Kak chitat' setevye novosti
Kak chitat' setevye novosti
Mark R. Horton
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Columbus, OH 43213
Dlya 2.11 ispravil Rik Adams
CHto takoe setevye novosti?
USENET (Users' Network) - eto doska ob®yavlenij, obshchaya dlya
mnogih komp'yuternyh sistem vo vsem mire. USENET - eto logicheskaya
set', rabotayushchaya na baze neskol'kih fizicheskih setej: UUCP,
BLICN, BERKNET, X.25, i ARPANET. USENET est' vo mnogih universi-
tetah, chastnyh kompaniyah i issledovatel'skih organizaciyah. Bol'-
shinstvo chlenov USENET - eto libo komp'yuternye fakul'tety univer-
sitetov, libo chasti AT&T. Sejchas naschityvaetsya bolee 50,000 chle-
nov USENET bolee chem v 2,000 tochek v SSHA, Kanade, Evrope, YAponii
i Koree, i s kazhdym dnem ih stanovitsya bol'she. Bol'shinstvo iz
nih pol'zuetsya operacionnoj sistemoj UNIX8*9.
Setevaya sluzhba novostej, ili prosto netnews, predstavlyaet
soboj nabor programm, kotorye obespechivayut dostup k novostyam i
peredayut ih s odnoj mashiny na druguyu. Netnews byla pervonachal'no
napisana v Duke University, a zatem vsestoronne peredelana v Ka-
lifornijskom universitete v Berkli i v drugih mestah. Netnews
pozvolyaet posylat' zametki kak ogranichennomu, tak i ochen' shiro-
komu krugu adresatov. V etom dokumente soderzhitsya spisok grupp
rassylki novostej, sushchestvovavshih v to vremya, kogda dokument byl
napisan. |tot spisok nuzhen, chtoby pomoch' Vam opredelit'sya, v ka-
kie iz grupp Vam zahochetsya vojti. Sozdavaya novuyu zametku, mozhno
kontrolirovat' uroven' ee rasprostraneniya pri pomoshchi polya "Dis-
tribution". |to predotvratit situaciyu, kogda ob®yavleniya o sdache
kvartir v N'yu Dzhersi rasprostranyayutsya v Kalifornii (ili dazhe v
Evrope).
Kazhdyj pol'zovatel' mozhet poslat' zametku, kotoraya budet
rasprostranena po seti, chtoby ee mogli prochest' vse, kto intere-
suetsya etoj temoj. Vy mozhete ob®yavit' interesnye Vam temy,
__________
8 *9UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T.
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 1
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 2
pomestiv ih v list podpiski. Teper', kogda by Vy ni poprosili
soobshchit' novosti, programma chteniya novostej predlozhit Vam vse eshche
ne prochitannye Vami zametki na interesuyushchie Vas temy. Takzhe su-
shchestvuyut vozmozhnosti prosmatrivat' starye novosti, otpravlyat' do-
polneniya k poluchennym zametkam i posylat' otvet elektronnoj poch-
toj neposredstvenno avtoru zametki.
Dannyj dokument yavlyaetsya rukovodstvom, rasschitannym na pol'-
zovatelya, zhelayushchego poluchat' novosti i, vozmozhno, rassylat' svoi
sobstvennye. Administrator sistemy, v ch'i obyazannosti vhodit us-
tanovit' programmy, dolzhen prochest' dokument Ustanovka USENET
versii B.
Pochemu USENET?
USENET byvaet polezen v neskol'kih sluchayah. ZHelayushchie ob®ya-
vit' o novoj programme ili produkcii mogut poluchit' shirokuyu audi-
toriyu. Pol'zovatel' mozhet zadat' vopros "Est' li u kogo-nibud'
x?" i obychno cherez den'-drugoj poluchaet neskol'ko otvetov. Soob-
shcheniya ob oshibkah i ih ispravlenie mogut byt' sdelany bystro i bez
obychnyh trudov po rassylke massy pochtovyh soobshchenij. Mozhno pro-
vodit' diskussii, v kotoryh uchastvuet mnozhestvo lyudej v raznyh
mestah, ne sobiraya ih vseh vmeste.
Krome netnews est' eshche odno prisposoblenie s takimi zhe voz-
mozhnostyami - spisok elektronnoj pochty. Pochtovyj spisok - eto na-
bor pochtovyh adresov pol'zovatelej, kotorye interesuyutsya oprede-
lennoj temoj. Esli poslat' elektronnuyu pochtu spisku, vse pol'zo-
vateli iz spiska poluchat kopii soobshcheniya. Hotya spisok elektron-
noj pochty dostatochno udoben, USENET obladaet nekotorymi preimu-
shchestvami pered nim. Vklyuchit'sya v pochtovyj spisok ne vsegda
prosto. Nuzhno najti cheloveka, kotoryj vedet spisok, i poprosit'
ego Vas vklyuchit'. CHasto poluchaetsya, chto etot chelovek zanyat ili
uehal, i Vas ne mogut vklyuchit' v spisok neskol'ko dnej. Inogda
prihoditsya posylat' pochtu vsem uchastnikam pochtovogo spiska v na-
dezhde, chto odin iz nih soobshchit Vam, kto u nih glavnyj. Kogda Vy
nakonec popadaete v spisok, Vy vklyuchaetes' v diskussiyu s sere-
diny. Netnews sohranyaet starye soobshcheniya do teh por, poka oni ne
utratyat interes (obychno okolo dvuh nedel'), tak chto mozhno pros-
motret' starye novosti, i vylovit' to, chto Vy upustili. Obrashche-
nie k starym soobshcheniyam prosto, i Vam ne prihoditsya hranit' vsyu
staruyu pochtu v svoem sobstvennom fajle.
Drugoe preimushchestvo kasaetsya ostal'nyh pol'zovatelej sis-
temy. Proshche poluchat' tol'ko odnu kopiyu kazhdogo soobshcheniya na ma-
shinu, chem otdel'nye kopii dlya kazhdogo pol'zovatelya na odnoj i toj
zhe mashine. |to sokrashchaet kak mashinnoe vremya, zatrachivaemoe na
obrabotku soobshchenij, tak i vremya na peredachu soobshchenij s odnoj
mashiny na druguyu po telefonu (esli ispol'zuyutsya telefonnye li-
nii). |to daet preimushchestvo i v ispol'zovanii mesta na diske.
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 3
Esli kazhdoj sisteme prisylaetsya tol'ko odna kopiya soobshcheniya,
tol'ko odna kopiya hranitsya na diske. Pri pol'zovanii pochtovymi
spiskami kazhdyj pol'zovatel' poluchaet otdel'nuyu kopiyu soobshcheniya v
svoj pochtovyj yashchik. Estestvenno, esli pochtovyj spisok dostatochno
mal, nagruzka okazyvaetsya men'she, chem u mezhdunarodnoj gruppy ras-
sylki novostej.
Kak chitat' novosti?
Na yazyke pol'zovatelej USENET temy po interesam nazyvayutsya
news-gruppy. Spisok news-grupp, sushchestvovavshih k momentu napisa-
niya etogo dokumenta, priveden v poslednem razdele. U Vas est'
svoj list podpiski, to est' spisok news-grupp, na kotorye Vy, chto
nazyvaetsya, podpisany.
Prostejshij sposob posmotret' novosti - eto vvesti komandu
readnews
Drugie vozmozhnosti - eto: ekranno-orientirovannaya programma chte-
niya novostej vnews(1) (opisannaya v prilozhenii), sistema notes-
file, kotoraya takzhe ispol'zuetsya pri prosmotre novostej (imeetsya
otdel'noe opisanie), i rn, ochen' populyarnaya programma chteniya no-
vostej, kotoraya rasprostranyaetsya otdel'no ot dannogo paketa. Vam
budut predstavleny po odnomu soobshcheniya iz vseh news-grupp, na ko-
torye Vy podpisany. Pri poluchenii soobshcheniya Vy uvidite zagolovok
(soderzhashchij imya avtora, temu i dlinu soobshcheniya), i Vas sprosyat,
chto Vy hotite delat' dal'she. Est' neskol'ko vozmozhnyh variantov
dal'nejshih dejstvij. V programme est' tri naibolee ispol'zuemye
komandy (y, n, i q). (Mozhno vvesti ? i poluchit' polnyj spisok
dopustimyh otvetov.) Vy mozhete vvesti y, to est' "yes" (ili
prosto nazhat' <<RETURN>>), chtoby vyvesti ostal'nuyu chast' soobshcheniya.
(Esli soobshchenie dlinnoe, budet vyveden kusok razmerom s ekran,
posle chego vyvod priostanovitsya. Dlya prodolzheniya vyvoda nazhmite
<<SPACE>> ili <<RETURN>>). Drugoj vozmozhnyj otvet n, to est' "no".
|to oznachaet, chto soobshchenie Vas ne interesuet - Vam bol'she ne bu-
dut ego predlagat'. Tretij variant q, to est' "quit". Po etoj
komande delaetsya zapis', kakie soobshcheniya Vy prochitali (ili ot-
vergli), i Vy pokidaete netnews. Esli Vy prosmotreli vse no-
vosti, eto delaetsya avtomaticheski. V osnovnom komanda q nuzhna,
esli Vy toropites' i ne mozhete chitat' vse novosti pryamo sejchas.
(Mnogie pol'zovateli pomeshchayut komandu readnews(1) ili check-
news(1) v svoi fajly .profile ili .login, poetomu, kak tol'ko
vhodyat v sistemu, oni srazu vidyat novosti.)
Esli Vy chitaete novosti vpervye, mozhet okazat'sya, chto Vas
prosto zavalili neprochitannymi novostyami, osobenno esli ustanov-
lena po umolchaniyu podpiska all (na vse). |to ne dolzhno Vas bes-
pokoit'. Esli Vy poluchaete news-gruppu, kotoraya Vas ne intere-
suet, Vy mozhete izmenit' svoj list podpiski (sm. nizhe). Pomnite
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 4
takzhe, chto vse, chto Vy vidite - eto novosti, kotorye nakopilis',
mozhet byt', za poslednie dve nedeli. Esli Vy vse zhe hotite izba-
vit'sya oto vseh staryh novostej i nachat' snachala, vvedite komandu
readnews -K -n all
kotoraya vybrosit vse starye novosti, pometiv, chto Vy ih uzhe polu-
chali. Mozhno takzhe vospol'zovat'sya komandoj K, chtoby pometit' vse
soobshcheniya v tekushchej news-gruppe kak prochitannye.
Posle togo, kak Vy oznakomites' so vsemi starymi novostyami
(ili vybrosite ih), novosti stanut prihodit' ezhednevno bolee pri-
emlemymi porciyami. (Esli ezhednevnye porcii novostej vse zhe slish-
kom veliki, Vy mozhete otkazat'sya ot podpiski na nekotorye ochen'
ob®emnye, menee nuzhnye news-gruppy.) Pomnite, nakonec, chto v pro-
cesse vydachi soobshcheniya Vy mozhete nazhat' klavishu preryvaniya
(obychno <<CONTROL-C>> ili <<DELETE>>), i otkazat'sya ot vydachi ostatka
soobshcheniya.
Prochitav zagolovok soobshcheniya, mozhno vvesti takzhe odnu iz
sleduyushchih komand:
x Vyhod iz readnews. |ta komanda otlichaetsya ot q tem,
chto komanda q izmenyaet zapis' o tom, kakie soobshcheniya
Vy prochitali, a po x proishodit vyhod bez izmenenij,
kak budto Vy i ne vhodili v readnews.
N Perejti k sleduyushchej news-gruppe. Ostavshiesya soobshche-
niya iz tekushchej news-gruppy pomechayutsya kak neprochi-
tannye, oni budut predlozheny Vam v sleduyushchij raz,
kogda Vy soberetes' pochitat' novosti.
s fajl Sohranit' soobshchenie na diske v fajle s zadannym ime-
nem. Prakticheski obychno poluchaetsya tak, chto kak
tol'ko soobshchenie vyvedeno na ekran, readnews pereho-
dit k sleduyushchemu i pechataet ego zagolovok, ne dav
Vam vozmozhnosti nabrat' komandu otnositel'no predy-
dushchego. Poetomu obychno voznikaet zhelanie sohranit'
predydushchee soobshchenie (poslednee, kotoroe Vy pol-
nost'yu prochitali); v etom sluchae pol'zujtes' formoj
s- fajl.
e Zabyt', chto Vy chitali soobshchenie. V sleduyushchij raz
ono snova budet predlozheno Vam, kak budto Vy ego ni-
kogda ne videli. Variant e- (pometit' kak neprochi-
tannoe predydushchee soobshchenie, a ne tekushchee) polezen v
tom sluchae, esli Vy sobiraetes' otvetit' na soobshche-
nie, no snachala hotite proverit', ne napisal li uzhe
kto-nibud' drugoj to, chto Vy hotite skazat'.
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 5
r Otvetit' avtoru soobshcheniya. Vy perejdete v redaktor,
kotoromu budut peredany stroki zagolovka soobshcheniya,
na kotoroe Vy otvechaete. Otstupite odnu pustuyu
stroku i naberite tekst otveta. Esli Vy hotite iz-
menit' zagolovok, naprimer, dobavit' neskol'ko polu-
chatelej vtoryh ekzemplyarov, mozhete otredaktirovat'
stroki zagolovka. Vse te, ch'i imena vstretyatsya v
strokah, nachinayushchihsya so slov "To" ili "Cc", poluchat
kopii Vashego otveta. Pomnite, chto setevoj adres, po
kotoromu poluchayutsya novosti, ne vsegda samyj bystryj
put' dlya otveta po pochte. Esli vazhno otpravit' ot-
vet pobystree i Vy znaete bolee korotkij put', izme-
nite adres v zagolovke. Posle etogo zapustitsya ko-
manda mail, kotoraya razoshlet otvet vsem lyudyam, pere-
chislennym v zagolovke, a Vy vernetes' v readnews.
Mozhno pol'zovat'sya variantom r- dlya otveta na predy-
dushchee soobshchenie. Eshche odin variant - eto rd- kotoryj
vyzovet Vam $MAILER (ili mail(1) po umolchaniyu) dlya
neposredstvennogo vvoda otveta.
f Otpravit' prodolzhenie soobshcheniya toj zhe news-gruppe.
Prodolzhenie rassylaetsya vsej news-gruppe pod tem zhe
nazvaniem, chto i ishodnaya zametka. Pri rassylke
prodolzhenij starajtes', chtoby Vam ne izmenil zdravyj
smysl. (V dokumente Matta Bishopa "Kak effektivno
ispol'zovat' USENET" Vy najdete prostrannuyu diskus-
siyu o tom, kogda sleduet rassylat' prodolzheniya, a
kogda net -- mnogie prodolzheniya dolzhny byli by byt'
prosto otvetami avtoru.) Vy perehodite v redaktor.
Vvedite soobshchenie i vyjdite. Variant f- ispol'zu-
etsya chtoby sostavit' prodolzhenie predydushchgo soobshche-
niya. Vo vseh sluchayah po umolchaniyu ispol'zuetsya re-
daktor vi(1), ili tot redaktor, kotoryj ukazan u Vas
v peremennoj EDITOR okruzheniya. Tekst prodolzheniya
sleduet nabirat' s otstupom v odnu pustuyu stroku.
+ V etot raz soobshchenie propustit'. V sleduyushchij raz pri
prosmotre novostej ono poyavitsya snova.
- Perejti k predydushchemu soobshcheniyu. Ono stanovitsya te-
kushchim, takim obrazom dva - dayut snova tekushchee soob-
shchenie.
b Vernut'sya na odno soobshchenie v tekushchej gruppe. |to
ne obyazatel'no predydushchee soobshchenie.
U Otkazat'sya ot podpiski na etu news-gruppu. V Vashem
fajle .newsrc(5) simvol : naprotiv etoj news-gruppy
izmenitsya na ! i Vam bol'she ne stanut prisylat'
sppbshcheniya etoj gruppy.
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 6
? Pri nabore lyuboj nedopustimoj komandy vyvoditsya spi-
sok vseh razreshennyh komand.
Kak izmenit' list podpiski
Esli Vy special'no nichego ne predprinimaete, Vy po umolchaniyu
podpisyvaetes' na standartnyj list podpiski. V raznyh mestah on
raznyj. Mozhno opredelit', na kakoj list Vy podpisany po umolcha-
niyu, vvedya
readnews -s
Obychno etot list vklyuchaet vse news-gruppy, nazvaniya kotoryh za-
kanchivayutsya na "general" ili "announce", takie kak general, i
news.announce. (Pri postavke standartnyj list byvaet
general,all.announce. Eshche odin rasprostranennyj standartnyj list
all.) CHtoby izmenit' list podpiski, sozdajte v svoem domashnem ka-
taloge fajl s imenem .newsrc, pervaya stroka kotorogo dolzhna imet'
vid
options -n newsgroup,newsgroup,newsgroup ...
Esli stroka poluchaetsya slishkom dlinnoj, ee mozhno prodolzhit' na
sleduyushchih strokah, nachinaya ih s probela. (Sistema netnews budet
pomeshchat' v etot fajl dopolnitel'nye stroki, pomechaya, kakie soob-
shcheniya Vy uzhe prochitali. Esli tol'ko Vy ne hotite menyat' eti
stroki, ne obrashchajte na nih vnimaniya. Naprimer, esli Vy vpervye
sozdaete list podpiski, a do etogo uzhe poluchali novosti, v svoem
fajle .newsrc Vy obnaruzhite nekotoryj tekst, oboznachayushchij, kakie
soobshcheniya Vy uzhe chitali. Stroku options sleduet pomestit' pered
pervoj strokoj fajla.) Takim obrazom, stroka
options -n general,news.announce,comp.human-nets
oboznachaet, chto Vy podpisany na tri perechislennye news-gruppy.
Simvol ! ispol'zuetsya dlya isklyucheniya nekotoroj news-gruppy,
a slovo all vosprinimaetsya kak shablon, oboznachayushchij lyubuyu news-
gruppu. Slovo all mozhno takzhe ispol'zovat' kak prefiks ili suf-
fiks dlya vydeleniya klassa news-grupp. Naprimer, rezul'tatom
options -n all,!talk,!rec.humor,!all.unix
budet podpiska na vse news-gruppy, krome gruppy "talk" , anekdo-
tov, i vsej informacii po UNIX. Metasimvol . analogichen / v
shell, a all rabotaet kak *.
Prostejshij sposob podpisat'sya na novosti - eto ob®yavit' pod-
pisku na all, a zatem vospol'zovat'sya komandoj U programmy read-
news i otmenit' podpisku na news-gruppy, kotorye Vy ne hotite
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 7
chitat'. Pri etom Vy budete videt' vse vnov' sozdannye news-
gruppy, poluchite vozmozhnost' ocenit' ih i otmenit' podpisku na
te, kotorye Vam ne interesny.
News-gruppy pokazyvayut Vam v tom poryadke, v kakom oni pere-
chisleny v fajle .newsrc (posle stroki options). Esli Vas ne ust-
raivaet poryadok, perestav'te stroki tak, kak Vam nravitsya, ne za-
byvaya pri etom, chto stroka options dolzhna byt' pervoj v fajle.
Posylka soobshchenij
CHtoby otpravit' novoe soobshchenie, naberite
postnews
Pervym delom Vas sprosyat, yavlyaetsya li Vashe soobshchenie prodolzheniem
kakogo-libo drugogo. Otvet'te yes ili no. Esli yes, delaetsya to
zhe, kak esli by Vy vveli komandu f v readnews, no neobhodimo op-
redelit', kakoe soobshchenie Vy prodolzhaete. Vas sprosyat, v kakoj
news-gruppe Vy prochitali eto soobshchenie, i ego nomer. Esli Vy ne
pomnite, vernites' v readnews i vyyasnite. Vazhno, chtoby soobshche-
niya, otnosyashchiesya k obsuzhdeniyu odnogo voprosa, hranilis' vmeste.
Kto-to mozhet sil'no rasstroit'sya, poluchiv v kachestve prodolzheniya
nekogo soobshcheniya tekst "YA soglasen. |tu programmu v takom vide
ispol'zovat' opasno." i ne imeya ponyatiya, k chemu on otnositsya.
Esli Vy otvetili no, postnews(1) sprosit o teme novogo soob-
shcheniya. Tema dolzhna byt' kak mozhno bolee informativnoj. Napri-
mer, "'67 Porsche prodaetsya v N'yu Dzhersi" gorazdo luchshe, chem
"Prodayu avtomobil'" ili dazhe "Prodayu". Zatem on sprosit, kakoj
news-gruppe Vy hotite poslat' eto soobshchenie. Esli Vy ne znaete
tochno, vmesto nazvaniya news-gruppy vvedite ?, i poluchite spisok
dostupnyh sejchas grupp. Posle etogo Vas sprosyat, kak daleko sle-
duet rasprostranyat' soobshchenie. Vazhno ukazat' oblast' rasprostra-
neniya kak mozhno bolee uzkoj, sootvetstvenno naznacheniyu Vashego so-
obshcheniya. Pomnite, chto krome Soedinennyh SHtatov i Kanady mnogie
news-gruppy chitayut v Evrope, Avstralii i Azii. Nehorosho posylat'
soobshchenie (iz predydushchego primera) "V N'yu Dzhersi prodaetsya avto-
mobil'" vsemu miru, ukazav oblast' rasprostraneniya world. Prak-
ticheski nevozmozhno, chtoby chelovek v SHvecii ili Koree zaintereso-
valsya pokupkoj Vashego avtomobilya (dazhe esli eto Porsche). Pere-
davat' eto soobshchenie tak daleko bylo by pustoj tratoj deneg i
komp'yuternyh resursov. V dannom sluchae podhodyashchej oblast'yu rasp-
rostraneniya bylo by nj, to est' tol'ko v N'yu Dzhersi. Esli net
podhodyashchej lokal'noj oblasti rasprostraneniya, na hudoj konec
mozhno ogranichit'sya usa. Esli Vy tochno ne znaete, kakie oblasti
dostupny iz Vashej tochki, vmesto imeni oblasti vvedite ?, i polu-
chite spisok dostupnyh Vam oblastej. Esli ukazana oblast' rasp-
rostraneniya world, Vashe soobshchenie budut chitat' (vozmozhno, s otv-
rashcheniem) tysyachi lyudej po vsemu miru.
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 8
Zatem Vy popadete v redaktor. Otstupiv odnu pustuyu stroku,
vvedite tekst soobshcheniya, i vyjdite iz redaktora. Soobshchenie budet
otpravleno ukazannoj news-gruppe. Esli, nahodyas' v redaktore, Vy
peredumali po povodu zagolovkov soobshcheniya, mozhete otredaktirovat'
takzhe i ih. Mozhno takzhe dobavit' dopolnitel'nye stroki zago-
lovka, vstaviv ih pered pustoj strokoj.
Prosmotr staryh soobshchenij
U komandy readnews est' neskol'ko klyuchej, kotorye pomogayut
otyskat' staroe soobshchenie, kotoroe Vy hoteli by perechitat'. Klyuch
-n newsgroups ogranichivaet Vash poisk neskol'kimi news-gruppami.
Klyuch -x ukazyvaet, chto sleduet ignorirovat' zapis' o tom, kakie
soobshcheniya prochitany, sdelannuyu v fajle .newsrc v Vashem kataloge.
Pri etom vydayutsya vse soobshcheniya iz vseh news-grupp, na kotorye Vy
podpisany, dazhe te, kotorye Vy uzhe videli. S etim klyuchem read-
news ne izmenyaet zapisi v fajle .newsrc. Klyuch -a date zaprashi-
vaet soobshcheniya, poluchennye posle zadannoj daty date. Pomnite,
chto s klyuchem -a vydayutsya tol'ko te soobshcheniya, kotoryh Vy eshche ne
videli, esli tol'ko Vy ne ukazyvaete ego vmeste s klyuchem -x.
(Soobshcheniya hranyatsya v fajle do teh por, poka ne ustareyut, obychno
dve nedeli.) Klyuch -t keywords zaprashivaet dlya rassmotreniya soob-
shcheniya, kotorye soderzhat odno iz klyuchevyh slov keywords v zago-
lovke. Tak, komanda
readnews -n comp.unix -x -a last thursday -t setuid
otyskivaet vse soobshcheniya v news-gruppe comp.unix poluchennye s
proshlogo chetverga i otnosyashchiesya k funkcii setuid. (Bud'te osto-
rozhny s klyuchem -t. Privedennyj primer ne nahodit ni soobshchenij
pro "suid", ni soobshchenij bez zagolovka, to est' propuskaet soob-
shcheniya, ch'i avtory yavno ne ukazali slovo "setuid" v zagolovke.)
Byvayut polezny drugie klyuchi, takie kak -l (kotoryj perechis-
lyaet tol'ko zagolovki soobshchenij - udobnaya forma prosmotra bol'-
shogo kolichestva soobshchenij.) Klyuch -p pechataet soobshcheniya, ne ozhidaya
nikakogo vvoda; eto pohozhe na nekotorye starye programmy pros-
motra novostej, sushchestvovavshie vo mnogih sistemah UNIX i nuzhno
dlya pryamogo vyvoda na printer. Klyuch -r menyaet poryadok prosmotra
na protivopolozhnyj, ot bolee novyh k bolee starym soobshcheniyam.
Pol'zovatel'skie interfejsy
Pol'zovatel'skij interfejs programmy - eto vid, v kotorom
ona predstaet pered pol'zovatelem, to est' eto to, chto ona pecha-
taet na ekrane i to, chto ona pozvolyaet Vam vvodit'. U readnews
est' klyuchi, kotorye pozvolyayut pol'zovat'sya razlichnymi interfej-
sami. Interfejs, opisannyj vyshe, nazyvaetsya interfejsom "msgs",
tak kak on vyderzhan v stile programmy msgs(1) Berkli. (|ta prog-
ramma, v svoyu ochered', imitiruet odnoimennuyu programmu MIT.)
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 9
Klyuchevoj element interfejsa msgs - eto to, chto on pechataet zago-
lovok, a zatem sprashivaet, zhelaete li Vy poluchit' ostal'nuyu chast'
soobshcheniya.
S klyuchom -c predostavlyaetsya drugoj interfejs. V etom sluchae
pechataetsya vse soobshchenie, i zagolovok, i osnovnaya chast', i posle
teksta soobshcheniya Vam predlagayut vvesti komandu. Komandy te zhe,
chto i u interfejsa msgs, no obychno ne prihoditsya ispol'zovat'
suffiks - v komandah r, s, ili f. |tot interfejs nazyvaetsya in-
terfejsom "/bin/mail" (proiznositsya "bin mail"), tak kak on pod-
razhaet programme UNIX s takim imenem.
Tretij interfejs - eto interfejs Mail(1) (proiznositsya "cap
mail"), poluchaemyj pri ispol'zovanii klyucha -M. On neposredst-
venno vyzyvaet programmu Mail, pozvolyaya Vam chitat' novosti pri
pomoshchi teh zhe komand, chto i pochtu. (|tot interfejs mozhet i ne
rabotat' v Vashej sisteme - emu trebuetsya opredelennaya versiya Mail
s klyuchem -T.)
CHetvertyj interfejs - eto nabor programm MH firmy Rand. On
mozhet byt' ispol'zovan, chtoby pryamo chitat' setevye novosti.
Pyatyj interfejs, vnews, kotoryj horosho rabotaet na displeyah,
opisan v prilozhenii.
SHestaya voemozhnost' - eto sistema notesfile, opisannaya v ot-
del'nom dokumente. Ona takzhe displej-orientirovana.
Sed'moj imterfejs - eto rn. On dostatochno moshchnyj i napomi-
naet tekstovyj redaktor EMACS.
Vos'maya vozmozhnost' - eto ispol'zovanie Vashej lyubimoj pochto-
voj sistemy v kachestve interfejsa. Est' neskol'ko raznyh programm
chteniya pochty, vklyuchaya /bin/mail(1), Mail, msg(1), i MH. Dlya chte-
niya novostej mozhno ispol'zovat' lyubuyu pochtovuyu sistemu, u kotoroj
est' klyuch dlya zadaniya al'ternativnogo pochtovogo yashchika. Naprimer,
chtoby vospol'zovat'sya Mail bez klyucha -M, naberite
readnews -c "Mail -f %"
Komanda sistemy, ukazannaya v kavychkah, vyzyvaetsya programmoj
readnews. Klyuch -f programmy Mail zadaet imya al'ternativnogo poch-
tovogo yashchika. Readnews pomestit novosti vo vremennyj fajl, i imya
etogo fajla peredast pochtovoj programme vmesto %. U interfejsov
etogo tipa est' vazhnoe otlichie. Pochtovye programmy ne vozvrashchayut
priznaka, kakie soobshcheniya Vy prochitali, a kakie propustili.
Readnews budet dumat', chto Vy chitali vse soobshcheniya, dazhe esli eto
nepravda, i pometit ih kak prochitannye. V protivopolozhnost'
etomu, klyuch -M vyzyvaet Mail s klyuchem -T, zastavlyayushchim Mail soob-
shchit' readnews, kakie soobshcheniya Vy prochitali.
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 10
Poluchenie novostej pri vhode v sistemu
Bol'shinstvu pol'zovatelej nravitsya, chtoby im soobshchali o na-
lichii novostej pri vhode v sistemu. Pri etom oni ne zabyvayut pro
novosti i ne otvlekayutsya na nih v techenie dnya. Esli Vy utrom
vhodite v sistemu, Vy mozhete otnosit'sya k polucheniyu novostej kak
k chteniyu utrennej gazety. Prinyato pomeshchat' komandu checknews ili
readnews v fajl .profile ili .login, soderzhashchij komandy, kotorye
vypolnyayutsya pri vhode v sistemu.
Poskol'ku novostej mozhet i ne byt', i poskol'ku v etom slu-
chae readnews voz'metsya za nelegkij trud po poisku vseh neprochi-
tannyh soobshchenij (reshiv, chto Vy sobiraetes' chitat' ih), est' eshche
odna komanda, kotoraya nazyvaetsya checknews i soobshchaet, est' li
novosti. Komanda checknews men'she i bystree, chem readnews, i
sdelana special'no dlya pomeshcheniya ee v startovyj fajl. U nee
takzhe est' klyuchi, s kotorymi ona nichego ne govorit, esli novosti
est' (ili ih net), a v sluchae nalichiya novostej avtomaticheski za-
puskaet readnews.
Klyuchi komandy checknews takovy:
-y Vydat' soobshchenie "There is news", esli est' svezhie no-
vosti.
-v Esli zadan vmeste s klyuchem -y, vmesto soobshcheniya "There
is news" vydaet "News: newsgroup ...", nazyvaya imya
pervoj news-gruppy, soderzhashchej neprochitannye novosti.
Esli pervaya predstavlennaya news-gruppa general, eto mo-
zhet ispol'zovat'sya, chtoby soobshchit' pol'zovatelyam, nas-
kol'ko novosti vazhny.
-n Vydat' "No news", esli novostej net.
-e Esli est' svezhie novosti, zapustit' readnews. Vse ar-
gumenty, ukazannye posle -e peredayutsya readnews.
Tak
checknews -yn
soobshchaet Vam, est' li svezhie novosti.
checknews -e -M
zapuskaet readnews s interfejsom Mail, esli novosti est', inache
nichego ne delaet.
checknews -y
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 11
soobshchaet, esli novosti est', i molchit, esli ih net.
Sozdanie novyh news-grupp
Novye news-gruppy predlagayutsya pol'zovatelyami i sozdayutsya
administratorami lokal'nyh mashin. CHtoby sozdat' novuyu gruppu,
pervym delom ubedites', chto eto dejstvitel'no sleduet delat'.
Obychno predlozhenie o sozdanii obshchej dlya vsego mira news-gruppy
posylayut gruppam news.groups,whatever.relatedgroup
(whatever.relatedgroup dolzhna byt' gruppa, vnutri kotoroj Vy ho-
tite sozdat' novuyu.) Naprimer, predlozhenie sozdat'
rec.arts.tv.soaps sleduet poslat' gruppam
rec.arts.tv,news.groups). Prodolzheniya posylayut tol'ko gruppe
news.groups. (Dlya etogo neobhodimo vklyuchit' stroku
Followup-To: news.groups
v zagolovok Vashego organizacionnogo soobshcheniya). Esli ustanov-
leno, chto takaya gruppa predstavlyaet interes dlya mnogih, i nazva-
nie vseh ustraivaet, to mozhete poprosit' Vashego lokal'nogo sete-
vogo administratora sozdat' news-gruppu. (Na samom dele ee mozhet
sozdat' lyuboj setevoj administrator v lyubom meste seti, v prede-
lah etoj gruppy.) Posle togo, kak news-gruppa sozdana i otprav-
leno pervoe soobshchenie, kazhdyj, komu eto interesno, mozhet ej pi-
sat'.
Spisok news-grupp
V etom razdele perechisleny sushchestvuyushchie v nastoyashchee vremya
news-gruppy. |tot spisok dolzhen pomoch' Vam reshit', na chto Vy ho-
tite podpisat'sya. Zametim, chto spisok news-grupp postoyanno menya-
etsya. Zametim takzhe, chto v spisok vklyucheny gruppy, kotorye su-
shchestvuyut vo vsej seti. Poskol'ku ne vse organizacii vypisyvayut
vse news-gruppy, rekomenduem kazhdoj organizacii, prezhde, chem
rasprostranyat' spisok sredi svoih pol'zovatelej, ispravit' ego.
Esli eto nevozmozhno, sleduet razoslat' dopolnitel'noe preduprezh-
denie.
Lokal'nye gruppy
Lokal'nye gruppy hranyatsya tol'ko na etoj mashine. Imena lo-
kal'nyh grupp opredelyayutsya po otsutstviyu prefiksa, to est' v nih
net tochki.
general Novosti, kotorye sleduet prochitat' vsem na lokal'noj
mashine. Naprimer: "Sistema ne budet rabotat' v pone-
del'nik s utra do obeda." Ili "Novaya versiya programmy x
nakonec ustanovlena." |ta news-gruppa obychno obyaza-
tel'na dlya vseh - Vas zastavlyayut na nee podpisat'sya.
(Spisok obyazatel'nyh news-grupp razlichaetsya v raznyh
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 12
mestah.) |to trebovanie garantiruet, chto vazhnye ob®yav-
leniya dojdut do vseh pol'zovatelej. (Ran'she eto dela-
los' pri pomoshchi msgs.)
Obshchesetevye gruppy
Zdes' privedeny gruppy, sushchestvovavshie na moment poslednej
redakcii dannogo rukovodstva. |tot spisok, nesomnenno, uzhe usta-
rel. Vy mozhete poluchit' svezhij spisok, vvedya ? v otvet na prig-
lashenie "Newsgroups? ".
comp.ai Artificial Intelligence discussions.
comp.ai.digest Arpanet Artificial Intelligence Digest. (Moderated)
comp.arch Computer architecture.
comp.bugs.2bsd Reports of UNIX* version 2BSD related bugs.
comp.bugs.4bsd Reports of UNIX version 4BSD related bugs.
comp.bugs.misc General bug reports and fixes.
comp.bugs.sys5 Reports of AT&T System 5 (and System 3) related bugs.
comp.cog-eng Cognitive engineering.
comp.compilers Compiler construction, etc. (Moderated)
comp.databases Database and data management issues and theory.
comp.dcom.lans Local area network hardware and software.
comp.dcom.modems Data communications hardware and software.
comp.dcom.telecom Telecommunications digest. (Moderated)
comp.doc Public-domain documentation. (Moderated)
comp.doc.techreports Announcements and lists of technical reports.(Moderated)
comp.edu Computer science education.
comp.emacs EMACS editors of different flavors.
comp.graphics Computer graphics, art, animation, image processing,
comp.graphics.digest Arpanet Digest on Computer Graphics. (Moderated)
comp.lang.ada The computer language Ada*.
comp.lang.apl The computer language APL.
comp.lang.c The computer language C.
comp.lang.c++ The object-oriented computer language C++.
comp.lang.forth The computer language Forth.
comp.lang.fortran The computer language FORTRAN.
comp.lang.lisp The computer language LISP.
comp.lang.misc Other computer languages.
comp.lang.modula2 The computer language Modula-2.
comp.lang.pascal The computer language Pascal.
comp.lang.prolog The computer language PROLOG.
comp.lang.smalltalk The computer language Smalltalk 80.
comp.laser-printers Laser printers, hardware and software. (Moderated)
comp.lsi Large scale integrated circuits.
comp.mail.headers Arpanet header-people mailnig list.
comp.mail.maps Various maps, including UUCP maps. (Moderated)
comp.mail.uucp Proposed uucp mail/network standards.
comp.newprod Announcements of new products (Moderated)
comp.org.decus DEC* Users' Society newsgroup.
comp.org.usenix USENIX Association events and announcements.
comp.os.cpm The CP/M operating system.
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 13
comp.os.eunice The SRI Eunice system.
comp.os.os9 The os9 operating system. (Moderated)
comp.os.vms DEC's VMS Operating System(Moderated)
comp.periphs Peripheral devices.
comp.protocols File Transfer Protocol discussions.(Moderated)
comp.protocols.appletalk Applebus hardware & software. (Moderated)
comp.protocols.kermit Information about the Kermit package.(Moderated)
comp.protocols.tcp-ip TCP and IP network protocols.(Moderated)
comp.sources.amiga Public Domain Software for the Amiga.(Moderated)
comp.sources.bugs Bugs and fixes for comp.sources postings (Moderated)
comp.sources.d Any discussion on comp.sources postings.
comp.sources.games Postings of recreational software(Moderated)
comp.sources.mac Public Domain Software for the Macintosh (Moderated)
comp.sources.unix Public Domain Software for Unix systems (Moderated)
comp.sources.wanted Requests for software, termcap entries, etc.
comp.std.c C language standards(Moderated)
comp.std.internat International standards
comp.std.mumps The X11.1 committee on Mumps (Moderated)
comp.std.unix The P1003 committee on UNIX (Moderated)
comp.sys.amiga Commodore Amiga computers -- info, uses, no programs.
comp.sys.apollo Apollo computer systems.(Moderated)
comp.sys.apple Apple computers.
comp.sys.atari.8bit 8 bit Atari computers.
comp.sys.atari.st 16 bit Atari computers.
comp.sys.att AT&T computers.
comp.sys.cbm Commodore computers.
comp.sys.dec DEC computers.
comp.sys.hp Hewlett/Packard computers
comp.sys.ibm.pc IBM personal computers.
comp.sys.ibm.pc.digest Arpanet Digest on the IBM PC family.(Moderated)
comp.sys.intel Intel computers.
comp.sys.m6809 Motorola 6809's.
comp.sys.m68k Motorola 68000, 68010, 68020 based computers
comp.sys.m68k.digest Arpanet Digest on 68000-based systems.(Moderated)
comp.sys.mac The Apple Macintosh & Lisa
comp.sys.mac.digest Arpanet Digest on Apple Macintosh computers (Moderated)
comp.sys.masscomp Masscomp computers.(Moderated)
comp.sys.misc Other types of computers.
comp.sys.nsc National Semiconductor Computers and chips.
comp.sys.pyramid Pyramid 90x computers.(Moderated)
comp.sys.ridge Ridge 32 computers and ROS.(Moderated)
comp.sys.sequent Sequent systems, (esp. Balance 8000).(Moderated)
comp.sys.sun Sun "workstation" computers(Moderated)
comp.sys.tandy Tandy/Radio Shack computers
comp.sys.ti Texas Instruments computers.
comp.sys.workstations Various workstation-type computers.(Moderated)
comp.terminals All sorts of terminals.
comp.text Text processing.
comp.unix UNIX* features and bugs.(Moderated)
comp.unix.questions General questions on UNIX.
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 14
comp.unix.wizards Expert discussions, bug reports, and fixes for UNIX.
misc.consumers Consumer interests, product reviews, etc.
misc.consumers.house Owning and maintaining a house.
misc.invest Investments and the handling of money.
misc.jobs Job announcements, requests, etc.
misc.kids Children, their behavior and activities.
misc.legal Legalities and the ethics of law.
misc.misc Various discussions too short-lived for other groups.
misc.psi ESP,PSI, etc (Moderated)
misc.taxes Tax laws and advice.
misc.test Testing of network software. Very boring.
misc.wanted Requests for things that are needed.
news.admin Comments directed to news administrators.
news.announce General announcements of interest to all. (Moderated)
news.announce.conferences Upcoming conferences (Moderated)
news.announce.newusers Explanatory postings for new users. (Moderated)
news.config Postings of system down times and interruptions.
news.groups Discussions and lists of newsgroups
news.lists News-related statistics and lists(Moderated)
news.misc Discussions of USENET itself.
news.newsites Postings of new site announcements.
news.software.b B news software.
news.software.notes Notesfile software from the Univ. of Illinois.
news.stargate Satellite transmission of news.
news.sysadmin Comments directed to system administrators.
rec.arts.books Books of all genres, shapes, and sizes.
rec.arts.comics The funnies, old and new.
rec.arts.drwho Dr. Who.
rec.arts.misc Other arts related topics.
rec.arts.movies Reviews and discussions of movies.
rec.arts.poems Poetry.
rec.arts.sf-lovers Science fiction lovers' newsgroup.
rec.arts.startrek Star Trek, the TV show and the movies.
rec.arts.tv The boob tube, its history, and past and current shows.
rec.arts.tv.soaps Postings about TV soap operas.
rec.audio High fidelity audio.
rec.autos Automobiles, automotive products and laws.
rec.autos.tech Technical aspects of automobiles, et. al.
rec.aviation Aviation rules, means, and methods.
rec.bicycles Bicycles, related products and laws.
rec.birds Hobbyists interested in bird watching.
rec.boats Hobbyists interested in boating.
rec.food.cooking Food, cooking, cookbooks, and recipes.
rec.food.drink Wines and spirits.
rec.food.recipes A "distributed cookbook" of recipes.(Moderated)
rec.food.veg Vegetarians.
rec.games.board Board games.
rec.games.bridge Hobbyists interested in bridge.
rec.games.chess Chess & computer chess.
rec.games.empire The computer game Empire.
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 15
rec.games.frp Fantasy Role Playing games.
rec.games.go Go.
rec.games.hack The computer game Hack.
rec.games.misc Other games and computer games.
rec.games.pbm Play by Mail games.
rec.games.rogue The computer game Rogue.
rec.games.trivia Trivia.
rec.games.video Video games.
rec.gardens Gardening, methods and results.
rec.guns Firearms(Moderated)
rec.ham-radio Amateur Radio practices, contests, events, rules, etc.
rec.ham-radio.packet Packet radio setups.
rec.humor Jokes and the like. May be somewhat offensive.
rec.humor.d The content of net.jokes articles
rec.mag Magazine summaries, tables of contents, etc.
rec.mag.otherrealms A science fiction and fantasy "magazine". (Moderated)
rec.misc Other Recreational/participant sports.
rec.motorcycles Motorcycles and related products and laws.
rec.music Reviews and discussion of things musical (Moderated)
rec.music.classical Classical music.
rec.music.folk Folks discussing folk music of various sorts
rec.music.gaffa Kate Bush lovers. (Moderated)
rec.music.gdead A group for (Grateful) Dead-heads
rec.music.misc Other music related topics.
rec.music.synth Synthesizers and computer music
rec.nude Hobbyists interested in naturist/nudist activities.
rec.pets Pets, pet care, and household animals in general.
rec.photo Hobbyists interested in photography.
rec.puzzles Puzzles, problems, and quizzes.
rec.railroad Real and model train fans' newsgroup.
rec.scuba Hobbyists interested in SCUBA diving.
rec.skiing Hobbyists interested in skiing.
rec.sport.baseball Professional baseball.
rec.sport.basketball Professional basketball.
rec.sport.football Professional football.
rec.sport.hockey Professional hockey.
rec.sport.misc Other spectator sports.
rec.travel Traveling all over the world.
rec.video Video and video components.
rec.woodworking Hobbyists interested in woodworking.
sci.astro Astronomy discussions and information.
sci.bio Biology and related sciences.
sci.crypt Different methods of data en/decryption.
sci.electronics Electronic design developments, ideas, and components.
sci.lang Natural languages.
sci.math Mathematical discussions and puzzles.
sci.math.stat Statistics discussion.
sci.math.symbolic Symbolic algebra discussion.
sci.med Medicine and its related products and regulations.
sci.misc General purpose scientific discussions.
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 16
sci.physics Physical laws, properties, etc.
sci.research Research and computer research.
sci.space Space, space programs, space related research, etc.
sci.space.shuttle The space shuttle and the STS program.
soc.college College, college activities, campus life, etc.
soc.comp Computers and Society (Moderated)
soc.culture.african Africa & things African
soc.culture.celtic Celtics culture.
soc.culture.greek Greeks culture.
soc.culture.indian India & things Indian
soc.culture.jewish Information and discussion about Judaism.
soc.human-nets Computer aided communications digest.(Moderated)
soc.misc Other Social topics
soc.motss Issues pertaining to homosexuality.
soc.net-people Announcements, requests, etc. about people on the net.
soc.risks Risks to the public from computers (Moderated)
soc.roots Genealogical matters.
soc.singles Newsgroup for single people, their activities, etc.
soc.women Women's rights, discrimination, etc.
talk.abortion Abortion.
talk.origins Evolution versus creationism (sometimes hot!).
talk.philosophy Philosophical discussions (Moderated)
talk.philosophy.misc Philosophical discussions.
talk.philosophy.tech Philosphy and technology (Moderated)
talk.politics Political problems, systems, solutions. (Moderated)
talk.politics.arms-d Arms discussion digest.(Moderated)
talk.politics.misc Political discussions. Could get hot.
talk.politics.theory Theory of politics and political systems.
talk.religion.christian The form and nature of Christianity (Moderated)
talk.religion.misc Religious, ethical, and moral implications of actions.
talk.rumors For the posting of rumors.
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 17
Prilozhenie - Kak pol'zovat'sya vnews
Obshchie svedeniya
Vnews - eto programma dlya chteniya novostej USENET. Ona rabo-
taet na osnove readnews, no ee pol'zovatel'skij interfejs orien-
tirovan na rabotu s ekranom. Klyuchi te zhe. Spisok dopustimyh ko-
mand primerno takoj zhe, hotya vnews - eto ekrannyj interfejs, poe-
tomu bol'shinstvo komand vnews ne nado zakanchivat' simvolom novoj
stroki.
Vnews ispol'zuet dlya vyvoda tekushchego soobshcheniya ves' ekran,
za isklyucheniem dvuh poslednih strok. Predposlednyaya stroka vspo-
mogatel'naya i sluzhit dlya vvoda strokovyh argumentov komand. Pos-
lednyaya stroka sostoit iz neskol'kih polej. Pervoe pole - eto
priglashenie. Esli vnews doshel do konca soobshcheniya, priglashenie
budet "next?"; inache vydaetsya priglashenie "more?". Vtoroe pole -
pole news-gruppy, v nem izobrazhayutsya imya tekushchej news-gruppy, no-
mer tekushchego soobshcheniya i nomer poslednego soobshcheniya v etoj
gruppe. Tret'e pole soderzhit tekushchee vremya, a v poslednem pole
stoit slovo "mail", esli dlya Vas imeetsya pochta. Kogda Vam priho-
dit novaya pochta, terminal vydaet zvukovoj signal, i na 30 sekund
zagoraetsya slovo "MAIL" bol'shimi bukvami.
Komandy
Dlya bol'shinstva komand readnews est' identichnye komandy
vnews i naoborot. Est' sleduyushchie otlichiya:
Otsutstvuet komanda"digest" (dlya raboty s naborom soob-
shchenij, sobrannyh vmeste). Neploho by takuyu komandu
imet', no eto ne tak vazhno, poskol'ku Vy mozhete pereme-
shchat'sya po cepochke soobshchenij (na odnu temu) pri pomoshchi
komand vnews.
Dlya polucheniya predydushchej gruppy ispol'zuetsya komanda N
s argumentom -.
U vnews est' komandy dlya peremeshcheniya vnutri soobshcheniya,
kotoryh u readnews net za nenadobnost'yu.
Est' komanda "parent", kotoraya perehodit k soobshcheniyu,
prodolzheniem kotorogo yavlyaetsya dannoe, i komanda
"write", kotoraya pechataet tol'ko tekst soobshcheniya bez
zagolovka.
Iz interpretatora komandnogo yazyka ili pri sostavlenii
prodolzheniya Vy mozhete ssylat'sya na tekushchee soobshchenie po
imeni $A.
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 18
Komanda "decrypt" (dlya rasshifrovki informacii, kotoraya
mozhet pokazat'sya obidnoj ili neprilichnoj, i potomu za-
kodirovana) vsegda vypolnyaet rot13, kotoraya schitaetsya
standartnoj, v to vremya kak readnews ispol'zuet prog-
rammu rasshifrovki, kotoraya bolee universal'na, no
inogda ne rabotaet.
Komandy, otsutstvuyushchie v readnewsreadnews
Kazhdoj komande vnews mozhet predshestvovat' chislo. Nekotorye
komandy ispol'zuyut eto chislo, ostal'nye ignoriruyut ego. Esli
chislo otsutstvuet, ono po umolchaniyu schitaetsya edinicej. Nekoto-
rye komandy prosyat vvesti argument v predposlednej stroke ekrana.
Pri vvode argumenta obrabatyvayutsya standartnye v UNIX simvoly za-
boya i otmeny stroki. Argument zakanchivaetsya simvolom novoj
stroki. Preryvaniya (<<DELETE>> ili <<BREAK>>) pri vvode komandy ot-
menyayut ee.
<<CR>> Vozvrat karetki pechataet prodolzhenie tekushchego soobshcheniya,
ili, esli Vy nahodites' v konce soobshcheniya, perehodit k sle-
duyushchemu. <<PROBEL>> delaet to zhe, chto i <<CR>>.
<<CONTROL-B>>
Vernut'sya nazad na chislo stranic.
<<CONTROL-F>>
Vpered na chislo stranic.
<<CONTROL-D>>
Vpered na polovinu stranicy.
<<CONTROL-U>>
Nazad na polovinu stranicy.
<<CONTROL-N>>
Vprered na chislo strok.
<<CONTROL-Z>>
Nazad na chislo strok.
<<CONTROL-L>>
Pererisovat' ekran. <<CONTROL-L>> mozhno vvodit' v lyuboj mo-
ment.
b Nazad na odno soobshchenie v tekushchej gruppe.
l Perevydat' soobshchenie posle togo, kak Vy poslali prodolzhenie
ili otvet.
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Kak chitat' setevye novosti 19
n Perejti k sleduyushchemu soobshcheniyu v cepochke. . to zhe, chto i
n. |to udobno, esli u terminala est' dopolnitel'naya klavia-
tura.
p Vydat' ishodnoe soobshchenie (soobshchenie, prodolzheniem kotorogo
yavlyaetsya tekushchee). |ta komanda ne rabotaet, esli tekushchee
soobshchenie otpravleno pri pomoshchi programm A-news ili notes-
files. Komanda - ispol'zuetsya dlya pereklyucheniya mezhdu teku-
shchim i ishodnym soobshcheniyami. K sozhaleniyu, esli Vy neskol'ko
raz vospol'zovalis' komandoj p, chtoby prosmotret' nazad ce-
pochku soobshchenij, net komandy, kotoraya pozvolila by vernut'sya
na pervonachal'nyj uroven'.
ug Otmenit' podpisku na tekushchuyu gruppu. Komanda sdelana dvuh-
bukvennoj, chtoby ne vvesti ee sluchajno, i chtoby mozhno bylo
sdelat' komandu dlya otmeny drugih vidov podpiski (naprimer,
otmenit' podpisku na cepochku soobshchenij).
v Napechatat' tekushchuyu versiyu programmy chteniya novostej.
D Rasshifrovat' anekdot. Obrabatyvaet tol'ko anekdoty, zashif-
rovannye pri pomoshchi rot13. Komanda D, primenennaya eshche raz,
vnov' zashifrovyvaet anekdot.
News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986
Last-modified: Tue, 30 Jun 1998 04:40:02 GMT