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                             Kak chitat' setevye novosti


                                   Mark R. Horton
                               AT&T Bell Laboratories
                                 Columbus, OH  43213


                             Dlya 2.11 ispravil Rik Adams



          CHto takoe setevye novosti?

               USENET (Users' Network) - eto doska  ob®yavlenij,  obshchaya  dlya
          mnogih komp'yuternyh sistem vo vsem mire.  USENET - eto logicheskaya
          set', rabotayushchaya  na  baze  neskol'kih  fizicheskih  setej:  UUCP,
          BLICN, BERKNET, X.25, i ARPANET.  USENET est' vo mnogih universi-
          tetah, chastnyh kompaniyah i issledovatel'skih organizaciyah.  Bol'-
          shinstvo  chlenov USENET - eto libo komp'yuternye fakul'tety univer-
          sitetov, libo chasti AT&T.  Sejchas naschityvaetsya bolee 50,000 chle-
          nov  USENET bolee chem v 2,000 tochek v SSHA, Kanade, Evrope, YAponii
          i Koree, i s kazhdym dnem ih stanovitsya  bol'she.   Bol'shinstvo  iz
          nih pol'zuetsya operacionnoj sistemoj UNIX8*9.

               Setevaya sluzhba novostej, ili  prosto  netnews,  predstavlyaet
          soboj  nabor  programm,  kotorye obespechivayut dostup k novostyam i
          peredayut ih s odnoj mashiny na druguyu.  Netnews byla pervonachal'no
          napisana  v Duke University, a zatem vsestoronne peredelana v Ka-
          lifornijskom universitete v Berkli i v  drugih  mestah.   Netnews
          pozvolyaet  posylat'  zametki kak ogranichennomu, tak i ochen' shiro-
          komu krugu adresatov.  V etom dokumente soderzhitsya  spisok  grupp
          rassylki  novostej, sushchestvovavshih v to vremya, kogda dokument byl
          napisan.  |tot spisok nuzhen, chtoby pomoch' Vam opredelit'sya, v ka-
          kie  iz grupp Vam zahochetsya vojti.  Sozdavaya novuyu zametku, mozhno
          kontrolirovat' uroven' ee rasprostraneniya pri pomoshchi  polya  "Dis-
          tribution".   |to predotvratit situaciyu, kogda ob®yavleniya o sdache
          kvartir v N'yu Dzhersi rasprostranyayutsya v Kalifornii  (ili  dazhe  v
          Evrope).

               Kazhdyj pol'zovatel' mozhet  poslat'  zametku,  kotoraya  budet
          rasprostranena  po seti, chtoby ee mogli prochest' vse, kto intere-
          suetsya etoj temoj.   Vy  mozhete  ob®yavit'  interesnye  Vam  temy,

          __________
8          *9UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T.


          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                      1





          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                      2



          pomestiv ih v list podpiski.  Teper', kogda by  Vy  ni  poprosili
          soobshchit' novosti, programma chteniya novostej predlozhit Vam vse eshche
          ne prochitannye Vami zametki na interesuyushchie Vas temy.  Takzhe  su-
          shchestvuyut vozmozhnosti prosmatrivat' starye novosti, otpravlyat' do-
          polneniya k poluchennym zametkam i posylat' otvet elektronnoj  poch-
          toj neposredstvenno avtoru zametki.

               Dannyj dokument yavlyaetsya rukovodstvom, rasschitannym na pol'-
          zovatelya,  zhelayushchego poluchat' novosti i, vozmozhno, rassylat' svoi
          sobstvennye.  Administrator sistemy, v ch'i obyazannosti vhodit us-
          tanovit'  programmy,  dolzhen  prochest'  dokument Ustanovka USENET
          versii B.

          Pochemu USENET?

               USENET byvaet polezen v neskol'kih sluchayah.  ZHelayushchie  ob®ya-
          vit' o novoj programme ili produkcii mogut poluchit' shirokuyu audi-
          toriyu.  Pol'zovatel' mozhet zadat' vopros "Est' li  u  kogo-nibud'
          x?" i obychno cherez den'-drugoj poluchaet neskol'ko otvetov.  Soob-
          shcheniya ob oshibkah i ih ispravlenie mogut byt' sdelany bystro i bez
          obychnyh  trudov po rassylke massy pochtovyh soobshchenij.  Mozhno pro-
          vodit' diskussii, v kotoryh uchastvuet mnozhestvo  lyudej  v  raznyh
          mestah, ne sobiraya ih vseh vmeste.

               Krome netnews est' eshche odno prisposoblenie s takimi zhe  voz-
          mozhnostyami - spisok elektronnoj pochty.  Pochtovyj spisok - eto na-
          bor pochtovyh adresov pol'zovatelej, kotorye interesuyutsya  oprede-
          lennoj temoj.  Esli poslat' elektronnuyu pochtu spisku, vse pol'zo-
          vateli iz spiska poluchat kopii soobshcheniya.  Hotya spisok  elektron-
          noj  pochty  dostatochno udoben, USENET obladaet nekotorymi preimu-
          shchestvami pered nim.   Vklyuchit'sya  v  pochtovyj  spisok  ne  vsegda
          prosto.   Nuzhno najti cheloveka, kotoryj vedet spisok, i poprosit'
          ego Vas vklyuchit'.  CHasto poluchaetsya, chto etot chelovek  zanyat  ili
          uehal,  i  Vas ne mogut vklyuchit' v spisok neskol'ko dnej.  Inogda
          prihoditsya posylat' pochtu vsem uchastnikam pochtovogo spiska v  na-
          dezhde,  chto odin iz nih soobshchit Vam, kto u nih glavnyj.  Kogda Vy
          nakonec popadaete v spisok, Vy vklyuchaetes' v  diskussiyu  s  sere-
          diny.  Netnews sohranyaet starye soobshcheniya do teh por, poka oni ne
          utratyat interes (obychno okolo dvuh nedel'), tak chto  mozhno  pros-
          motret'  starye novosti, i vylovit' to, chto Vy upustili.  Obrashche-
          nie k starym soobshcheniyam prosto, i Vam ne prihoditsya  hranit'  vsyu
          staruyu pochtu v svoem sobstvennom fajle.

               Drugoe preimushchestvo kasaetsya  ostal'nyh  pol'zovatelej  sis-
          temy.   Proshche poluchat' tol'ko odnu kopiyu kazhdogo soobshcheniya na ma-
          shinu, chem otdel'nye kopii dlya kazhdogo pol'zovatelya na odnoj i toj
          zhe  mashine.   |to  sokrashchaet kak mashinnoe vremya, zatrachivaemoe na
          obrabotku soobshchenij, tak i vremya na peredachu  soobshchenij  s  odnoj
          mashiny  na  druguyu  po telefonu (esli ispol'zuyutsya telefonnye li-
          nii).  |to daet preimushchestvo i v ispol'zovanii  mesta  na  diske.


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          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                      3



          Esli  kazhdoj  sisteme  prisylaetsya  tol'ko  odna kopiya soobshcheniya,
          tol'ko odna kopiya hranitsya na diske.  Pri  pol'zovanii  pochtovymi
          spiskami kazhdyj pol'zovatel' poluchaet otdel'nuyu kopiyu soobshcheniya v
          svoj pochtovyj yashchik.  Estestvenno, esli pochtovyj spisok dostatochno
          mal, nagruzka okazyvaetsya men'she, chem u mezhdunarodnoj gruppy ras-
          sylki novostej.

          Kak chitat' novosti?

               Na yazyke pol'zovatelej USENET temy po  interesam  nazyvayutsya
          news-gruppy.  Spisok news-grupp, sushchestvovavshih k momentu napisa-
          niya etogo dokumenta, priveden v poslednem razdele.   U  Vas  est'
          svoj list podpiski, to est' spisok news-grupp, na kotorye Vy, chto
          nazyvaetsya, podpisany.

               Prostejshij sposob posmotret' novosti - eto vvesti komandu

                                      readnews

          Drugie vozmozhnosti - eto: ekranno-orientirovannaya programma  chte-
          niya  novostej  vnews(1)  (opisannaya v prilozhenii), sistema notes-
          file, kotoraya takzhe ispol'zuetsya pri prosmotre novostej  (imeetsya
          otdel'noe  opisanie), i rn, ochen' populyarnaya programma chteniya no-
          vostej, kotoraya rasprostranyaetsya otdel'no ot dannogo paketa.  Vam
          budut predstavleny po odnomu soobshcheniya iz vseh news-grupp, na ko-
          torye Vy podpisany.  Pri poluchenii soobshcheniya Vy uvidite zagolovok
          (soderzhashchij  imya  avtora, temu i dlinu soobshcheniya), i Vas sprosyat,
          chto Vy hotite delat' dal'she.  Est' neskol'ko vozmozhnyh  variantov
          dal'nejshih  dejstvij.  V programme est' tri naibolee ispol'zuemye
          komandy (y, n, i q).  (Mozhno vvesti ?  i poluchit'  polnyj  spisok
          dopustimyh  otvetov.)  Vy  mozhete  vvesti  y,  to est' "yes" (ili
          prosto nazhat' <&lt;RETURN>&gt;), chtoby vyvesti ostal'nuyu chast' soobshcheniya.
          (Esli  soobshchenie  dlinnoe,  budet vyveden kusok razmerom s ekran,
          posle chego vyvod priostanovitsya. Dlya prodolzheniya  vyvoda  nazhmite
          <&lt;SPACE>&gt;  ili  <&lt;RETURN>&gt;).  Drugoj vozmozhnyj otvet n, to est' "no".
          |to oznachaet, chto soobshchenie Vas ne interesuet - Vam bol'she ne bu-
          dut  ego  predlagat'.  Tretij variant q, to est' "quit".  Po etoj
          komande delaetsya zapis', kakie soobshcheniya Vy  prochitali  (ili  ot-
          vergli),  i  Vy  pokidaete  netnews.  Esli Vy prosmotreli vse no-
          vosti, eto delaetsya avtomaticheski.  V osnovnom komanda  q  nuzhna,
          esli  Vy  toropites' i ne mozhete chitat' vse novosti pryamo sejchas.
          (Mnogie pol'zovateli  pomeshchayut  komandu  readnews(1)  ili  check-
          news(1)  v  svoi  fajly  .profile ili .login, poetomu, kak tol'ko
          vhodyat v sistemu, oni srazu vidyat novosti.)

               Esli Vy chitaete novosti vpervye, mozhet  okazat'sya,  chto  Vas
          prosto  zavalili neprochitannymi novostyami, osobenno esli ustanov-
          lena po umolchaniyu podpiska all (na vse).  |to ne dolzhno Vas  bes-
          pokoit'.   Esli  Vy poluchaete news-gruppu, kotoraya Vas ne intere-
          suet, Vy mozhete izmenit' svoj list podpiski (sm. nizhe).   Pomnite


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          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                      4



          takzhe,  chto vse, chto Vy vidite - eto novosti, kotorye nakopilis',
          mozhet byt', za poslednie dve nedeli.  Esli Vy vse zhe hotite izba-
          vit'sya oto vseh staryh novostej i nachat' snachala, vvedite komandu

                                 readnews -K -n all

          kotoraya vybrosit vse starye novosti, pometiv, chto Vy ih uzhe polu-
          chali.  Mozhno takzhe vospol'zovat'sya komandoj K, chtoby pometit' vse
          soobshcheniya v tekushchej news-gruppe kak prochitannye.

               Posle togo, kak Vy oznakomites' so vsemi  starymi  novostyami
          (ili vybrosite ih), novosti stanut prihodit' ezhednevno bolee pri-
          emlemymi porciyami.  (Esli ezhednevnye porcii novostej vse zhe slish-
          kom  veliki,  Vy mozhete otkazat'sya ot podpiski na nekotorye ochen'
          ob®emnye, menee nuzhnye news-gruppy.) Pomnite, nakonec, chto v pro-
          cesse  vydachi  soobshcheniya  Vy  mozhete  nazhat'  klavishu  preryvaniya
          (obychno <&lt;CONTROL-C>&gt; ili <&lt;DELETE>&gt;), i otkazat'sya ot vydachi ostatka
          soobshcheniya.

               Prochitav zagolovok soobshcheniya, mozhno  vvesti  takzhe  odnu  iz
          sleduyushchih komand:

          x            Vyhod iz readnews.  |ta komanda otlichaetsya ot q tem,
                       chto komanda q izmenyaet zapis' o tom, kakie soobshcheniya
                       Vy prochitali, a po x proishodit vyhod bez izmenenij,
                       kak budto Vy i ne vhodili v readnews.

          N            Perejti k sleduyushchej news-gruppe.  Ostavshiesya soobshche-
                       niya  iz  tekushchej news-gruppy pomechayutsya kak neprochi-
                       tannye, oni budut predlozheny Vam  v  sleduyushchij  raz,
                       kogda Vy soberetes' pochitat' novosti.

          s fajl       Sohranit' soobshchenie na diske v fajle s zadannym ime-
                       nem.   Prakticheski  obychno  poluchaetsya  tak, chto kak
                       tol'ko soobshchenie vyvedeno na ekran, readnews pereho-
                       dit  k  sleduyushchemu  i pechataet ego zagolovok, ne dav
                       Vam vozmozhnosti nabrat' komandu otnositel'no  predy-
                       dushchego.   Poetomu obychno voznikaet zhelanie sohranit'
                       predydushchee soobshchenie  (poslednee,  kotoroe  Vy  pol-
                       nost'yu  prochitali); v etom sluchae pol'zujtes' formoj
                       s- fajl.

          e            Zabyt', chto Vy chitali soobshchenie.   V  sleduyushchij  raz
                       ono snova budet predlozheno Vam, kak budto Vy ego ni-
                       kogda ne videli.  Variant e- (pometit' kak  neprochi-
                       tannoe predydushchee soobshchenie, a ne tekushchee) polezen v
                       tom sluchae, esli Vy sobiraetes' otvetit' na  soobshche-
                       nie,  no snachala hotite proverit', ne napisal li uzhe
                       kto-nibud' drugoj to, chto Vy hotite skazat'.



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          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                      5



          r            Otvetit' avtoru soobshcheniya.  Vy perejdete v redaktor,
                       kotoromu  budut peredany stroki zagolovka soobshcheniya,
                       na kotoroe  Vy  otvechaete.   Otstupite  odnu  pustuyu
                       stroku  i naberite tekst otveta.  Esli Vy hotite iz-
                       menit' zagolovok, naprimer, dobavit' neskol'ko polu-
                       chatelej  vtoryh  ekzemplyarov, mozhete otredaktirovat'
                       stroki zagolovka.  Vse te, ch'i  imena  vstretyatsya  v
                       strokah, nachinayushchihsya so slov "To" ili "Cc", poluchat
                       kopii Vashego otveta.  Pomnite, chto setevoj adres, po
                       kotoromu poluchayutsya novosti, ne vsegda samyj bystryj
                       put' dlya otveta po pochte.  Esli vazhno otpravit'  ot-
                       vet pobystree i Vy znaete bolee korotkij put', izme-
                       nite adres v zagolovke.  Posle etogo zapustitsya  ko-
                       manda mail, kotoraya razoshlet otvet vsem lyudyam, pere-
                       chislennym v zagolovke, a Vy  vernetes'  v  readnews.
                       Mozhno pol'zovat'sya variantom r- dlya otveta na predy-
                       dushchee soobshchenie. Eshche odin variant - eto rd-  kotoryj
                       vyzovet  Vam  $MAILER (ili mail(1) po umolchaniyu) dlya
                       neposredstvennogo vvoda otveta.

          f            Otpravit' prodolzhenie soobshcheniya toj zhe  news-gruppe.
                       Prodolzhenie  rassylaetsya vsej news-gruppe pod tem zhe
                       nazvaniem, chto i  ishodnaya  zametka.   Pri  rassylke
                       prodolzhenij starajtes', chtoby Vam ne izmenil zdravyj
                       smysl.  (V dokumente Matta  Bishopa  "Kak  effektivno
                       ispol'zovat'  USENET" Vy najdete prostrannuyu diskus-
                       siyu o tom, kogda sleduet  rassylat'  prodolzheniya,  a
                       kogda  net -- mnogie prodolzheniya dolzhny byli by byt'
                       prosto otvetami avtoru.) Vy perehodite  v  redaktor.
                       Vvedite  soobshchenie  i vyjdite.  Variant f- ispol'zu-
                       etsya chtoby sostavit' prodolzhenie predydushchgo  soobshche-
                       niya.   Vo vseh sluchayah po umolchaniyu ispol'zuetsya re-
                       daktor vi(1), ili tot redaktor, kotoryj ukazan u Vas
                       v  peremennoj  EDITOR  okruzheniya.  Tekst prodolzheniya
                       sleduet nabirat' s otstupom v odnu pustuyu stroku.

          +            V etot raz soobshchenie propustit'. V sleduyushchij raz pri
                       prosmotre novostej ono poyavitsya snova.

          -            Perejti k predydushchemu soobshcheniyu. Ono stanovitsya  te-
                       kushchim,  takim obrazom dva - dayut snova tekushchee soob-
                       shchenie.

          b            Vernut'sya na odno soobshchenie v tekushchej  gruppe.   |to
                       ne obyazatel'no predydushchee soobshchenie.

          U            Otkazat'sya ot podpiski na etu news-gruppu.  V  Vashem
                       fajle  .newsrc(5) simvol : naprotiv etoj news-gruppy
                       izmenitsya na !  i Vam  bol'she  ne  stanut  prisylat'
                       sppbshcheniya etoj gruppy.


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          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                      6



          ?            Pri nabore lyuboj nedopustimoj komandy vyvoditsya spi-
                       sok vseh razreshennyh komand.

          Kak izmenit' list podpiski

               Esli Vy special'no nichego ne predprinimaete, Vy po umolchaniyu
          podpisyvaetes'  na standartnyj list podpiski.  V raznyh mestah on
          raznyj.  Mozhno opredelit', na kakoj list Vy podpisany po  umolcha-
          niyu, vvedya

                                     readnews -s

          Obychno etot list vklyuchaet vse news-gruppy, nazvaniya  kotoryh  za-
          kanchivayutsya  na  "general"  ili  "announce", takie kak general, i
          news.announce.    (Pri   postavke   standartnyj    list    byvaet
          general,all.announce.  Eshche odin rasprostranennyj standartnyj list
          all.) CHtoby izmenit' list podpiski, sozdajte v svoem domashnem ka-
          taloge fajl s imenem .newsrc, pervaya stroka kotorogo dolzhna imet'
          vid

                    options -n newsgroup,newsgroup,newsgroup ...

          Esli stroka poluchaetsya slishkom dlinnoj, ee  mozhno  prodolzhit'  na
          sleduyushchih  strokah, nachinaya ih s probela.  (Sistema netnews budet
          pomeshchat' v etot fajl dopolnitel'nye stroki, pomechaya, kakie  soob-
          shcheniya  Vy  uzhe  prochitali.   Esli  tol'ko Vy ne hotite menyat' eti
          stroki, ne obrashchajte na nih vnimaniya.  Naprimer, esli Vy  vpervye
          sozdaete  list podpiski, a do etogo uzhe poluchali novosti, v svoem
          fajle .newsrc Vy obnaruzhite nekotoryj tekst, oboznachayushchij,  kakie
          soobshcheniya  Vy uzhe chitali.  Stroku options sleduet pomestit' pered
          pervoj strokoj fajla.) Takim obrazom, stroka

                  options -n general,news.announce,comp.human-nets

          oboznachaet, chto Vy podpisany na tri perechislennye news-gruppy.

               Simvol !  ispol'zuetsya dlya isklyucheniya nekotoroj news-gruppy,
          a  slovo  all vosprinimaetsya kak shablon, oboznachayushchij lyubuyu news-
          gruppu.  Slovo all mozhno takzhe ispol'zovat' kak prefiks ili  suf-
          fiks dlya vydeleniya klassa news-grupp.  Naprimer, rezul'tatom

                      options -n all,!talk,!rec.humor,!all.unix

          budet podpiska na vse news-gruppy, krome gruppy "talk" ,  anekdo-
          tov,  i  vsej  informacii  po UNIX.  Metasimvol .  analogichen / v
          shell, a all rabotaet kak *.

               Prostejshij sposob podpisat'sya na novosti - eto ob®yavit' pod-
          pisku  na all, a zatem vospol'zovat'sya komandoj U programmy read-
          news i otmenit' podpisku na news-gruppy,  kotorye  Vy  ne  hotite


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          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                      7



          chitat'.   Pri  etom  Vy  budete  videt' vse vnov' sozdannye news-
          gruppy, poluchite vozmozhnost' ocenit' ih i  otmenit'  podpisku  na
          te, kotorye Vam ne interesny.

               News-gruppy pokazyvayut Vam v tom poryadke, v kakom oni  pere-
          chisleny v fajle .newsrc (posle stroki options).  Esli Vas ne ust-
          raivaet poryadok, perestav'te stroki tak, kak Vam nravitsya, ne za-
          byvaya pri etom, chto stroka options dolzhna byt' pervoj v fajle.

          Posylka soobshchenij

               CHtoby otpravit' novoe soobshchenie, naberite

                                      postnews

          Pervym delom Vas sprosyat, yavlyaetsya li Vashe soobshchenie prodolzheniem
          kakogo-libo drugogo.  Otvet'te yes ili no.  Esli yes, delaetsya to
          zhe, kak esli by Vy vveli komandu f v readnews, no neobhodimo  op-
          redelit',  kakoe  soobshchenie Vy prodolzhaete.  Vas sprosyat, v kakoj
          news-gruppe Vy prochitali eto soobshchenie, i ego nomer.  Esli Vy  ne
          pomnite,  vernites'  v readnews i vyyasnite.  Vazhno, chtoby soobshche-
          niya, otnosyashchiesya k obsuzhdeniyu odnogo voprosa,  hranilis'  vmeste.
          Kto-to  mozhet sil'no rasstroit'sya, poluchiv v kachestve prodolzheniya
          nekogo soobshcheniya tekst "YA soglasen.  |tu programmu v  takom  vide
          ispol'zovat' opasno." i ne imeya ponyatiya, k chemu on otnositsya.

               Esli Vy otvetili no, postnews(1) sprosit o teme novogo soob-
          shcheniya.   Tema  dolzhna byt' kak mozhno bolee informativnoj.  Napri-
          mer, "'67 Porsche prodaetsya v  N'yu  Dzhersi"  gorazdo  luchshe,  chem
          "Prodayu  avtomobil'"  ili dazhe "Prodayu".  Zatem on sprosit, kakoj
          news-gruppe Vy hotite poslat' eto soobshchenie.  Esli Vy  ne  znaete
          tochno,  vmesto  nazvaniya news-gruppy vvedite ?, i poluchite spisok
          dostupnyh sejchas grupp.  Posle etogo Vas sprosyat, kak daleko sle-
          duet rasprostranyat' soobshchenie.  Vazhno ukazat' oblast' rasprostra-
          neniya kak mozhno bolee uzkoj, sootvetstvenno naznacheniyu Vashego so-
          obshcheniya.   Pomnite,  chto krome Soedinennyh SHtatov i Kanady mnogie
          news-gruppy chitayut v Evrope, Avstralii i Azii.  Nehorosho posylat'
          soobshchenie  (iz predydushchego primera) "V N'yu Dzhersi prodaetsya avto-
          mobil'" vsemu miru, ukazav oblast' rasprostraneniya world.   Prak-
          ticheski  nevozmozhno, chtoby chelovek v SHvecii ili Koree zaintereso-
          valsya pokupkoj Vashego avtomobilya (dazhe esli eto Porsche).   Pere-
          davat'  eto  soobshchenie  tak  daleko bylo by pustoj tratoj deneg i
          komp'yuternyh resursov.  V dannom sluchae podhodyashchej oblast'yu rasp-
          rostraneniya  bylo  by  nj, to est' tol'ko v N'yu Dzhersi.  Esli net
          podhodyashchej lokal'noj  oblasti  rasprostraneniya,  na  hudoj  konec
          mozhno  ogranichit'sya  usa.  Esli Vy tochno ne znaete, kakie oblasti
          dostupny iz Vashej tochki, vmesto imeni oblasti vvedite ?, i  polu-
          chite  spisok  dostupnyh Vam oblastej.  Esli ukazana oblast' rasp-
          rostraneniya world, Vashe soobshchenie budut chitat' (vozmozhno, s  otv-
          rashcheniem) tysyachi lyudej po vsemu miru.


          News Version B 2.11                            September 22, 1986





          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                      8



               Zatem Vy popadete v redaktor.  Otstupiv odnu pustuyu  stroku,
          vvedite tekst soobshcheniya, i vyjdite iz redaktora.  Soobshchenie budet
          otpravleno ukazannoj news-gruppe.  Esli, nahodyas' v redaktore, Vy
          peredumali po povodu zagolovkov soobshcheniya, mozhete otredaktirovat'
          takzhe i ih.  Mozhno takzhe  dobavit'  dopolnitel'nye  stroki  zago-
          lovka, vstaviv ih pered pustoj strokoj.

          Prosmotr staryh soobshchenij

               U komandy readnews est' neskol'ko klyuchej,  kotorye  pomogayut
          otyskat' staroe soobshchenie, kotoroe Vy hoteli by perechitat'.  Klyuch
          -n newsgroups ogranichivaet Vash poisk  neskol'kimi  news-gruppami.
          Klyuch  -x  ukazyvaet, chto sleduet ignorirovat' zapis' o tom, kakie
          soobshcheniya prochitany, sdelannuyu v fajle .newsrc v Vashem  kataloge.
          Pri etom vydayutsya vse soobshcheniya iz vseh news-grupp, na kotorye Vy
          podpisany, dazhe te, kotorye Vy uzhe videli.  S etim  klyuchem  read-
          news  ne  izmenyaet zapisi v fajle .newsrc.  Klyuch -a date zaprashi-
          vaet soobshcheniya, poluchennye posle zadannoj  daty  date.   Pomnite,
          chto  s  klyuchem -a vydayutsya tol'ko te soobshcheniya, kotoryh Vy eshche ne
          videli, esli tol'ko Vy ne ukazyvaete  ego  vmeste  s  klyuchem  -x.
          (Soobshcheniya  hranyatsya v fajle do teh por, poka ne ustareyut, obychno
          dve nedeli.) Klyuch -t keywords zaprashivaet dlya rassmotreniya  soob-
          shcheniya,  kotorye  soderzhat  odno iz klyuchevyh slov keywords v zago-
          lovke.  Tak, komanda

                 readnews -n comp.unix -x -a last thursday -t setuid

          otyskivaet vse soobshcheniya v  news-gruppe  comp.unix  poluchennye  s
          proshlogo  chetverga i otnosyashchiesya k funkcii setuid.  (Bud'te osto-
          rozhny s klyuchem -t.  Privedennyj primer ne  nahodit  ni  soobshchenij
          pro  "suid", ni soobshchenij bez zagolovka, to est' propuskaet soob-
          shcheniya, ch'i avtory yavno ne ukazali slovo "setuid" v zagolovke.)

               Byvayut polezny drugie klyuchi, takie kak -l (kotoryj  perechis-
          lyaet  tol'ko  zagolovki soobshchenij - udobnaya forma prosmotra bol'-
          shogo kolichestva soobshchenij.) Klyuch -p pechataet soobshcheniya, ne ozhidaya
          nikakogo  vvoda;  eto  pohozhe na nekotorye starye programmy pros-
          motra novostej, sushchestvovavshie vo mnogih sistemah  UNIX  i  nuzhno
          dlya  pryamogo vyvoda na printer.  Klyuch -r menyaet poryadok prosmotra
          na protivopolozhnyj, ot bolee novyh k bolee starym soobshcheniyam.

          Pol'zovatel'skie interfejsy

               Pol'zovatel'skij interfejs programmy - eto  vid,  v  kotorom
          ona  predstaet pered pol'zovatelem, to est' eto to, chto ona pecha-
          taet na ekrane i to, chto ona pozvolyaet Vam vvodit'.   U  readnews
          est'  klyuchi,  kotorye pozvolyayut pol'zovat'sya razlichnymi interfej-
          sami.  Interfejs, opisannyj vyshe, nazyvaetsya interfejsom  "msgs",
          tak kak on vyderzhan v stile programmy msgs(1) Berkli.  (|ta prog-
          ramma, v svoyu  ochered',  imitiruet  odnoimennuyu  programmu  MIT.)


          News Version B 2.11                            September 22, 1986





          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                      9



          Klyuchevoj  element interfejsa msgs - eto to, chto on pechataet zago-
          lovok, a zatem sprashivaet, zhelaete li Vy poluchit' ostal'nuyu chast'
          soobshcheniya.

               S klyuchom -c predostavlyaetsya drugoj interfejs.  V etom sluchae
          pechataetsya  vse soobshchenie, i zagolovok, i osnovnaya chast', i posle
          teksta soobshcheniya Vam predlagayut vvesti komandu.  Komandy  te  zhe,
          chto  i  u  interfejsa  msgs, no obychno ne prihoditsya ispol'zovat'
          suffiks - v komandah r, s, ili f.  |tot interfejs nazyvaetsya  in-
          terfejsom  "/bin/mail" (proiznositsya "bin mail"), tak kak on pod-
          razhaet programme UNIX s takim imenem.

               Tretij interfejs - eto interfejs Mail(1) (proiznositsya  "cap
          mail"),  poluchaemyj  pri  ispol'zovanii klyucha -M.  On neposredst-
          venno vyzyvaet programmu Mail, pozvolyaya Vam  chitat'  novosti  pri
          pomoshchi  teh  zhe  komand, chto i pochtu.  (|tot interfejs mozhet i ne
          rabotat' v Vashej sisteme - emu trebuetsya opredelennaya versiya Mail
          s klyuchem -T.)

               CHetvertyj interfejs - eto nabor programm MH firmy Rand.   On
          mozhet byt' ispol'zovan, chtoby pryamo chitat' setevye novosti.

               Pyatyj interfejs, vnews, kotoryj horosho rabotaet na displeyah,
          opisan v prilozhenii.

               SHestaya voemozhnost' - eto sistema notesfile, opisannaya v  ot-
          del'nom dokumente. Ona takzhe displej-orientirovana.

               Sed'moj imterfejs - eto rn.  On dostatochno moshchnyj i  napomi-
          naet tekstovyj redaktor EMACS.

               Vos'maya vozmozhnost' - eto ispol'zovanie Vashej lyubimoj pochto-
          voj sistemy v kachestve interfejsa. Est' neskol'ko raznyh programm
          chteniya pochty, vklyuchaya /bin/mail(1), Mail, msg(1), i MH.  Dlya chte-
          niya novostej mozhno ispol'zovat' lyubuyu pochtovuyu sistemu, u kotoroj
          est' klyuch dlya zadaniya al'ternativnogo pochtovogo yashchika.  Naprimer,
          chtoby vospol'zovat'sya Mail bez klyucha -M, naberite

                               readnews -c "Mail -f %"

          Komanda sistemy,  ukazannaya  v  kavychkah,  vyzyvaetsya  programmoj
          readnews.  Klyuch -f programmy Mail zadaet imya al'ternativnogo poch-
          tovogo yashchika.  Readnews pomestit novosti vo vremennyj fajl, i imya
          etogo  fajla peredast pochtovoj programme vmesto %.  U interfejsov
          etogo tipa est' vazhnoe otlichie.  Pochtovye programmy ne vozvrashchayut
          priznaka,  kakie  soobshcheniya  Vy  prochitali,  a  kakie propustili.
          Readnews budet dumat', chto Vy chitali vse soobshcheniya, dazhe esli eto
          nepravda,  i  pometit  ih  kak  prochitannye.  V protivopolozhnost'
          etomu, klyuch -M vyzyvaet Mail s klyuchem -T, zastavlyayushchim Mail soob-
          shchit' readnews, kakie soobshcheniya Vy prochitali.


          News Version B 2.11                            September 22, 1986





          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                     10



          Poluchenie novostej pri vhode v sistemu

               Bol'shinstvu pol'zovatelej nravitsya, chtoby im soobshchali o  na-
          lichii  novostej pri vhode v sistemu. Pri etom oni ne zabyvayut pro
          novosti i ne otvlekayutsya na nih v techenie  dnya.   Esli  Vy  utrom
          vhodite  v sistemu, Vy mozhete otnosit'sya k polucheniyu novostej kak
          k chteniyu utrennej gazety.  Prinyato pomeshchat' komandu checknews ili
          readnews  v fajl .profile ili .login, soderzhashchij komandy, kotorye
          vypolnyayutsya pri vhode v sistemu.

               Poskol'ku novostej mozhet i ne byt', i poskol'ku v etom  slu-
          chae  readnews  voz'metsya za nelegkij trud po poisku vseh neprochi-
          tannyh soobshchenij (reshiv, chto Vy sobiraetes' chitat' ih), est'  eshche
          odna  komanda,  kotoraya  nazyvaetsya checknews i soobshchaet, est' li
          novosti.  Komanda checknews men'she i  bystree,  chem  readnews,  i
          sdelana  special'no  dlya  pomeshcheniya  ee  v startovyj fajl.  U nee
          takzhe est' klyuchi, s kotorymi ona nichego ne govorit, esli  novosti
          est'  (ili ih net), a v sluchae nalichiya novostej avtomaticheski za-
          puskaet readnews.

               Klyuchi komandy checknews takovy:

          -y        Vydat' soobshchenie "There is news", esli est' svezhie  no-
                    vosti.

          -v        Esli zadan vmeste s klyuchem -y, vmesto soobshcheniya  "There
                    is  news"  vydaet   "News:  newsgroup ...", nazyvaya imya
                    pervoj news-gruppy, soderzhashchej  neprochitannye  novosti.
                    Esli pervaya predstavlennaya news-gruppa general, eto mo-
                    zhet ispol'zovat'sya, chtoby soobshchit' pol'zovatelyam,  nas-
                    kol'ko novosti vazhny.

          -n        Vydat' "No news", esli novostej net.

          -e        Esli est' svezhie novosti, zapustit' readnews.  Vse  ar-
                    gumenty, ukazannye posle -e peredayutsya readnews.

               Tak

                                    checknews -yn

          soobshchaet Vam, est' li svezhie novosti.

                                   checknews -e -M

          zapuskaet readnews s interfejsom Mail, esli novosti  est',  inache
          nichego ne delaet.

                                    checknews -y



          News Version B 2.11                            September 22, 1986





          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                     11



          soobshchaet, esli novosti est', i molchit, esli ih net.

          Sozdanie novyh news-grupp

               Novye news-gruppy predlagayutsya  pol'zovatelyami  i  sozdayutsya
          administratorami  lokal'nyh  mashin.   CHtoby sozdat' novuyu gruppu,
          pervym delom ubedites', chto  eto  dejstvitel'no  sleduet  delat'.
          Obychno  predlozhenie  o  sozdanii obshchej dlya vsego mira news-gruppy
          posylayut        gruppam         news.groups,whatever.relatedgroup
          (whatever.relatedgroup  dolzhna byt' gruppa, vnutri kotoroj Vy ho-
          tite    sozdat'    novuyu.)    Naprimer,    predlozhenie    sozdat'
          rec.arts.tv.soaps         sleduet         poslat'         gruppam
          rec.arts.tv,news.groups).   Prodolzheniya  posylayut  tol'ko  gruppe
          news.groups.  (Dlya etogo neobhodimo vklyuchit' stroku

                              Followup-To: news.groups

          v zagolovok Vashego organizacionnogo  soobshcheniya).   Esli  ustanov-
          leno,  chto takaya gruppa predstavlyaet interes dlya mnogih, i nazva-
          nie vseh ustraivaet, to mozhete poprosit' Vashego lokal'nogo  sete-
          vogo administratora sozdat' news-gruppu.  (Na samom dele ee mozhet
          sozdat' lyuboj setevoj administrator v lyubom meste seti, v  prede-
          lah  etoj  gruppy.) Posle togo, kak news-gruppa sozdana i otprav-
          leno pervoe soobshchenie, kazhdyj, komu eto interesno, mozhet  ej  pi-
          sat'.

          Spisok news-grupp

               V etom razdele perechisleny sushchestvuyushchie  v  nastoyashchee  vremya
          news-gruppy.  |tot spisok dolzhen pomoch' Vam reshit', na chto Vy ho-
          tite podpisat'sya.  Zametim, chto spisok news-grupp postoyanno menya-
          etsya.   Zametim  takzhe, chto v spisok vklyucheny gruppy, kotorye su-
          shchestvuyut vo vsej seti. Poskol'ku ne  vse  organizacii  vypisyvayut
          vse  news-gruppy,  rekomenduem  kazhdoj  organizacii,  prezhde, chem
          rasprostranyat' spisok sredi svoih pol'zovatelej,  ispravit'  ego.
          Esli  eto nevozmozhno, sleduet razoslat' dopolnitel'noe preduprezh-
          denie.

          Lokal'nye gruppy

               Lokal'nye gruppy hranyatsya tol'ko na etoj mashine.  Imena  lo-
          kal'nyh  grupp opredelyayutsya po otsutstviyu prefiksa, to est' v nih
          net tochki.

          general   Novosti, kotorye sleduet prochitat'  vsem  na  lokal'noj
                    mashine.   Naprimer:  "Sistema ne budet rabotat' v pone-
                    del'nik s utra do obeda." Ili "Novaya versiya programmy x
                    nakonec  ustanovlena."  |ta  news-gruppa  obychno obyaza-
                    tel'na dlya vseh - Vas zastavlyayut  na  nee  podpisat'sya.
                    (Spisok  obyazatel'nyh  news-grupp  razlichaetsya v raznyh


          News Version B 2.11                            September 22, 1986





          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                     12



                    mestah.) |to trebovanie garantiruet, chto vazhnye  ob®yav-
                    leniya  dojdut do vseh pol'zovatelej.  (Ran'she eto dela-
                    los' pri pomoshchi msgs.)

          Obshchesetevye gruppy

               Zdes' privedeny gruppy, sushchestvovavshie na  moment  poslednej
          redakcii dannogo rukovodstva.  |tot spisok, nesomnenno, uzhe usta-
          rel.  Vy mozhete poluchit' svezhij spisok, vvedya ?  v otvet na prig-
          lashenie "Newsgroups? ".
          comp.ai Artificial Intelligence discussions.
          comp.ai.digest  Arpanet Artificial Intelligence Digest. (Moderated)
          comp.arch                    Computer architecture.
          comp.bugs.2bsd               Reports of UNIX* version 2BSD related bugs.
          comp.bugs.4bsd               Reports of UNIX version 4BSD related bugs.
          comp.bugs.misc               General bug reports and fixes.
          comp.bugs.sys5               Reports of AT&T System 5 (and System 3) related bugs.
          comp.cog-eng                 Cognitive engineering.
          comp.compilers               Compiler construction, etc. (Moderated)
          comp.databases               Database and data management issues and theory.
          comp.dcom.lans               Local area network hardware and software.
          comp.dcom.modems             Data communications hardware and software.
          comp.dcom.telecom            Telecommunications digest. (Moderated)
          comp.doc                     Public-domain documentation. (Moderated)
          comp.doc.techreports         Announcements and lists of technical reports.(Moderated)
          comp.edu                     Computer science education.
          comp.emacs                   EMACS editors of different flavors.
          comp.graphics                Computer graphics, art, animation, image processing,
          comp.graphics.digest         Arpanet Digest on Computer Graphics. (Moderated)
          comp.lang.ada                The computer language Ada*.
          comp.lang.apl                The computer language APL.
          comp.lang.c                  The computer language C.
          comp.lang.c++                The object-oriented computer language C++.
          comp.lang.forth              The computer language Forth.
          comp.lang.fortran            The computer language FORTRAN.
          comp.lang.lisp               The computer language LISP.
          comp.lang.misc               Other computer languages.
          comp.lang.modula2            The computer language Modula-2.
          comp.lang.pascal             The computer language Pascal.
          comp.lang.prolog             The computer language PROLOG.
          comp.lang.smalltalk          The computer language Smalltalk 80.
          comp.laser-printers          Laser printers, hardware and software. (Moderated)
          comp.lsi                     Large scale integrated circuits.
          comp.mail.headers            Arpanet header-people mailnig list.
          comp.mail.maps               Various maps, including UUCP maps. (Moderated)
          comp.mail.uucp               Proposed uucp mail/network standards.
          comp.newprod                 Announcements of new products (Moderated)
          comp.org.decus               DEC* Users' Society newsgroup.
          comp.org.usenix              USENIX Association events and announcements.
          comp.os.cpm                  The CP/M operating system.


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          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                     13



          comp.os.eunice               The SRI Eunice system.
          comp.os.os9                  The os9 operating system. (Moderated)
          comp.os.vms                  DEC's VMS Operating System(Moderated)
          comp.periphs                 Peripheral devices.
          comp.protocols               File Transfer Protocol discussions.(Moderated)
          comp.protocols.appletalk     Applebus hardware & software. (Moderated)
          comp.protocols.kermit        Information about the Kermit package.(Moderated)
          comp.protocols.tcp-ip        TCP and IP network protocols.(Moderated)
          comp.sources.amiga           Public Domain Software for the Amiga.(Moderated)
          comp.sources.bugs            Bugs and fixes for comp.sources postings (Moderated)
          comp.sources.d               Any discussion on comp.sources postings.
          comp.sources.games           Postings of recreational software(Moderated)
          comp.sources.mac             Public Domain Software for the Macintosh (Moderated)
          comp.sources.unix            Public Domain Software for Unix systems (Moderated)
          comp.sources.wanted          Requests for software, termcap entries, etc.
          comp.std.c                   C language standards(Moderated)
          comp.std.internat            International standards
          comp.std.mumps               The X11.1 committee on Mumps (Moderated)
          comp.std.unix                The P1003 committee on UNIX (Moderated)
          comp.sys.amiga               Commodore Amiga computers -- info, uses, no programs.
          comp.sys.apollo              Apollo computer systems.(Moderated)
          comp.sys.apple               Apple computers.
          comp.sys.atari.8bit          8 bit Atari computers.
          comp.sys.atari.st            16 bit Atari computers.
          comp.sys.att                 AT&T computers.
          comp.sys.cbm                 Commodore computers.
          comp.sys.dec                 DEC computers.
          comp.sys.hp                  Hewlett/Packard computers
          comp.sys.ibm.pc              IBM personal computers.
          comp.sys.ibm.pc.digest       Arpanet Digest on the IBM PC family.(Moderated)
          comp.sys.intel               Intel computers.
          comp.sys.m6809               Motorola 6809's.
          comp.sys.m68k                Motorola 68000, 68010, 68020 based computers
          comp.sys.m68k.digest         Arpanet Digest on 68000-based systems.(Moderated)
          comp.sys.mac                 The Apple Macintosh & Lisa
          comp.sys.mac.digest          Arpanet Digest on Apple Macintosh computers (Moderated)
          comp.sys.masscomp            Masscomp computers.(Moderated)
          comp.sys.misc                Other types of computers.
          comp.sys.nsc                 National Semiconductor Computers and chips.
          comp.sys.pyramid             Pyramid 90x computers.(Moderated)
          comp.sys.ridge               Ridge 32 computers and ROS.(Moderated)
          comp.sys.sequent             Sequent systems, (esp. Balance 8000).(Moderated)
          comp.sys.sun                 Sun "workstation" computers(Moderated)
          comp.sys.tandy               Tandy/Radio Shack computers
          comp.sys.ti                  Texas Instruments computers.
          comp.sys.workstations        Various workstation-type computers.(Moderated)
          comp.terminals               All sorts of terminals.
          comp.text                    Text processing.
          comp.unix                    UNIX* features and bugs.(Moderated)
          comp.unix.questions          General questions on UNIX.


          News Version B 2.11                            September 22, 1986





          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                     14



          comp.unix.wizards            Expert discussions, bug reports, and fixes for UNIX.
          misc.consumers               Consumer interests, product reviews, etc.
          misc.consumers.house         Owning and maintaining a house.
          misc.invest                  Investments and the handling of money.
          misc.jobs                    Job announcements, requests, etc.
          misc.kids                    Children, their behavior and activities.
          misc.legal                   Legalities and the ethics of law.
          misc.misc                    Various discussions too short-lived for other groups.
          misc.psi                     ESP,PSI, etc (Moderated)
          misc.taxes                   Tax laws and advice.
          misc.test                    Testing of network software. Very boring.
          misc.wanted                  Requests for things that are needed.
          news.admin                   Comments directed to news administrators.
          news.announce                General announcements of interest to all. (Moderated)
          news.announce.conferences Upcoming conferences (Moderated)
          news.announce.newusers       Explanatory postings for new users. (Moderated)
          news.config                  Postings of system down times and interruptions.
          news.groups                  Discussions and lists of newsgroups
          news.lists                   News-related statistics and lists(Moderated)
          news.misc                    Discussions of USENET itself.
          news.newsites                Postings of new site announcements.
          news.software.b              B news software.
          news.software.notes          Notesfile software from the Univ. of Illinois.
          news.stargate                Satellite transmission of news.
          news.sysadmin                Comments directed to system administrators.
          rec.arts.books               Books of all genres, shapes, and sizes.
          rec.arts.comics              The funnies, old and new.
          rec.arts.drwho               Dr. Who.
          rec.arts.misc                Other arts related topics.
          rec.arts.movies              Reviews and discussions of movies.
          rec.arts.poems               Poetry.
          rec.arts.sf-lovers           Science fiction lovers' newsgroup.
          rec.arts.startrek            Star Trek, the TV show and the movies.
          rec.arts.tv                  The boob tube, its history, and past and current shows.
          rec.arts.tv.soaps            Postings about TV soap operas.
          rec.audio                    High fidelity audio.
          rec.autos                    Automobiles, automotive products and laws.
          rec.autos.tech               Technical aspects of automobiles, et. al.
          rec.aviation                 Aviation rules, means, and methods.
          rec.bicycles                 Bicycles, related products and laws.
          rec.birds                    Hobbyists interested in bird watching.
          rec.boats                    Hobbyists interested in boating.
          rec.food.cooking             Food, cooking, cookbooks, and recipes.
          rec.food.drink               Wines and spirits.
          rec.food.recipes             A "distributed cookbook" of recipes.(Moderated)
          rec.food.veg                 Vegetarians.
          rec.games.board              Board games.
          rec.games.bridge             Hobbyists interested in bridge.
          rec.games.chess              Chess & computer chess.
          rec.games.empire             The computer game Empire.


          News Version B 2.11                            September 22, 1986





          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                     15



          rec.games.frp                Fantasy Role Playing games.
          rec.games.go                 Go.
          rec.games.hack               The computer game Hack.
          rec.games.misc               Other games and computer games.
          rec.games.pbm                Play by Mail games.
          rec.games.rogue              The computer game Rogue.
          rec.games.trivia             Trivia.
          rec.games.video              Video games.
          rec.gardens                  Gardening, methods and results.
          rec.guns                     Firearms(Moderated)
          rec.ham-radio                Amateur Radio practices, contests, events, rules, etc.
          rec.ham-radio.packet         Packet radio setups.
          rec.humor                    Jokes and the like. May be somewhat offensive.
          rec.humor.d                  The content of net.jokes articles
          rec.mag                      Magazine summaries, tables of contents, etc.
          rec.mag.otherrealms          A science fiction and fantasy "magazine". (Moderated)
          rec.misc                     Other Recreational/participant sports.
          rec.motorcycles              Motorcycles and related products and laws.
          rec.music                    Reviews and discussion of things musical (Moderated)
          rec.music.classical          Classical music.
          rec.music.folk               Folks discussing folk music of various sorts
          rec.music.gaffa              Kate Bush lovers. (Moderated)
          rec.music.gdead              A group for (Grateful) Dead-heads
          rec.music.misc               Other music related topics.
          rec.music.synth              Synthesizers and computer music
          rec.nude                     Hobbyists interested in naturist/nudist activities.
          rec.pets                     Pets, pet care, and household animals in general.
          rec.photo                    Hobbyists interested in photography.
          rec.puzzles                  Puzzles, problems, and quizzes.
          rec.railroad                 Real and model train fans' newsgroup.
          rec.scuba                    Hobbyists interested in SCUBA diving.
          rec.skiing                   Hobbyists interested in skiing.
          rec.sport.baseball           Professional baseball.
          rec.sport.basketball         Professional basketball.
          rec.sport.football           Professional football.
          rec.sport.hockey             Professional hockey.
          rec.sport.misc               Other spectator sports.
          rec.travel                   Traveling all over the world.
          rec.video                    Video and video components.
          rec.woodworking              Hobbyists interested in woodworking.
          sci.astro                    Astronomy discussions and information.
          sci.bio                      Biology and related sciences.
          sci.crypt                    Different methods of data en/decryption.
          sci.electronics              Electronic design developments, ideas, and components.
          sci.lang                     Natural languages.
          sci.math                     Mathematical discussions and puzzles.
          sci.math.stat                Statistics discussion.
          sci.math.symbolic            Symbolic algebra discussion.
          sci.med                      Medicine and its related products and regulations.
          sci.misc                     General purpose scientific discussions.


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          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                     16



          sci.physics                  Physical laws, properties, etc.
          sci.research                 Research and computer research.
          sci.space                    Space, space programs, space related research, etc.
          sci.space.shuttle            The space shuttle and the STS program.
          soc.college                  College, college activities, campus life, etc.
          soc.comp                     Computers and Society (Moderated)
          soc.culture.african          Africa & things African
          soc.culture.celtic           Celtics culture.
          soc.culture.greek            Greeks culture.
          soc.culture.indian           India & things Indian
          soc.culture.jewish           Information and discussion about Judaism.
          soc.human-nets               Computer aided communications digest.(Moderated)
          soc.misc                     Other Social topics
          soc.motss                    Issues pertaining to homosexuality.
          soc.net-people               Announcements, requests, etc. about people on the net.
          soc.risks                    Risks to the public from computers (Moderated)
          soc.roots                    Genealogical matters.
          soc.singles                  Newsgroup for single people, their activities, etc.
          soc.women                    Women's rights, discrimination, etc.
          talk.abortion                Abortion.
          talk.origins                 Evolution versus creationism (sometimes hot!).
          talk.philosophy              Philosophical discussions (Moderated)
          talk.philosophy.misc         Philosophical discussions.
          talk.philosophy.tech         Philosphy and technology (Moderated)
          talk.politics                Political problems, systems, solutions. (Moderated)
          talk.politics.arms-d         Arms discussion digest.(Moderated)
          talk.politics.misc           Political discussions. Could get hot.
          talk.politics.theory         Theory of politics and political systems.
          talk.religion.christian      The form and nature of Christianity (Moderated)
          talk.religion.misc           Religious, ethical, and moral implications of actions.
          talk.rumors                  For the posting of rumors.









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          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                     17



          Prilozhenie - Kak pol'zovat'sya vnews

          Obshchie svedeniya

               Vnews - eto programma dlya chteniya novostej USENET.  Ona rabo-
          taet  na osnove readnews, no ee pol'zovatel'skij interfejs orien-
          tirovan na rabotu s ekranom.  Klyuchi te zhe.  Spisok dopustimyh ko-
          mand primerno takoj zhe, hotya vnews - eto ekrannyj interfejs, poe-
          tomu bol'shinstvo komand vnews ne nado zakanchivat' simvolom  novoj
          stroki.

               Vnews ispol'zuet dlya vyvoda tekushchego soobshcheniya  ves'  ekran,
          za  isklyucheniem dvuh poslednih strok.  Predposlednyaya stroka vspo-
          mogatel'naya i sluzhit dlya vvoda strokovyh argumentov komand.  Pos-
          lednyaya  stroka  sostoit  iz  neskol'kih polej.  Pervoe pole - eto
          priglashenie.  Esli vnews doshel do  konca  soobshcheniya,  priglashenie
          budet "next?"; inache vydaetsya priglashenie "more?".  Vtoroe pole -
          pole news-gruppy, v nem izobrazhayutsya imya tekushchej news-gruppy, no-
          mer  tekushchego  soobshcheniya  i  nomer  poslednego  soobshcheniya  v etoj
          gruppe.  Tret'e pole soderzhit tekushchee vremya, a v  poslednem  pole
          stoit slovo "mail", esli dlya Vas imeetsya pochta.  Kogda Vam priho-
          dit novaya pochta, terminal vydaet zvukovoj signal, i na 30  sekund
          zagoraetsya slovo "MAIL" bol'shimi bukvami.

          Komandy

               Dlya bol'shinstva  komand  readnews  est'  identichnye  komandy
          vnews i naoborot.  Est' sleduyushchie otlichiya:

                    Otsutstvuet komanda"digest" (dlya raboty s naborom soob-
                    shchenij,  sobrannyh  vmeste).   Neploho  by takuyu komandu
                    imet', no eto ne tak vazhno, poskol'ku Vy mozhete pereme-
                    shchat'sya  po  cepochke soobshchenij (na odnu temu) pri pomoshchi
                    komand vnews.

                    Dlya polucheniya predydushchej gruppy ispol'zuetsya komanda  N
                    s argumentom -.

                    U vnews est' komandy dlya peremeshcheniya vnutri  soobshcheniya,
                    kotoryh u readnews net za nenadobnost'yu.

                    Est' komanda "parent", kotoraya perehodit  k  soobshcheniyu,
                    prodolzheniem   kotorogo   yavlyaetsya  dannoe,  i  komanda
                    "write", kotoraya pechataet tol'ko  tekst  soobshcheniya  bez
                    zagolovka.

                    Iz interpretatora komandnogo yazyka ili pri  sostavlenii
                    prodolzheniya Vy mozhete ssylat'sya na tekushchee soobshchenie po
                    imeni $A.



          News Version B 2.11                            September 22, 1986





          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                     18



                    Komanda "decrypt" (dlya rasshifrovki informacii,  kotoraya
                    mozhet  pokazat'sya obidnoj ili neprilichnoj, i potomu za-
                    kodirovana) vsegda vypolnyaet rot13,  kotoraya  schitaetsya
                    standartnoj,  v  to vremya kak readnews ispol'zuet prog-
                    rammu  rasshifrovki,  kotoraya  bolee  universal'na,   no
                    inogda ne rabotaet.

          Komandy, otsutstvuyushchie v readnewsreadnews

               Kazhdoj komande vnews mozhet predshestvovat' chislo.   Nekotorye
          komandy  ispol'zuyut  eto  chislo,  ostal'nye ignoriruyut ego.  Esli
          chislo otsutstvuet, ono po umolchaniyu schitaetsya edinicej.   Nekoto-
          rye komandy prosyat vvesti argument v predposlednej stroke ekrana.
          Pri vvode argumenta obrabatyvayutsya standartnye v UNIX simvoly za-
          boya  i  otmeny  stroki.   Argument  zakanchivaetsya  simvolom novoj
          stroki.  Preryvaniya (<&lt;DELETE>&gt; ili <&lt;BREAK>&gt;) pri vvode komandy  ot-
          menyayut ee.

          <&lt;CR>&gt; Vozvrat karetki  pechataet  prodolzhenie  tekushchego  soobshcheniya,
               ili,  esli Vy nahodites' v konce soobshcheniya, perehodit k sle-
               duyushchemu.  <&lt;PROBEL>&gt; delaet to zhe, chto i <&lt;CR>&gt;.

          <&lt;CONTROL-B>&gt;
               Vernut'sya nazad na chislo stranic.

          <&lt;CONTROL-F>&gt;
               Vpered na chislo stranic.

          <&lt;CONTROL-D>&gt;
               Vpered na polovinu stranicy.

          <&lt;CONTROL-U>&gt;
               Nazad na polovinu stranicy.

          <&lt;CONTROL-N>&gt;
               Vprered na chislo strok.

          <&lt;CONTROL-Z>&gt;
               Nazad na chislo strok.

          <&lt;CONTROL-L>&gt;
               Pererisovat' ekran.  <&lt;CONTROL-L>&gt; mozhno vvodit' v  lyuboj  mo-
               ment.

          b    Nazad na odno soobshchenie v tekushchej gruppe.

          l    Perevydat' soobshchenie posle togo, kak Vy poslali  prodolzhenie
               ili otvet.

          News Version B 2.11                            September 22, 1986





          Kak chitat' setevye novosti                                     19



          n    Perejti k sleduyushchemu soobshcheniyu v cepochke.  .  to zhe,  chto  i
               n.  |to udobno, esli u terminala est' dopolnitel'naya klavia-
               tura.

          p    Vydat' ishodnoe soobshchenie (soobshchenie, prodolzheniem  kotorogo
               yavlyaetsya  tekushchee).   |ta  komanda ne rabotaet, esli tekushchee
               soobshchenie otpravleno pri pomoshchi programm A-news  ili  notes-
               files.   Komanda - ispol'zuetsya dlya pereklyucheniya mezhdu teku-
               shchim i ishodnym soobshcheniyami.  K sozhaleniyu, esli Vy  neskol'ko
               raz  vospol'zovalis' komandoj p, chtoby prosmotret' nazad ce-
               pochku soobshchenij, net komandy, kotoraya pozvolila by vernut'sya
               na pervonachal'nyj uroven'.

          ug   Otmenit' podpisku na tekushchuyu gruppu.  Komanda sdelana  dvuh-
               bukvennoj,  chtoby  ne vvesti ee sluchajno, i chtoby mozhno bylo
               sdelat' komandu dlya otmeny drugih vidov podpiski  (naprimer,
               otmenit' podpisku na cepochku soobshchenij).

          v    Napechatat' tekushchuyu versiyu programmy chteniya novostej.

          D    Rasshifrovat' anekdot.  Obrabatyvaet tol'ko anekdoty,  zashif-
               rovannye  pri pomoshchi rot13.  Komanda D, primenennaya eshche raz,
               vnov' zashifrovyvaet anekdot.



          News Version B 2.11                            September 22, 1986




Last-modified: Tue, 30 Jun 1998 04:40:02 GMT
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