla sozdana special'no dlya togo, chtoby pooshchryat' avtorstvo. Sfera ee dejstviya -- eto knigi, kotorye mogli byt' ekonomno razmnozheny tol'ko pri pomoshchi pechatnogo stanka. |to prinosilo malo vreda i ne meshalo bol'shinstvu lyudej, kotorye chitali knigi.

Vse prava intellektual'noj sobstvennosti -- eto prosto licenzii, predostavlennye obshchestvom, tak kak schitaetsya, pravil'no ili oshibochno, chto vse obshchestvo v celom budet izvlekat' vygodu, predostaviv ih. No v kazhdom konkretnom sluchae my dolzhny zadavat'sya voprosom: dejstvitel'no li my stanem bogache, vydav takuyu licenziyu? Kakie imenno dejstviya cheloveka my licenziruem?

Segodnyashnyaya situaciya s programmnym obespecheniem ochen' sil'no otlichaetsya ot polozheniya s knigami sto let nazad. Fakty, sostoyashchie v tom, chto prostejshij sposob kopirovaniya programmy -- eto peredacha ee odnim sosedom drugomu, chto programmy imeyut kak ishodnye, tak i ob容ktnye kody, razlichayushchiesya mezhdu soboj, chto programmy ispol'zuyutsya dlya raboty, a ne dlya chteniya i udovol'stviya, vmeste sozdayut situaciyu, v kotoroj lico, nastaivayushchee na avtorskih pravah, nanosit ushcherb obshchestvu v celom kak v material'nom, tak i v duhovnom plane, i v kotoroj chelovek ne dolzhen postupat' tak, nezavisimo ot togo, pozvolyaet li emu eto zakon ili net.

"Konkurenciya zastavlyaet vse delat' luchshe i luchshe."

Naglyadnyj primer konkurencii -- eto gonki: nagrazhdaya pobeditelya, my zastavlyaem drugih bezhat' bystree. Kogda kapitalizm rabotaet imenno tak, on delaet nuzhnoe delo. No ego zashchitniki oshibayutsya, polagaya, chto on vsegda tak rabotaet. Esli beguny zabyvayut, za chto imenno predlagaetsya nagrada, i stremyatsya vyigrat' lyuboj cenoj, to oni mogut najti druguyu strategiyu, takuyu, naprimer, kak rastalkivanie drugih begunov. Esli beguny dlya nachala udaryatsya v kulachnyj boj, to vse oni pridut k finishu pozzhe.

CHastnyj i zasekrechennyj programmnyj produkt, -- eto moral'nyj ekvivalent begunov v kulachnom boyu. Dosadno govorit' ob etom, no edinstvennyj referi, kotoryj u nas est', po vsej vidimosti ne vozrazhaet protiv drak. On prosto reguliruet ih ("Na kazhdye 10 yardov, kotorye vy probezhite, vy mozhete sdelat' odin udar"). V dejstvitel'nosti zhe on dolzhen prekrashchat' ih i nakazyvat' begunov dazhe za popytku draki.

"Ne prekratyat li vse programmirovat' bez denezhnogo voznagrazhdeniya?"

Na samom dele mnogie budut zanimat'sya programmirovaniem sovershenno bez denezhnogo voznagrazhdeniya. Programmirovanie imeet nepreodolimoe ocharovanie dlya nekotoryh lyudej, obychno dlya teh, komu eto luchshe vsego udaetsya. Net nedostatka v professional'nyh muzykantah, kotorye uporno prodolzhayut zanimat'sya muzykoj, dazhe nesmotrya na to, chto oni ne nadeyutsya zarabatyvat' etim na zhizn'.

V dejstvitel'nosti etot vopros, nesmotrya na to, chto on chasto zadaetsya, ne podhodit k situacii. Oplata programmirovaniya ne ischeznet, prosto ona stanet men'she. Tak chto pravil'no stavit' vopros sleduyushchim obrazom: budet li kto-nibud' programmirovat' za umen'shennoe denezhnoe voznagrazhdenie? Moj opyt podskazyvaet mne, chto takie lyudi najdutsya.

V techenie bolee chem desyati let mnogie iz luchshih programmistov rabotali v Laboratorii Iskusstvennogo Intellekta, poluchaya gorazdo men'she deneg, chem oni mogli by imet' gde-to eshche. Oni poluchili massu nedenezhnyh voznagrazhdenij: slavu i uvazhenie, naprimer. Krome togo, tvorchestvo -- eto razvlechenie, samo yavlyayushcheesya nagradoj.

V dal'nejshem mnogie iz nih ushli, kogda poyavilsya shans delat' stol' zhe interesnuyu rabotu za bol'shie den'gi.

|ti fakty demonstriruyut, chto lyudi budut zanimat'sya programmirovaniem po prichinam, otlichnym ot obogashcheniya. No esli poyavitsya shans, krome togo, zarabotat' mnogo deneg, to oni budut nadeyat'sya na nih i trebovat' ih. Organizacii s nizkoj oplatoj slabo konkuriruyut s organizaciyami, gde ona vysokaya, no dela u nih ne dolzhny byt' plohi, esli organizacii s vysokoj oplatoj budut zapreshcheny.

"Nam otchayanno nuzhny programmisty. Esli oni potrebuyut, chtoby my prekratili pomogat' nashim sosedyam, to my dolzhny budem podchinit'sya."

Vy nikogda ne budete v takom otchayannom polozhenii, chtoby vas mozhno bylo podchinit' trebovaniyam takogo sorta. Zapomnite: million na zashchitu, no ni centa na dan'!

"Programmistam kak-to zhe nado zarabatyvat' na zhizn'."

Na pervyj vzglyad eto pravil'no. Odnako, sushchestvuet mnogo sposobov, kotorymi programmist mog by zarabotat' na zhizn', ne prodavaya prava na ispol'zovanie programmy. Sejchas etot put' privychen, tak kak on daet programmistam i biznesmenam samye bol'shie den'gi, a ne potomu, chto eto edinstvennyj put' zarabotat' na zhizn'. Legko najti drugie puti, esli vy zahotite najti ih. Vot neskol'ko primerov.

Proizvoditeli, vnedryaya novye komp'yutery, budut platit' za perenos operacionnyh sistem na novoe oborudovanie.

Programmistov takzhe mozhno bylo by ispol'zovat' pri prodazhe uslug po obucheniyu, soprovozhdeniyu i tekushchemu obsluzhivaniyu.

Lyudi s novymi ideyami mogli by rasprostranyat' svobodnoe programmnoe obespechenie, sprashivaya pozhertvovaniya ot udovletvorennyh pol'zovatelej ili prodavaya tekushchee obsluzhivanie. YA vstrechal lyudej, kotorye uzhe uspeshno rabotayut takim obrazom.

Pol'zovateli so shozhimi potrebnostyami mogut obrazovyvat' gruppy pol'zovatelej i platit' chlenskie vznosy. Gruppa zaklyuchala by kontrakt s programmistskimi kompaniyami dlya napisaniya programm, kotorymi hoteli by pol'zovat'sya chleny takoj gruppy.

Vse vidy razvitiya mogut finansirovat'sya s pomoshch'yu naloga na programmnyj produkt:

Predpolozhim, chto kazhdyj, kupivshij komp'yuter, dolzhen zaplatit' x procentov ot ego ceny v kachestve naloga na programmnoe obespechenie. Pravitel'stvo peredaet eti den'gi agentstvu, podobnomu Nacional'nomu nauchnomu fondu, chtoby ono potratilo ih na razvitie programmnogo obespecheniya.

No esli pokupatel' komp'yutera sdelaet pozhertvovanie na razvitie programmnogo obespecheniya sam, to on mozhet poluchit' kredit v uplatu naloga. On mozhet sdelat' denezhnoe pozhertvovanie na proekt po svoemu vyboru, prichem vybor proekta chasto ob座asnyaetsya tem, chto on nadeetsya vospol'zovat'sya ego rezul'tatami. On mozhet poluchit' kredit na lyubuyu summu pozhertvovaniya vplot' do obshchej summy naloga, kotoruyu on dolzhen zaplatit'.

Polnaya stavka naloga mozhet opredelyat'sya golosovaniem nalogoplatel'shchikov, pri etom nalog opredelyaetsya proporcional'no summe, s kotoroj on beretsya.

Sledstviya:

V konce koncov, sozdanie svobodnyh programm -- eto shag po napravleniyu k postdeficitnomu miru, gde nikto ne dolzhen budet rabotat' ochen' napryazhenno, chtoby prosto prozhit'. Lyudi smogut posvyatit' sebya tomu vidu deyatel'nosti, kotoryj dostavlyaet im udovol'stvie, naprimer programmirovaniyu, otrabotav trebuemye desyat' chasov v nedelyu na neobhodimyh zadaniyah, takih kak zakonotvorchestvo, semejnye sovety, pochinka robotov i asteroidnye issledovaniya. Ne nado budet zarabatyvat' na zhizn' programmirovaniem.

My uzhe imeem znachitel'noe sokrashchenie ob容ma rabot, kotorye obshchestvo v celom dolzhno delat' dlya obespecheniya real'noj proizvoditel'nosti, no tol'ko malaya chast' etogo preobrazuetsya v dosug dlya rabotnikov, tak kak trebuetsya mnogo deyatel'nosti v neproizvodstvennoj sfere dlya soprovozhdeniya proizvodstvennoj deyatel'nosti. Osnovnaya prichina etogo -- byurokratiya i sootvetstvennye usiliya na bor'bu s konkurenciej. Svobodnoe programmnoe obespechenie znachitel'no sokratit eti rashody v oblasti proizvodstva programmnyh produktov. My dolzhny sdelat' eto, chtoby povyshenie proizvoditel'nosti preobrazovyvalos' v sokrashchenie raboty dlya nas.


Snoski

1)
Nekotorye slova zdes' byli upotrebleny nebrezhno. Namerenie sostoyalo v tom, chtoby nikto ne dolzhen byl platit' za razreshenie pol'zovat'sya sistemoj GNU. No eti slova ne proyasnyayut eto, i lyudi chasto interpretiruyut ih, kak budto oni govoryat, chto kopii GNU vsegda dolzhny rasprostranyat'sya besplatno ili za maluyu platu. |to nikogda ne bylo cel'yu; dalee manifest upominaet o vozmozhnosti kompanij predostavlyat' uslugi po rasprostraneniyu za platu. Vposledstvii ya ponyal, chto nuzhno tochno razlichat' "free" v smysle svobody i "free" v smysle ceny. Svobodnoe programmnoe obespechenie -- eto programmnoe obespechenie, kotoroe pol'zovateli vol'ny rasprostranyat' i izmenyat'. Nekotorye pol'zovateli mogut poluchit' kopii besplatno, togda kak drugie platyat za poluchenie kopij, i esli eti den'gi pomogayut uluchshat' eti programmy, to chem bol'she, tem luchshe. Vazhno to, chto kazhdyj, kto imeet kopiyu, imeet svobodu sotrudnichat' s drugimi pri ee ispol'zovanii.
2)
|to eshche odno mesto, gde ya ne vyyavil tshchatel'no raznicu mezhdu dvumya razlichnymi znacheniyami slova "free". Samo po sebe eto predlozhenie ne yavlyaetsya nepravdoj -- vy mozhete poluchit' kopii programm GNU besplatno ot vashih druzej ili po seti. No ono predpolagaet lozhnuyu ideyu.
3)
Sejchas sushchestvuyut neskol'ko takih kompanij.
4)
Fond Svobodnogo Programmnogo Obespecheniya poluchaet bol'shuyu chast' sredstv za uslugi po rasprostraneniyu, hotya on yavlyaetsya organizaciej, sushchestvuyushchej na pozhertvovaniya, a ne kommercheskoj kompaniej. Esli nikto ne vyberet v kachestve sposoba poluchit' kopii zakaz ot Fonda, on budet nesposoben vypolnyat' svoi rabotu. No eto ne oznachaet, chto sobstvennicheskie ogranicheniya opravdany, chtoby zastavit' kazhdogo pol'zovatelya platit'. Esli malaya chast' vseh pol'zovatelej zakazyvaet kopii v Fonde, etogo dostatochno, chtoby Fond ostalsya na plavu. Poetomu my prosim pol'zovatelej podderzhat' nas takim obrazom. Sdelali li vy svoyu chast'?
5)
Gruppa komp'yuternyh kompanij nedavno vydala sredstva na podderzhku soprovozhdeniya kompilyatora GNU C Compiler.

Vernut'sya na stranicu komandy perevoda.


Last-modified: Wed, 21 Apr 1999 20:24:33 GMT
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