Ocenite etot tekst:


---------------------------------------------------------------
Original etogo teksta raspolozhen na stranice
http://www.atlas.net.ru/unix-nt/unix-nt.html
---------------------------------------------------------------



   
   
   
   


Perevod na russkij yazyk - Vasil'ev Il'gam (ilgam@atlas.net.ru),
Atlas Netvorks, Copyright ¿ 1998



Original stat'i mozhno najti po adresu http://www.kirch.net/unix-nt.html





Czech
German Japanese
Portuguese
Spanish





Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0 protiv UNIX




John Kirch, setevoj konsul'tant i sertificirovannyj specialist Microsoft
(Windows NT)

Poslednee obnovlenie: 26 maya 1998









Kratkoe soderzhanie

Vo vsem mire IT menedzhery stalkivayutsya s voprosom, dolzhny my vybrat' put'
Microsoft Windows NT Server ili odnoj iz OS UNIX? Kak Vy uzhe mozhet znaete,
UNIX eto ne edinstvennaya OS; ona ob®edinyaet semejstvo operacionnyh sistem,
v kotoroe vhodyat (nazovem lish' samye populyarnye) AIX, BSDI, Digital UNIX,
FreeBSD, HP-UX, IRIX, Linux, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Pyramid, SCO, Solaris, SunOS.
Populyarnost' Windows NT Server rastet, no uvelichivaetsya li ot etogo proizvoditel'nost'
Vashih MIS (management information system) operacij? Vazhnee vsego, odnako,
dlya vas kak dlya menedzhera, vyigryvaete li Vy v pribyli, vybiraya resheniya
Microsoft?


CHto zhe, v rezul'tate, deshevle? Stoimost' apparatnogo obespecheniya, licenzij
na PO, soglashenij tehnicheskoj podderzhki, ceny uslug apgrejda/obsluzhivaniya,
stoimost' apgrejda apparatury, pribyl', poteryannaya za kazhdyj chas prostoya,
oplata personala za vosstanovlenie/sozdanie dannyh, poteryannyh iz-za defektov
operacionnoj sistemy i/ili apparatnoj platformy, trebuemoj vybrannoj Vami
OS, i oplata sistemnyh administratorov - eto tol'ko nekotorye faktory,
kotorye vliyayut na obshchij razmer byudzheta, vytekayushchego iz Vashego resheniya.
|to ne prostoj vybor.


Nesmotrya na zatraty, stoimost', v konechnom itoge, dlya Vas kak menedzhera,
uchityvaya tol'ko chto predstavlennyj slozhnyj nabor faktorov, mozhet byt' nizhe
dlya tehnicheski luchshej kombinacii servernogo apparatnogo obespecheniya i operacionnoj
sistemy. UNIX eto -- zrelaya, tehnicheski luchshaya, gruppa operacionnyh sistem
s proverennoj rekordnoj proizvoditel'nost'yu, nadezhnost'yu, i bezopasnost'yu
v servernoj srede. Za prakticheski tridcatiletnij period nepreryvnoj razrabotki,
chasto vypolnyaemoj dobrovol'cami, veryashchim v to delo, kotorym zanimayutsya,
byla sozdana gruppa OS , i chrezvychajno moshchnye, sdelannye
pod opredelennye nuzhdy, mnogoprocessornye servernye sistemy, imeyushchie proizvoditel'nost',
ravnoj kotoroj eshche net v apparature Intel, kotorye ne tol'ko otvechayut
zaprosam segodnyashnih vychislitel'nyh potrebnostej, no i vo mnogih sluchayah
prevyshayut ih.


Pochemu Windows NT Server 4.0 prodolzhayut sushchestvovat' na predpriyatiyah,
budet temoj sootvetstvuyushchego issledovatel'skogo otcheta skoree v oblasti
psihologii ili marketinga, a ne stat'ej ob informacionnyh tehnologiyah.
Tehnicheski, Windows NT Server 4.0 ne idet ni v kakoe sravnenie s lyuboj
OS UNIX, dazhe s nekommercheskimi variantami BSD ili Linux. Schitaetsya, chto
menedzher ne imeet tehnicheskih znanij sistemnyh administratorov s 15-letnim
opytom raboty v promyshlennosti. Net nichego strashnogo v tom, chto net takogo
opyta, lish' ignorirovanie takogo opyta mozhet, v konechnom itoge, otrazit'sya
na zatratah Vashego rabotodatelya, i zatratah potrebitelej. Cel' etoj stat'i,
predostavit' fakty, i dokazat', chto eto -- fakty, potomu chto fakty -- bessporny.


|ta stat'ya osnovyvaetsya na moem opyte raboty v promyshlennosti, kotoraya
nachalas' s 1979 s Chevron Geosciences Company, i primerno na 150 ssylkah
na tehnicheskie stat'i, oficial'nye izdaniya i referaty. Zdes' sleduet zametit',
chto ya ne podderzhivayu ni odin produkt ni odnoj kompanii, dazhe moj rabotodatel'
ne izvlechet vygodu, esli Vy vyberete UNIX. Moya cel' sostoit v tom, chtoby
oslabit' bremya sistemnyh administratorov, sodejstvovat' bolee effektivnym
i ekonomichnym vychisleniyam vo vsem mire, i pooshchryat' bolee chestnoe i raznoobraznoe
soobshchestvo postavshchikov PO.














Soderzhanie








Osnovnye momenty etoj stat'i













Vvedenie

Vybor servernoj platformy mozhet byt' zatrudnen dlya menedzherov, ne imeyushchih
uzkospecializirovannyh znanij v sistemnom i setevom administrirovanii.
V etoj stat'e, Microsoft Windows NT Server sravnivaetsya s UNIX, bol'shim
semejstvom kommercheskih i nekommercheskih operacionnyh sistem s obshchim naslediem
i vo mnogom pohozhih. Osnovnoe sravnenie provoditsya v oblastyah funkcional'nyh
vozmozhnostej, nadezhnosti, sistemnogo upravleniya, i proizvoditel'nosti.
|ta stat'ya o serverah, a ne o rabochih stanciyah. Drugie faktory, takie,
kak cena produkta, kolichestvo i kachestvo postavlyaemogo PO, i razdel o harakternyh
zabluzhdeniyah, prisushchih dvum gruppam operacionnyh sistem predstavleny dlya
bolee polnogo vzglyada na eti produkty. Informaciya, ispol'zuemaya v etom
sravnenii, poluchena iz raznyh istochnikov: oficial'nye izdaniya, celevye
issledovaniya tret'ih firm, stat'i iz tehnicheskoj periodiki, i nablyudeniya
IT specialistov, imeyushchih opyt realizacii i administrirovaniya, i Microsoft
Windows NT, i razlichnyh OS UNIX, v promyshlennyh masshtabah.


Rabota nad stat'ej eshche prodolzhaetsya.
Vse zhelayushchie rasprostranyat' etot proekt privetstvuyutsya. |to moj e-mail.
Pozhalujsta dopishite k svoemu e-mail konstruktivnye kommentarii ili
kritiku.


Operacionnye sistemy




Ceny produktov i licenzionnyh soglashenij

Bol'shinstvo menedzherov soglasny s tem faktom, chto real'naya cena operacionnoj
sistemy ponyatna, esli uchityvat' vsyu kartinu v celom. Hotya Windows NT Server
4.0 mozhet byt' dorozhe nekotoryh kommercheskih UNIX OS (NT 4.0 Server versiya
na 5 pol'zovatelej - $809; 10-pol'zovatelej - $1129; Windows NT Server,
Enterprise Edition 4.0 25-pol'zovatelej - $3,999; Enterprise Edition 4.0
50-pol'zovatelej - $4,799; NT Server 4.0 Documentation Kit - $69.95; Istochnik:
Microsoft),
ee mozhno poluchit' po neznachitel'noj cene na special'nyh vystavkah (trade
show). I, chto ne meloch', soglasites', setevaya
operacionnaya sistema iz etogo diapazona cen, postavlyaetsya bez telnet servera,
SMTP servera (e-mail), diskovyh kvot, news servera, ili po krajnej mere
DNS servera (mnogie administratory NT vynuzhdeny iskat' resheniya tret'ih
firm dlya DNS). Po dannym BSDI,
pri takoj zhe funkcional'nosti chto i v BSD postavke, dopolnitel'nye produkty
Microsoft i resheniya tret'ih firm sostavyat itogovuyu cenu sravnimogo resheniya
na NT okolo $4,000. Maggie Biggs, vedushchij analitik InfoWorld, specializiruyushchayasya
na tehnologiyah baz dannyh i sozdanii, razrabotke i raspredelenii prilozhenij
cherez Intranet i drugie seti opredelyaet v svoej stat'e,
sravnivaya NT 4.0 s kommercheskim Linux'om Red Hat'a (vsego lish' za
$49.95), chto cena podobnogo resheniya na osnove Windows NT 4.0
sostavit $4,636. |tot primer pokazyvaet, chto uspeshnyj marketing
chasto privodit k tomu chto potrebitelyu navyazyvayutsya te
zhe funkcional'nye vozmozhnosti, no sovsem ne te resheniya .


NT chasto vybirayut po soobrazheniyam byudzheta, tak kak mnogie zakazchiki
ne zhelayut oplachivat' bolee doroguyu apparaturu, trebuemuyu bol'shinstvom kommercheskih
versij UNIX. Bolee vazhnym, odnako, yavlyaetsya tot fakt. chto obshchaya stoimost'
realizacii, vklyuchaet sistemnoe administrirovanie naryadu s drugimi faktorami
takimi, kak vremya prostoya, telefonnye zvonki v sluzhbu podderzhki, poterya
dannyh iz-za nenadezhnosti, i t.d. Tippett Studio, kompaniya, otvetstvennaya
za grafiku v Starship Trooper, poluchivshego Oscar v nominacii luchshie
speceffekty, ispol'zovala 130 SGI ( Silicon
Graphics, Inc.) mashin pod IRIX,
sobstvennuyu OS UNIX SGI. Vychislitel'nye administratory Tippett studio tak
ob®yasnili, pochemu oni ispol'zovali SGI s IRIX vmesto NT:

"'SGI deshevye dlya togo, chto oni delayut,' govorit Jeff Stringer,
'Stoimost' podderzhki NT dovol'no vysoka, kogda Vy dumaete obo vseh sistemnyh
administratorah, kotoryh sleduet nanyat'.'"


"Naem -- osobenno bol'shaya zabota dlya malen'koj studii. V otlichie ot
bol'shih studij, Tippett -- kotoraya, razrabotala zhukov, ugrozhayushchih chelovechestvu
v "Starship Troopers" -- yavlyaetsya f/x boutique'om."


-- Greg Lindsay, Oscar
Tech, The Netly News, fevral' 27, 1998.

Dlya bol'shinstva pol'zovatelej orientiruyushchihsya na real'nuyu cenu, Linux
libo FreeBSD budut nesomnenno
luchshimi variantami reshenij. Oni nichego ne stoyat,pri tom chto
oni vpolne stabil'ny i funkcional'ny, esli dazhe ne bol'she, chem kommercheskie
UNIX OS. Odin chitatel' soobshchil o tom, chto upominanie o Linux lishit etu
stat'yu pravdopodobnosti. YA tak ne dumayu. Sushchestvovanie podobnyh al'yansov,
kak naprimer upomyanutyh v stat'e Andreessen
Sees Mozilla-Linux Upset of Windows yasno dokazyvaet, chto Linux
usilivaet svoi pozicii v kommercheskoj srede. (Dlya novichkov, Mozilla eto
nazvanie kodov Netscape/Communicator a Marc Andreessen odin iz sozdatelej
i ispolnitel'nyj vice-prezident Netscape.) Istoricheski slozhilos', chto krupnye
kompanii izbegali besplatnoe PO iz-za neponyatnogo stereotipa, chto vse
besplatnoe ne mozhet byt' horoshim. Nedavnyaya tendenciya sredi nekotoryh
kompanij -- eto ispol'zovat' eti rentabel'nye OS. Hewlett-Packard ispol'zovala
Linux vmesto svoej HP-UX UNIX OS pri razrabotke novoj arhitektury svoego
processora PA-RISC. Schlumberger budet zanimat'sya marketingom reshenij udalennoj
telefonii, ispol'zuyushchih Linux. Lyubopytno zametit', chto zhurnal SunWorld
On-Line dal im polozhitel'nuyu ocenku v odnoj iz svoih statej, Linux
lines up for the enterprise. Tak kak eti OS besplatny dlya ispol'zovaniya
dazhe v kommercheskoj srede, mnogie provajdery (ISP) rabotayut na Linux ili
FreeBSD. NetBSD rabotaet prakticheski vezde: DEC Alpha, Motorola 68k (Amiga,
Atari, Mac, MVME, Sharp, Sun3), PowerPC, Intel, DEC VAX, Acorn RISC, MIPS
(Sony NEWS, DECstation), i t.d. Osnovnoe vnimanie v OpenBSD udelyaetsya ustojchivosti
i bezopasnosti. Linux naibolee populyaren i takzhe rabotaet na razlichnom
apparatnom obespechenii: Sun, Intel, DEC Alpha, PowerPC, PowerMac, i t.d.
Sejchas, Linux, veroyatno, naibolee bystro rastushchaya OS na rynke. Za dopolnitel'noj
informaciej, sm. Linux Resources
ili Red Hat Software.


Nicholas Petreley, glavnyj redaktor NC World i obozrevatel' InfoWorld
i NT World Japan tak ob®yasnyaet rost Linux i FreeBSD v IT otdelah:

"Vcherashnie studenty kolledzhej poluchali svoi znaniya o Unix na
Linux i FreeBSD. Segodnya oni rabotayut v IT otdelah, i mnogie iz nih otnosyatsya
vrazhdebno i k Microsoft i k Windows NT. Kak rezul'tat, Linux, BSD, Solaris,
i drugie raznovidnosti Unix nahodyat svoe mesto v otdelah informacionnyh
tehnologij, gde yavno, gde tajno.


"Naprimer, Vy uvereny, chto rabotaete imenno s NT serverom? Sotrudniki
IS vo mnogih organizaciyah nezametno ustanavlivayut Unix servera, obespechivayushchie
rodnye dlya NT servisy. Zachem zhe tak riskovat'? Linux i FreeBSD besplatny,
kak i SAMBA, PO predostavlyayushchee NT servisy. Takim obrazom IS otdel ekonomit
den'gi. A menedzhery vryad li uznayut pro Unix, skrytyj oto vseh, tak kak
men'shee chislo pol'zovatelej budet zhalovat'sya o prostoyah servera.


"Men'she budet nedovol'nyh, potomu chto servery bolee stabil'ny nezheli
Windows NT. Linux, FreeBSD, i BSDI Unix prevoshodyat Windows NT po ryadu
pokazatelej na hudshem "zheleze", a pri nekotoryh obstoyatel'stvah mozhet rabotat'
ne huzhe, a to i luchshe, chem NT na luchshem "zheleze". CHto do masshtabiruemosti,
to Unix na Intel dogonyaet i dazhe prevoshodit NT po chislu ispol'zuemyh processorov
i po effektivnosti ispol'zovaniya.


-- Nicholas Petreley, The
new Unix alters NT's orbit: The re-emergence of Unix threatens to modify
the future direction of NT, NC
World, April 1998.




Funkcional'nye vozmozhnosti

CHto Vy mozhete ozhidat' ot tol'ko chto ustanovlennyh Windows NT Server i UNIX?
NT mozhet soedinyat'sya s mnozhestvom razlichnyh tipov komp'yuterov. |to mozhet
i UNIX. NT mozhet zashchishchat' uyazvimye dannye i derzhat' neavtorizovannyh pol'zovatelej
vne seti. |to mozhet i UNIX. Voobshche-to, obe OS udovletvoryayut minimal'nym
trebovaniyam dlya operacionnyh sistem rabotayushchih v setevoj srede. Koroche
govorya, UNIX mozhet delat' to zhe, chto i NT, i dazhe bol'she.


NT chasto rassmatrivaetsya kak "mnogopol'zovatel'skaya" OS, no eto bol'shoe
zabluzhdenie. NT server mozhet proverit' avtorizovannogo pol'zovatelya,
no raz zashedshij v set' NT pol'zovatel', vse chto on mozhet eto poluchit' dostup
k fajlam ili printeram. Pol'zovatel' NT ne mozhet prosto zapustit' lyuboe
prilozhenie na NT servere (chtoby vospol'zovat'sya preimushchestvom bol'shej
vychislitel'noj moshchnosti apparatnyh sredstv servera). Pol'zovatel' NT mozhet
tol'ko zapuskat' special'nye prilozheniya sostoyashchie iz dvuh chastej, t.e.
prilozheniya klient/server. Kogda pol'zovatel' zahodit na UNIX server, to
on mozhet zapuskat' lyuboe prilozhenie (esli emu eto razresheno), perenosya
tem samym nagruzku so svoej rabochej stancii. |to otnositsya i k graficheskim
prilozheniyam, tak kak X-server eto standartnoe PO dlya vseh OS UNIX.


Dlya bol'shinstva, e-mail stal neobhodimym sredstvom obshcheniya, i mnogie
kompanii imeyut svoi sobstvennye vnutrennie/vneshnie e-mail sistemy. Dlya
Windows NT, Vam pridetsya pokupat' otdel'noe PO dlya ustanovki svoego e-mail
servera. OS UNIX postavlyaetsya s programmoj nazyvaemoj Sendmail.
Sushchestvuet takzhe drugie pochtovye programmy (ili MTA, Mail Transport
Agents, pochtovye transportnye agenty) dostupnye dlya UNIX, no eta naibolee
shiroko rasprostranena, i yavlyaetsya besplatnoj. Nekotorye administratory
UNIX schitayut, chto exim ili qmail
luchshe, tak kak oni ne takie slozhnye v konfiguracii kak sendmail. Oba, i
exim i qmail, vprochem kak i sendmail, besplatny dazhe dlya kommercheskogo
ispol'zovaniya. Mnogie NT-orientirovannye kompanii ispol'zuyut Microsoft
Exchange Server v kachestve MTA. |to dorogoe reshenie s ogranichennym
uspehom ispol'zovaniya v promyshlennyh masshtabah. Microsoft Exchange Server
Enterprise Edition - licenziya na 25 klientov stoit $3,549.00. Esli
u Vas bol'she chem 25 sotrudnikov, eto zhe PO s licenziej na 50 klientov
stoit $4,859.00 (Istochnik: Microsoft)
Nizhe v etoj stat'e, v razdele Mail servera (MTA), predstavleny
osnovnye harakteristiki dlya sravneniya i protivopostavleniya etih dvuh PO
pochtovyh serverov.


Esli Microsoft vidit v NT real'nuyu al'ternativu vsem ostal'nym setevym
OS, predstavlennym na rynke, uchityvaya UNIX i Novell, to dolzhna prinimat',
chto NT dolzhna vklyuchat' vse neobhodimye instrumenty dlya vypolneniya naibolee
chasto vstrechayushchihsya zadanij: obsluzhivanie printerov i fajlov. Lyuboj sistemnyj/setevoj
administrator po opytu znaet, chto sushchestvuet dva osnovnyh momenta na kotorye
sleduet obratit' osnovnoe vnimanie pri ustanovke fajlovogo servera ili
zavedeniya novogo setevogo pol'zovatelya: bezopasnost', ili paroli i prava
na fajly; i kvoty dlya ogranicheniya diskovogo prostranstva dlya novyh ili
sushchestvuyushchih pol'zovatelej ili grupp. Hotya NT obespechivaet prostejshuyu bezopasnost'
po parolyu, ona imeet bezopasnost' na urovne dostupa k fajlam, tol'ko esli
vybrat' ee sobstvennuyu fajlovuyu sistemu, nazyvaemuyu NTFS. Nekotorye MIS
otdely neohotno ispol'zuyut etu fajlovuyu sistemu (po-krajnej mere na pol'zovatel'skih
mashinah), iz-za togo, chto reshenie diskovyh problem zatrudnyaetsya pri ispol'zovanii
NTFS. Sushchestvuet rasprostranennoe mnenie, chto diski formatirovannye kak
NTFS ne mogut chitat'sya iz DOS, vazhnoj OS pri vosstanovlenii iz takogo roda
problem. Rune Knapstad soobshchil, chto sushchestvuet DOS utilita, nazyvaemaya
NTFSDOS, kotoraya mozhet
montirovat' NTFS razdely. Interesno zametit', chto eto produkt tret'ej firmy,
a ne Microsoft. Gorazdo vazhnee to, chto NT ne soderzhit mehanizmov dlya
ogranicheniya diskovogo prostranstva dlya pol'zovatelej! UNIX i Novell,
naoborot, soderzhat PO dlya obespecheniya takogo, po-vidimomu elementarnogo,
kontrolya. Microsoft anonsirovala, chto eshche ne vypushchennaya NT Server 5.0 budet
obespechivat' "new storage management features such as disk quotas . . .(novuyu
vozmozhnost' upravleniya nakopitelyami, takuyu kak diskovye kvoty...)" (sm.
press-reliz, Windows
NT 5.0 Beta Delivered to Over 200,000 Developers).


I, nakonec, OS UNIX vklyuchaet yazyki napisaniya skriptov (naprimer, takie
kak Bourne Shell, Korn Shell, C Shell, i inogda Perl) i tak nazyvaemyj
"cron" dlya vypolneniya komand po ustanovlennomu grafiku cherez zadannye intervaly
(kazhdye n minut, kazhdye n chasov, raz v nedelyu, raz v mesyac, i t.d.). Cron
legko konfiguriruetsya i ne ogranichivaetsya privedennymi zdes' primerami.
Koroche govorya, vysokourovnevye yazyki scenariev + cron = moshchnoe sredstvo
dlya sistemnogo administrirovaniya, podobnogo kotoromu net v Microsoft NT
Server 4.0. Mnogie sistemy upravleniya UNIX avtomatizirovany i prisposobleny
pod konkretnye nuzhdy pri pomoshchi etih instrumental'nyh sredstv, chto v konechnom
itoge skazyvaetsya na snizhenii zatrat na personal. Kak ukazal odin chitatel',
NT imeet "Scheduler" i komandu "at", i chto Perl dostupen dlya NT. Da, eto
pravda, odnako, ya ne dumayu, chto eto ogranichennoe sredstvo dlya napisaniya
skriptov cmd.exe, ob®edinennoe s "Scheduler" ili "at" mozhet dazhe priblizitsya
k toj funkcional'nosti v UNIX, o kotoroj upomyanuto vyshe. Vypolnenie avtomatizirovannyh
zadach tol'ko togda polezno, kogda skripty/zadachi/programmy mogut zapuskat'sya
bez vmeshatel'stva cheloveka. Slishkom mnogoe, chto vypolnyaetsya na NT, zavyazano
na GUI, i sledovatel'no trebuet vzaimodejstviya s chelovekom. Esli real'no
ocenit', to avtomatizirovannye zadachi, vypolnyayushchiesya v bol'shinstve vychislitel'nyh
centrov -- eto specifichnye dlya mesta operacii, kotorye programmiruyutsya
sistemnymi administratorami. Po sobstvennomu opytu
ya znayu, chto redko byvaet sajt, gde ustanovlen Perl na NT servere i imeetsya
administrator NT, kotoryj znaet osnovy Perl. Osnovnym momentom posle
pokupki deshevoj apparatury idet, ruka ob ruku, praktika naema samogo deshevogo
administratora NT; v konce koncov, eto NT, i vse chto nado delat' - eto
ukazyvat' i shchelkat'!


V itoge, zaloginivshis' v set' NT, vse chto mozhno delat' eto chitat' fajly
i pechatat'. V srede UNIX, zajdya na UNIX server, mozhno byt' na etoj
mashine i delat' vse, chto mozhno bylo by sdelat' s ee klaviatury. S NT, ne
dumajte, chto smozhete ustanovit' e-mail server iz distributiva. Potrebuetsya
dopolnitel'noe dorogostoyashchee PO, vrode Microsoft Exchange Server. Esli
Vash NT server dolzhen byt' fajlovym serverom - chto eshche real'no mozhno na
nem delat'? - ne pytajtes' zashchitit' server ot pol'zovatelej zapolnyayushchih
disk(i) svoimi dannymi.


Prostota nastrojki i vozmozhnost' nastraivat' server bez perezagruzki
eto eshche odin aspekt funkcional'nosti:

"Nekotorye versii Unix (Linux, naprimer) podderzhivayut zagruzhaemye
moduli ustrojstv. |to oznachaet, chto mozhno zagruzit' Linux i perenastroit'
podderzhku apparatnogo i programmnogo obespecheniya na letu. Naprimer, mozhno
zagruzit' Linux bez podderzhki uzhe ustanovlennoj SCSI karty. Zatem prosto
podgruzit' podderzhku dlya etoj SCSI karty, kogda nuzhno obratit'sya k odnomu
ili neskol'kim podsoedinennym SCSI-ustrojstvam, takim kak opticheskij disk
dlya rezervirovaniya. Mozhno vygruzit' SCSI drajver po okonchanii. Takzhe mozhno
spokojno podgruzhat' i vygruzhat' podderzhku dlya zvukovyh, setevyh kart -
dazhe fajlovyh sistem takih kak HPFS, FAT, VFAT, i drugih (drajver dlya NTFS
v stadii razrabotki).


"Sledovatel'no, lyuboj Unix s podderzhkoj zagruzhaemyh modulej po sushchestvu
bol'she podhodit dlya servera, t.k. dlya izmeneniya konfiguracii ne trebuetsya
perezagruzka sistemy.


"Windows NT ne soderzhit nichego podobnogo. Dazhe neznachitel'nye izmeneniya
v konfiguracii Windows NT trebuyut perezagruzki dlya vstupleniya izmenenij
v silu. Izmenite IP adres shlyuza-marshrutizatora (default gateway) i potrebuetsya
perezagruzka. Vy dazhe ne smozhete izmenit' tip modema, ispol'zuemogo dlya
ustanovleniya PPP soedineniya, bez perezagruzki dlya obnovleniya sistemy. Ni
odno iz etih ogranichenij ne sushchestvuet v Unix.


-- Nicholas Petreley, The
new Unix alters NT's orbit: The re-emergence of Unix threatens to modify
the future direction of NT, NC
World, April 1998.

Kogda rech' zahodit o bolee slozhnyh setevyh funkcional'nyh vozmozhnostyah,
pohozhe chto Microsoft NT Server 4.0 Enterprise Edition ne mozhet sopernichat'
s bolee zrelymi kommercheskimi OS UNIX. Hotya eto i ne tak sushchestvenno dlya
setevoj proizvoditel'nosti, no 64-bitnye vychisleniya sushchestvuyut segodnya
blagodarya etim OS Unix (v protivopolozhnost' NT - 32-bitnoj OS). D.H. Brown
Associates Inc. predstavlyayut rezul'taty ih analiza (posleduyushchij tekst,
tablica i tri grafika vzyaty s Web stranicy sajta Digital Equipment Corporation,
ozaglavlennoj AIX
4.3 Leaps To 64-Bits In Dead Heat With Digital UNIX 4.0):

AIX 4.3 lidiruet v setevyh vozmozhnostyah Internet/intranet obespechivaya
shirochajshij nabor rasshirenij TCP/IP, a takzhe vyigryvaya za schet postavlyaemogo
s sistemoj Notes servera. Digital UNIX zanimaet vtoroe mesto s sil'nymi
vozmozhnostyami setevoj bezopasnosti, vklyuchayushchij ne tol'ko vozmozhnosti Web-brouzinga,
no i sredstva Web-avtorizacii, s Navigator Gold, i celym naborom rasshirenij
TCP/IP. Odnako, Digital UNIX ne soderzhit novyh vozmozhnostej NFS takih kak
CacheFS i AutoFS. IRIX 6.4 idet tret'im, vklyuchaya CacheFS i AutoFS, i vozmozhnosti
setevoj bezopasnosti ne huzhe, chem u Digital. No IRIX ne soderzhit network
time facilities (NTP) i takie TCP/IP vozmozhnosti kak IPv6 i IPSec. Sleduyushchij
- Sun, s horoshej podderzhkoj NFS i vtorym mestom za nabor TCP/IP rasshirenij.
Odnako, Sun polagaetsya na svoj Web server, a ne na Netscape, Microsoft
ili Apache, i ustupaet v sredstvah avtorizacii i takih vazhnyh sluzhbah kak
sluzhba katalogov Novell NDS. HP obespechivaet sil'nuyu podderzhku Internet
v svoem HP-UX, proyavlyayushchuyusya v peredovyh funkciyah Internet protokola i
setevoj bezopasnosti, pravda opazdyvaya s podderzhkoj takih funkcij dlya NFS.
HP-UX, vmeste s AIX, takzhe lidiruyut v podderzhke NDS. Microsoft NT 4.0 zhe,
obespechivaet podderzhku Internet/intranet, kotoruyu v celom mozhno oharakterizovat'
kak "horoshuyu". NT ustupaet vedushchim proizvoditelyam UNIX iz-za plohoj podderzhki
sluzhby katalogov, setevoj bezopasnosti, NFS, i nebol'shogo kolichestva TCP/IP
rasshirenij. Microsoft fokusiruet svoi usiliya na vstroennom Web servere
i na nastrojke Java Virtual Machine.










HP-UX 11.0





Solaris 2.6





AIX 4.3





Irix 6.4





Digital Unix 4.0d





NTS 4.0/EE







Rasshirenie

















IPSec



Est'





Net





Est'





Net





Est'





Net







IPv6



Est'





Est'





Est'





Net





Est'





Net







RSVP



Est'





CHastichno





Est'





Est'





Est'





Net







IP Multiplexing



Est'





Est'





Est'





Net





Net





Net







IP Multicast



Est'





Est'





Est'





Est'





Est'





CHastichno







Optimizaciya proizvoditel'nosti

















Telnet in kernel



Net





Est'





Est'





Net





Net





Net







Kernel Sockets



Net





Est'





Est'





Est'





Est'





Net







TCP Large Windows



Net





Est'





Est'





Est'





Est'





Net







Zero Copy TCP/Hardware
Checksum



Net





Est'





Net





Est'





Net





Net







Path MTU Discovery



Net





Net





Est'





Est'





Est'





Net







OpenShortestPathFirst
(OSPF)



Est'





Net





Est'





Net





Est'





Est'







RTP: Real Time Protocol



Net





Net





Est'





Est'





Net





Net







RTCP: Real Time
Control Protocol



Net





Net





Est'





Est'





Net





Net







Parallelized TCP/IP



Est'





Est'





Est'





Est'





Est'





Net


















SETEVYE VOZMOZHNOSTI INTERNET/INTRANET









NADEZHNOSTX I MASSHTABIRUEMOSTX









SISTEMNOE UPRAVLENIE






Copyright Digital Equipment Corporation 1995-1998. All Rights Reserved.





Nadezhnost'

V sovremennom mire, nadezhnost' kak pravilo, gorazdo vazhnee skorosti. Hotya
proizvoditel'nost' chashche vsego zavisit ot apparatnoj platformy (sm. sleduyushchij
razdel), ona vse taki svyazana s nadezhnost'yu, gde bol'shoe vliyanie
okazyvaet vybor OS. Dazhe esli operacionnaya sistema obladaet bol'shej funkcional'nost'yu,
luchshe masshtabiruetsya, i ochen' prosta v upravlenii, kakaya pol'za ot etih
preimushchestv, esli server, vypolnyayushchij finansovye tranzakcii v real'nom
vremeni, chasto padaet, vyzyvaya nepriemlemye prostoi? Analogiya mezhdu bystrym,
ekonomichnym avtomobilem polnym tehnicheskih novshestv, i lihim s vidu avto,
kotoroe chasto tormozit potok, nesmotrya na chastye vizity v servis-centr,
dostatochno tochno otrazhaet situaciyu s Windows NT.


CHastye razgovory o tom, chto Windows NT Server "stabil'naya" OS, ne sovsem
tochny. Esli by tak bylo, togda by my nikogda ne chitali takie stat'i kak
Corporate
IT needs an engine that never quits (Peter Coffee, PC Week 3-30-98)
ili We
do not have a failure to communicate (Peter Coffee, PC Week 04-13-98).
Kogda avtor etih dvuh statej zadal vopros, "CHto Vy ispol'zuete v situacii,
kogda sboi nedopustimy?", to byl bukval'no zavalen "vtroe bol'shim, po sravneniyu
s obychnym, chislom otvetov po e-mail." Po etim otvetam on zaklyuchil, chto:

"CHto harakterno, ya ne poluchil ni odnogo pis'ma gde schitalos',
chto Windows NT dostatochno horoshaya OS. Kak raz naoborot: neskol'ko soobshchenij
vyrazhali mnenie, chto NT 5.0 okazhetsya "za bortom", peregruzhennaya "syrymi"
dopolnitel'nymi vozmozhnostyami, tak i ne dobivshis' korporativnoj nadezhnosti
v bazovyh.


"Odin chitatel' soobshchil, chto na ego sajte Linux na 486 prevzoshel Windows
NT na 200MHz Pentium, a odna mashina s Linux rabotaet bez sboev s toj pory,
kogda Windows NT 4.0 eshche ne bylo.


"Takzhe dovodilos' slyshat', chto sajty promyshlennogo masshtaba rassmatrivayut
Linux v kachestve proverennogo varianta, poluchaya ishodnyj kod, chto v konechnom
itoge okazyvaetsya luchshe somnitel'nogo preimushchestva bol'shinstva tradicionnyh
sluzhb tehnicheskoj podderzhki. To, chto ostal'nye obeshchayut v budushchem, Linux
daet mnogim uzhe sejchas--po vygodnoj cene.


-- Peter Coffee, We
do not have a failure to communicate, PC
Week, 3-30-98.

Pravda, Windows NT sovershila bol'shoj skachok po sravneniyu s Windows 3.1
ili Windows 95, no potrebuetsya mnogo vremeni, chtoby ona dostigla togo urovnya
nadezhnosti, kakoj predlagayut dazhe besplatnye OS UNIX.


Nedostatochnaya ustojchivost' Windows NT proyavilas' posle togo kak menedzheram
prishlos' vzaimodejstvovat' s OS raznymi putyami, soobshchaet odin IT specialist:

"'YA znayu tri kompanii tiho perevodyashchih vse bol'she raboty na
Unix . . . vzamen NT, prosto potomu, chto NT slishkom chasto valilas',' govoril
Peter Flynn, konsul'tant iz g. Kork, Irlandiya. Po mneniyu IT menedzherov,
NT slishkom chasto padala. Tipichnye prichiny etogo byli narusheniya dostupa
k pamyati i oshibki vvoda/vyvoda.


"|ti kompanii ne byli sklonny raskryvat' svoi resheniya 'iz-za davleniya
sverhu'' govorit Flynn. 'Tendenciya pokupaj-tol'ko-Microsoft oboshla tendenciyu
pokupaj-tol'ko-IBM, i menedzhery reshivshie [protiv sovetov specialistov]
ispol'zovat' NT vmesto Unix teper' ne hotyat udarit' v gryaz' licom,' dobavlyaet
on.


-- Mark Gibbs, Lookin'
into Linux, Network World, March
30, 1998.

Lyuboj specialist informacionnyh sistem, rabotayushchij v srede Windows NT,
imeet lichnoe znakomstvo s postydnym "Blue Screen of Death" ("Sinij |kran
Smerti"), situaciej pri kotoroj obychnyj sistemnyj ekran polnost'yu propadaet,
zamenyayas' polnym ekranom shestnadcaterichnyh chisel na sinem fone. Edinstvennyj
sposob vyjti iz etoj situacii, eto otklyuchit' pitanie mashiny i perezagruzit'sya.
Prichina "sinego ekrana" mozhet byt' samaya raznaya. Po moemu opytu, sleduyushchee
mozhet privesti k krahu:

|tot spisok otnyud' ne polon. V dejstvitel'nosti, Tim Newsham, razrabotchik
PO dlya Windows i UNIX platform, schitaet etot spisok vvodyashchim v zabluzhdenie:

V razdele o BSOD (S|S) Vy ukazyvaete neskol'ko prichin, ego
vyzyvayushchih. YA dumayu, chto etot (nebol'shoj) spisok obmanchiv dlya chitatelya.
Sushchestvuet tak mnogo sposobov zavesit' NT, chto ukazyvaya nekotorye,
sozdaetsya lozhnoe vpechatlenie. Opasnee to, chto v Vashih sluchayah obychno prisutstvuet
chelovek, kotoryj delaet chto-to NE TAK, vyzyvaya krah sistemy. V to vremya
kak mnogie sluchai polomok NT proishodyat neprednamerenno v ezhednevnyh operaciyah
sistemy (na samom dele, ostavlenie sistemy nadolgo, vypolnyayushchej beschislennye
prilozheniya, mozhet vyzvat' strannye krahi s maloj veroyatnost'yu uznat' pochemu).
Takzhe zlobnye pol'zovateli mogut vyzyvat' padeniya iz-za plohoj realizacii
takih modulej kak vhod v sistemu (LSA) ili tcp/ip stek.

"Blue Screen of Death" mozhet byt' obychnym delom v nekotoroj komp'yuternoj
srede i chasto trudno reshit' problemu libo iz-za neponyatnyh libo nesushchestvuyushchih
soobshcheniyah ob oshibkah. V dobavok, NT prakticheski bezzashchitna k virusam na
Intel'ovskoj platforme. Microsoft prodolzhaet pisat' svoi OS takim obrazom,
chto ona chitaet Master Boot Record zhestkih diskov. |to znachit to, chto NT
Server mozhno teoreticheski svalit' virusom, napisannym 10 let nazad dlya
MS-DOS. Lyuboj, kto planiruet ispol'zovat' NT Server v srede, kritichnoj
k sboyam (mission critical environment) dolzhen uchityvat' etot fakt. YA lichno
stalkivalsya s MBR virusami v korporativnoj srede rabotayushchej s Windows NT
4.0 (bez klientov Windows 95!), i ih razrushitel'nym dejstviem.


Odin real'nyj sluchaj o nadezhnosti NT soobshchaet Quinn P. Coldiron, menedzher
informacionnogo otdela universiteta pechati v Nebraske,

Kogda-to, perenos Cats [sistema ispolneniya zakazov i inventarizacii]
na NT stal dlya nas prosto koshmarom. Sistema padala dva, tri raza v den'
bez osoboj prichiny. YA to i delo razgovarival s Microsoft i Cats, no nikto
ne mog nichego ob®yasnit'. Microsoft posovetovala postavit' Service Pack'i
i neskol'ko HotFix'ov, kotorye pomogli, no vse ravno ona padala po krajnej
mere dvazhdy v nedelyu so skvernym "sinim ekranom". Posle neskol'kih nedel'
i okolo $1500.00 na telefonnuyu podderzhku ot Microsoft, personal tehnicheskoj
podderzhki skazal mne, chtoby ya poiskal drugoe, luchshee PO, nezheli The Cat's
Pajamas. No eto bylo ne to reshenie, kotoroe ya iskal, tak kak na etom pakete
byl bol'shoj procent pressy nacional'nogo masshtaba, tak chto prishlos' otkatit'sya
k staromu Novell serveru do luchshih vremen. . . . CHetyrnadcat' mesyacev nazad,
my postavili Linux v kachestve nashego servera.

UNIX'ovyj ekvivalent "sinego ekrana" nazyvaetsya "kernel panic." On ochevidno
sushchestvuet, tak kak slyshal i chital o nem, no ni razu ne byl svidetelem
ego v moej professional'noj kar'ere. Hotya ya uveren, chto UNIX servery padayut
iz-za opredelennyh obstoyatel'stv, no eto ochen' redkie sluchai. Esli kogda
UNIX servery i padayut, eto prakticheski vsegda iz-za raznogo roda sboev
v apparature. Lyuboe prilozhenie, vyzyvayushchee problemy, v srede UNIX obychno
daet znat' cherez kakoe-to vremya, inogda v vide obshchego padeniya proizvoditel'nosti
sistemy, davaya administratoru dostatochno vremeni dlya vyyavleniya prichiny
problemy, ispravleniya ee i ostanovki/perezapuska processa (ochen'
redko vsej mashiny!) vyzyvayushchego problemu. V obshchem, UNIX server ostanavlivaetsya
tol'ko v sleduyushchih situaciyah:

Esli ni odna iz etih situacij ne voznikaet, togda period rabotosposobnogo
sostoyaniya UNIX sistemy mozhet izmeryat'sya godami. NT, odnako, ne mozhet pohvastat'sya
takimi periodami nepreryvnoj raboty. Dazhe esli mozhno bylo ustranit' "Blue
Screen of Death," NT budet meshat' ee sobstvennyj dizajn i ispol'zovanie
trudnyh-dlya-vosstanovleniya sobstvennyh binarnyh konfiguracionnyh fajlov,
takih kak reestr NT. Prochtite o massovom
padenii NT, kotoroe privelo k tomu, chto 10,000 NT mashin ne
mogli vypolnyat' zadachi, trebuyushchie setevyh
resursov.









Sistemnoe upravlenie

Argument v pol'zu Windows NT, chto ej proshche upravlyat', t.k. est' GUI (ukazhi-i-shchelkni
graficheskij pol'zovatel'skij interfejs) bezosnovatelen. Preimushchestvo, esli
takovoe imeetsya, GUI pered CLI (interfejs komandnoj stroki, t.e. ruchnoj
nabor komand s klaviatury) spornoe. Pervoe dopushchenie, chto Windows NT imeet
preimushchestvo pered UNIX iz-za svoego GUI. Ono nevernoe. OS UNIX takzhe imeet
GUI (sm. etot primer).

"NT po nachalu vyigryvala iz-za intuitivnogo pol'zovatel'skogo
interfejsa upravleniya odinochnymi sistemami, v osnovnom za schet neobychajnoj
populyarnosti shozhego s Windows GUI, peredelannogo pod NT. Odnako, kogda
pol'zovateli nachali ustanavlivat' bol'shoe chislo serverov, geograficheski
razbrosannyh, nekotorye arhitekturnye nedostatki sistemnogo upravleniya
NT stali bolee zametny, proishodyashchie prezhde vsego iz-za rascheta, chto eto
odnopol'zovatel'skaya sistema. Mnogopol'zovatel'skaya arhitektura UNIX podderzhivaet
udalennyj dostup na neskol'kih urovnyah, vklyuchayushchih vozmozhnost' zahoda v
simvol'noj sessii, cherez telnet, redaktirovaniya konfiguracionnyh fajlov,
zapuska GUI sredstv cherez setevuyu sistemu X Window, i s nekotoryh por cherez
Java versii sredstv sistemnogo upravleniya. NT sejchas ne
imeet ni odnogo iz etih sredstv. Vernee, udalennoe upravlenie NT
obychno vklyuchaet libo ustanovku lokal'nyh special'nyh programm, kotorye
po mneniyu Microsoft budut proshche iz-za bol'shih razmerov
NT i shozhesti s osnovnymi Windows versiyami, libo nadezhdu na mnogourovnevoe
PO sistemnogo administrirovaniya ot Microsoft ili tret'ih firm. Nikakih
funkcij, dazhe, nichego pohozhego po effektivnosti administrirovaniya raspredelennyh
UNIX sistem."

-- Vzyato iz: An
In-Depth Analysis of Five Commercial UNIX Operating Systems and Windows
NT Server 4.0 (Enterprise Edition) by D.H. Brown Associates, Inc.









Proizvoditel'nost'

Vychislitel'naya moshchnost' v znachitel'noj mere zavisit ot apparatnogo obespecheniya
komp'yutera, nezheli ot operacionnoj sistemy. Tak kak bol'shinstvo kommercheskih
OS UNIX rabotayut na high-end rabochih stanciyah ili serverah, to bylo by
nelepo sravnivat' IBM
SP2 ili Sun
Enterprise 10000 s tem, chto proizvodyat Compaq ili Dell. Istoricheski
UNIX byl OS dlya high-end apparatury. Skazat', chto UNIX proizvoditel'nee
NT po rezul'tatam testov, provedennyh na raznom apparatnom obespechenii,
budet nespravedlivo po otnosheniyu k Microsoft. S drugoj storony, Microsoft
umen'shila, a ne uvelichila, chislo podderzhivaemyh arhitektur. NT dlya MIPS
byla snyata s proizvodstva iz-za otsutstviya potrebitelej, a podderzhka PowerPC
sovsem neznachitel'na. NT, sejchas rabotaet tol'ko na x86 i Alpha arhitekturah,
stanovyas' "serverom dlya bednyh", kak ee chasto nazyvayut v IT.


Nedostatok nadezhnosti NT prevzojden tol'ko ee nedostatkom masshtabiruemosti.
Prevoshodyashchaya masshtabiruemost', dostignutaya kommercheskimi OS UNIX na ih
sootvetsvennyh apparatnyh sredstvah, eto ta prichina,
po kotoroj krupnye korporacii, s ih potrebnost'yu v bol'shih vychislitel'nyh
moshchnostyah, ne mogut perejti na NT, dazhe esli oni etogo zahotyat. Mary Hubley,
rukovoditel' NIR s GartnerGroup,
upominayut v stat'e NT
and UNIX: Irresistible Force vs. Immovable Object (yanvar' 1998)
chto obshchestvennost' slishkom polozhitel'no vosprinimaet vozmozhnosti NT, osnovannye
glavnym obrazom na razdutom marketinge:

"Mnogie polagayut, chto NT bolee prostaya v ispol'zovanii, chem
eto est' na samom dele, masshtabiruetsya luchshe chem est', i dostatochno moshchnaya,
chtoby delat' to, chto mozhet delat' UNIX. No mnogoe
iz etogo -- iz-za sil'nogo marketinga so storony Microsoft, a ne yavlyaetsya
dejstvitel'nost'yu.

European MikroGraf Corporation opublikovala
rezul'taty ih sobstvennogo sravneniya proizvoditel'nosti UNIX
vs NT i ob®yasnet pochemu:

"Neskol'ko raz v mesyac, zakazchiki iz pechatnoj promyshlennosti
sprashivali nas, kakuyu servernuyu platformu vybrat' : Unix ili Windows NT.
Windows NT mozhet byt' i podoshla by dlya ezhednevnyh operacij v srednem biznese,
no ne vyderzhala by nagruzki, kotoruyu izdateli obychno vozlagayut na servery.

Interesnyj fakt otnositel'no MikroGraf sravneniya
UNIX protiv NT, chto te zhe samye apparatnye sredstva ispol'zovalis'
v dvuh iz chetyreh testah, Digital Model 2100: pervyj raz s Digital UNIX
v kachestve OS, a drugoj raz s Windows NT, na toj zhe apparature.


Spravedlivosti radi, sleduet sravnivat' proizvoditel'nost' NT servera
s Linux ili FreeBSD, tak kak vse eti OS rabotayut na odnoj apparature. K
sozhaleniyu, po nastoyashchemu ob®ektivnoe sravnenie proizvoditel'nosti budet
osnovyvat'sya na benchmark'ah, a eto, naskol'ko ya znayu, ne podhodit dlya
sravneniya Linux ili FreeBSD s NT. Obshchee mnenie sredi IT specialistov takovo,
chto Linux i FreeBSD sil'no prevoshodyat NT. Uchityvaya, chto yadra etih UNIX'ov
special'no otkompilirovany takim obrazom, chtoby vklyuchat' tol'ko te moduli,
kotorye nuzhny administratoru, to Linux i FreeBSD mogut rabotat' gorazdo
effektivnee NT. Sobstvenno, lyubaya OS, trebuyushchaya men'she resursov budet proizvoditel'nee,
bolee razdutoj operacionnoj sistemy, takoj kak NT. UNIX dlya funkcionirovaniya
ne trebuetsya graficheskij interfejs pol'zovatelya. NT trebuetsya. Lyuboj znaet,
chto grafika trebuet neveroyatnyh kolichestv diskovogo prostranstva i pamyati.
To zhe samoe spravedlivo i dlya zvukovyh fajlov, kotorye, sudya po vsemu,
tak vazhny dlya operacionnyh sistem Microsoft.


Benchmark'i, provedennye na shozhih OS UNIX, na odnom "zheleze", bolee
vyrazitel'ny. Net Express,
postavshchik x86 apparatnogo obespecheniya cherez Internet, ch'i sistemy "razrabotany
dlya uchenyh, inzhenerov i telekommunikacionnoj industrii", predstavlyaet kakogo
rezul'tata mozhno dobit'sya pri pravil'nom vybore OS:






Byte UNIX Benchmark 3.2 for OS Comparison:

V dopolnenie my predstavlyaem eti rezul'taty Byte UNIX Benchmark
3.2 dlya sravneniya otnositel'noj skorosti treh populyarnyh UNIX/UNIX-klonov
OS. Testy provedeny na mashine s Pentium 133MHz s 32MB OZU, Triton-II 430HX
chipsetom i BusLogic SCSI kontrollerom:






Sistema

Bytemarks





Linux na Pentium 133MHz

12.2





BSD na Pentium 133MHz

9.8





Solaris 2.5 na Pentium 133MHz

6.2





Solaris na Sun Sparc-II Ultra 167MHz System

13.7





Solaris 2.5 na Orion Pentium Pro 200MHz

13.5




Iz etih rezul'tatov vidno, chto Linux ochen' effektivnaya OS.
Znacheniya dlya Linux na Pentium 133 blizki po skorosti k Solaris 2.5 na 167MHz
Sparc Ultra ili na 200MHz Pentium Pro!!!

Copyright ¿ 1996 Net Express All Rights Reserved.







Veroyatno, primerom luchshej proizvoditel'nosti budet,
esli vybrat' OS UNIX i besplatnyj Web server Apache, stat'yu Sean'a Fulton'a
o chem mozhno najti v INTERNETWEEK ot 5 maya, 1997, Towers
of Power -- We test five muscular Web servers aimed at high-end intranet
applications. Dlya NT, rezul'taty testov dostatochno neuteshitel'ny:

"Mashiny ot Telenet System Solutions proizvodili bol'shinstvo
syurprizov vo vremya nashih testov, tak, BSDi, na odnoprocessornoj sisteme,
byla na urovne, a v nekotoryh sluchayah prevoshodila 2-h processornye mashiny
s Windows NT.


"V etom primere testirovalis' OS BSDi 3.0 i HTTP server Apache. I 2-h
processornye mashiny s Windows NT 4.0 i Microsoft Internet Information Server
2.0.

Esli govorit' o proizvoditel'nosti Web servera, Ariel Faigon ukazyvaet,
chto SGI mashine, rabotayushchej pod IRIX sejchas prinadlezhit mirovoj rekord v
etoj oblasti:

"V aprele 1998, luchshij SPECWeb rezul'tat v 7214 http operacii
v sekundu byl dostignut na 8-CPU servere Silicon Graphics Origin 2000,
pod upravleniem IRIX 6.5 i Netscape Web servera.


Dlya bolee polnoj informaciis, sm. press-reliz
SGI.


"V protivopolozhnost', luchshij rezul'tat NT -- 1878 op/sek na 4-CPU Hewlett-Packard
NetServer LXr Pro 6/200 s Microsoft IIS.

Voobshche-to, sleduyushchij primer ne yavlyaetsya v polnoj mere tochnym testom dlya
opredeleniya raznicy proizvoditel'nosti mezhdu Linux i NT, no Richard Betel
daet neplohuyu ideyu o tom, chego sleduet ozhidat' v real'noj situacii:

U menya v techenii 2 mesyacev rabotal distributed.net klient po
vzlomu RC5... On byl ustanovlen na kazhdom servere, u kotorogo bylo dostatochnoe
kolichestvo vremeni prostoya. Tuda zhe vhodili dve odinakovye mashiny: obe
Dual-Pentium II na 300MHz, 128MB OZU. Na odnoj zapushchena NT, i bezdejstvuyushchij
exchange server (my sobiralis' ispol'zovat' ego, no sejchas, on polnost'yu
ne zanyat), a na drugoj Linux (my ispol'zovali ego iz-za ego skorosti. |to
byl Samba server, a takzhe my peresobirali raznye programmki na nem). Linux-mashina
podbirala klyuchi v 1.8 raz bystree NT.









Bezopasnost'

|ta tema slishkom obshirna i slozhna, chtoby byt' polnost'yu rassmotrennoj v
stat'e. Bezopasnost', odnako ochen' vazhna. Jim Mohr ukazyvaet nekotorye
interesnye fakty v svoej stat'e Velikaya
Diskussiya Linux-protiv-NT po bezopasnosti.
Sleduyushchie ssylki prevoshodnye otpravnye tochki dlya sravneniya slabyh storon
zashchity razlichnyh OS:

Odno interesnoe nablyudenie:


11 maya, 1998 na Discovery Channel
vyshla programma Agenstva nacional'noj bezopasnosti kak chast' ih
"Discovery Signature Series." Kratkoe opisanie ih polutorachasovogo doklada,
kotoryj translirovalsya v 9 vechera po central'nomu vremeni, takovo "naibolee
zasekrechennoe agenstvo Ameriki raskryvaet nekotorye sekrety pri pomoshchi
vysokotehnologichnoj magii." Naibolee zapomnilos' to, chto bylo mnogo rabochih
stancij s logotipom Sun Microsystems,
ne tol'ko v komnate kriptografii, no takzhe i v odnom iz zalov upravleniya.
V odnom meste, gde Agenstvo proizvodit nekotorye iz sobstvennyh mikrokristallov,
na monitorah byli vidny bol'shie znaki "X", logotip X-Window sistemy, ispol'zuemoj
vo vseh OS UNIX. Gde-to v konce peredachi, pokazali laptop s zapushchennym
DOS prilozheniem. Tol'ko odna mashina s logotipom Intel byla pokazana za
vse vremya peredachi. Ona ne ispol'zovalas' dlya kriptograficheskih zadach.
Ona zanimalas' raspoznavaniem obrazov, no granicy okna prilozheniya pohozhe
byli ne-MS-Windows OS.













Neskol'ko obshchih zabluzhdenij

NT eto igrushechnaya operacionnaya sistema


Dlya operacionnoj sistemy, kotoraya vyrosla iz igrushechnoj OS, ona
predlagaet nekotoruyu dostatochno ser'eznuyu funkcional'nost'. Hotya ona ne
dostatochno horosho masshtabiruetsya -- proizvoditel'nost' padaet pri bol'shem
chisle processorov na server, chem 4 -- ona dostatochno daleko prodvinulas'.
Hotya, ya by i ne rekomendoval ee v kachestve osnovnoj OS v promyshlennyh masshtabah,
ona vpolne podojdet dlya malogo biznesa s chislom pol'zovatelej men'she 250,
gde ne ispol'zuyutsya kritichnye k sboyam processy. Takzhe uchtite, chto odinochnyj
NT server ne smozhet obsluzhivat' 250 pol'zovatelej. Obshchie rekomendacii takovy:
odin PDC (Windows NT Primary Domain Controller) i dva BDC (Backup Domain
Controllers). Derzhat' ostal'nye servernye prilozheniya na PDC takzhe ne rekomenduetsya.
Esli ponadobyatsya RDBMS, E-mail, Web, i drugie standartnye servisy , skoree
vsego treh NT serverov budet nedostatochno.


Perenesya vse na Windows NT kompaniya mozhet stolknut'sya s problemami
geterogennoj setevoj sredy.


Pervoe predpolozhenie, chto geterogennaya setevaya sreda sozdaet problemy.
Odnazhdy ya rabotal v kompanii gde sosushchestvovali, prakticheski bez konfliktov,
NT i Novell. V dejstvitel'nosti, istinnaya prichina takogo sovmestnogo sushchestvovaniya
byla takaya, chto Novell byla proizvoditel'nee NT v oblasti razdachi fajlov
i printerov. V UNIX, kazhdyj mozhet sdelat' Microsoft-sovmestimoe kollektivnoe
ispol'zovanie fajlov i printerov, prichem pol'zovateli mogut i ne znat',
chto eti servisy krutyatsya na UNIX servere. Dlya nih dlya vseh, eto budet NT
server. |togo mozhno dostich' v UNIX OS Sun'a, Solaris. V Linux, dlya etogo
ispol'zuetsya PO, nazyvaemoe Samba, kotoroe postavlyaetsya so vsemi distributivami.
Samba dostupna prakticheski dlya lyuboj OS UNIX. Takzhe ona sushchestvuet pod
VMS, MVS, OS/2, Stratus-VOS, Amiga, Novell, i MPE/iX.


UNIX eto ustarevshaya, neponyatnaya, vsya osnovannaya
na komandnoj stroke OS.


Nepravda! CDE (Common Desktop Environment) eto GUI desktop (graficheskij
interfejs pol'zovatelya: Vy ispol'zuete mysh' dlya ukazaniya i shchelkan'ya, ili
peretaskivaniya ob®ektov na raznocvetnom "desktope"; eto osnova uspeha Microsoft).
CDE postavlyaetsya s bol'shinstvom kommercheskih OS UNIX: perechislim nekotorye
-- Sun Solaris, IBM AIX
Hewlett Packard HP-UX,
DEC Digital UNIX. Primerno
za $90 mozhno kupit' CDE dlya Linux, esli vdrug sluchitsya, chto Vam ne ponravyatsya
chetyre GUI sistemy, postavlyaemye s Linux: OpenLook, GUI, ispol'zuemyj
v Solaris; FVWM, besplatnyj GUI, ochen' pohozhij na Windows 3.1 GUI; ili
FVWM-95, drugoj besplatnyj GUI, parodiruyushchij GUI Windows 95 (pri vzglyade
na odinochnyj ekran, nikto ne smozhet otlichit' FVWM-95 ot Windows 95). TWM
eto predshestvennik razlichnyh FVWM okonnyh menedzherov, kotoryj takzhe postavlyaetsya
s Linux. Esli u Vas ne bylo vozmozhnosti posidet' za komp'yuterom, na kotorom
zapushchen UNIX, vot neskol'ko SCREENSHOT'ov
etih okonnyh menedzherov: CDE,
TED (CDE dlya Linux ot TriTeal), KDE,
FVWM
1.24, FVWM
2.x, FVWM-95,
olvwm(virtual'nyj
okonnyj menedzher OpenLook). |to tol'ko nekotorye GUI interfejsy dostupnye
pol'zovatelyam UNIX. Stranichka Matt Chapman Guide
to Window Managers for The X Window System horosha dlya nachinayushchih. Vy
najdete dostatochno screenshot'ov na ego sajte. Takzhe uchtite, chto vse eti
okonnye menedzhery horosho perenastraivayutsya; ne udivlyajtes', esli screenshot'y
odnogo i togo zhe okonnogo menedzhera vyglyadyat sovershenno po-raznomu. Kak
zayavlyaet Matt na svoej stranichke, "Tak kak vse lyudi raznye, to oni i komp'yutery
ispol'zuyut po-raznomu, dlya raznyh zadach. Pochemu zhe nekotorye dumayut, chto
my dolzhny vse ispol'zovat' (vynosit'?) odin interfejs?" Po ironii sud'by,
eto graficheskij interfejs Microsoft, kotoryj ne soderzhit v dostatochnoj
mere funkcij nastrojki.


CHto kasaetsya obvinenij naschet ustarelosti UNIX, ona do sih por OS dlya
uchenyh, inzhenerov, issledovatelej i vysshego obrazovaniya. Mnogie inzhenery
predpochtut, bez kolebanij, UNIX vmesto NT. Oni polnost'yu osvedomleny o
vozmozhnosti UNIX nastraivat'sya i podstraivat'sya pod opredelennye vychislitel'nye
zadachi.


Vse ravno, vse kogda-nibud' perejdut na NT, my dolzhny malo-pomalu
zamenyat' nashi UNIX servera na NT. |to napravlenie budushchego.


Esli Vy pogovorite s MIS menedzherami kakoj-nibud' bol'shoj kompanii,
u kotoryh stoyali UNIX ili Novell paru let nazad, a zatem oni zamenili svoi
Novell servera na NT, Vy uznaete, chto nikto iz nih ne mozhet obhodit'sya
bez svoih UNIX serverov. Pohozhe, chto bol'shie nagruzki vse eshche luchshe vypolnyayutsya
na UNIX serverah. Do sih por v moej kar'ere, ya videl, chto Oracle server
vsegda stavilsya na UNIX server. Odin IT specialist, odnako, prislal mne
e-mail, v kotorom govorilos', "YA obsluzhivayu neskol'ko installyacij ORACLE
na NT. I ya nablyudal proizvoditel'nost' i funkcional'nost', kotorye nikogda
ne videl na UNIX (Pyramid)."







Mneniya drugih MIS specialistov

Robert Schindler, mashinostroitel' iz Floridy, rabotavshij techenie poslednego
desyatiletiya vneshtatnym konsul'tantom na razlichnyh kompaniyah Fortune 100
v oblasti strukturnogo analiza, pishet:

"Ot menya Vy ne dozhdetes' pohvaly NT ili drugomu produktu MS.
YA polagayu, chto Gates i ego imperiya sdelali bol'she, chem kto by to ni bylo,
chtoby snizit' standarty nashego obshchestva. Esli by moj produkt imel to zhe
kachestvo, chto i u nih, to samolety padali by ezhechasno.

Odin specialist, pozhelavshij ostat'sya neizvestnym, iz-za opaseniya poteryat'
rabotu, pishet:

"Dnem ya rabotayu v bol'shoj firme. Ona odna iz samyh krupnyh
v mire. My reshili ispol'zovat' paket monitoringa i upravleniya set'yu ot
Cabletron. On dostupnen pod NT i pod Unix. Lyudi, kotorye dolzhny byli rabotat'
s nim, vybrali NT, tak kak byli bolee znakomy s nej, nezheli s Unix. Okolo
goda i chetverti millionov dollarov nazad, oni v itoge otkazalis' ot NT
i sdelali pod Solaris. Pochemu? NT prosto ne masshtabirovalas'.

Tim Newsham v otvete na etu stat'yu pishet:

"YA razrabatyvayu PO v NT i v UNIX. YA prezirayu NT. |to otvratitel'naya
tvar' rabotaet ochen', ochen' ploho i slishkom nestabil'no. Nekotorye chasti
NT nastol'ko krivye, chto osnovnoe vremya po perenosu PO zanimaet bor'ba
s oshibkami Microsoft. Menya bespokoit tot fakt, chto tak mnogo lyudej pereshli
s unix na NT. YA predstavlyayu sebe, chto v konce koncov budet sil'naya anti-NT
reakciya, kak tol'ko rukovodstvo osoznaet kakoj vred NT prichinila ih organizacii.

Joseph Day, konsul'tant iz Chicago, otvechaet Jesse Berst:

"YA razrabatyvayu PO kak dlya NT, tak i dlya 95. YA ne mogu ponyat'
pochemu lyudi schitayut, chto eti platformy nastol'ko zamechatel'nye. . . . Ta
podderzhka, kotoraya okazyvaetsya v Linux-soobshchestve cherez telekonferencii,
namnogo prevoshodit vse, chto mozhet predlozhit' Microsoft. . . . NT eshche predstoit
dolgij put', chtoby dostich' togo urovnya stabil'nosti, kotoryj est' v Linux.

-- Vyderzhki iz pis'ma Joseph Day ozaglavlennogo, How
did Microsoft pay you to write this article?, Istochnik: Jesse
Berst's Anchor Desk. February 16, 1998, ZDNet.

Torsten Holvak, sistemnyj administrator iz Laramie, WY, otvechaet Jesse
Berst:

"Jesse: YA uveren, chto Microsoft, kak IBM v 60-h, hotela by,
chtoby lyudi poverili, chto vybiraya drugoj, otlichnyj ot ih, produkt, oni ujdut
v storonu ot progressa. No ved' eto ne tak! YA ubedil sotrudnikov perenesti
kritichnye k sboyam e-mail ili Web server na NT, a ne UNIX. My ispol'zuem
FreeBSD dlya vsego, i net nichego bolee stabil'nogo. Besplatnye UNIX servery
ne tol'ko bystree, moshchnee i stabil'nee NT, no takzhe i podderzhka luchshe.
Poprobujte poluchit' otvet ot sluzhby tehnicheskoj podderzhki Microsoft ne
platya kuchu deneg i/ili ne ozhidaya otveta. I schitajte sebya schastlivchikom,
esli eto dejstvitel'no reshit Vashu problemu. YA byl udivlen, chto eta stat'ya
poyavilas' na Vashej zaglavnoj stranice. |to smushchaet. YA i ne DUMAL, chto Vy
rasprostranyaete Microsoft FUD [FUD (fuhd) sushch.
Sleng. Tehnologiya. "Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt," (Opasenie, neopredelennost',
i somnenie) termin, ispol'zuemyj v komp'yuternoj oblasti, opisyvayushchij lozh'
ili iskazhenie dejstvitel'nosti o tehnologii ili produkte] -- primechanie
perevodchika.

-- Vyderzhki iz pis'ma Torsten Holvak ozaglavlennogo, I'd
fire someone for using NT, Istochnik: Jesse
Berst's Anchor Desk. February 16, 1998, ZDNet.

Quinn P. Coldiron, menedzher informacionnogo otdela universiteta pechati
v Nebraske, pishet o svoem opyte raboty s Novell, Windows NT, i Linux:

"Posle vypolneniya utrennih obyazannostej, obychno my zapuskaem
polnoe rezervnoe kopirovanie Cats [sistema ispolneniya zakazov i inventarizacii]
kotoroe obychno zanimalo okolo dvuh chasov na Netware servere. Linux mashina
spravlyalas' s etoj rabotoj za 45 minut, vyigryvaya nemnogim bolee chasa ot
vremeni zakrytiya. |tot vyigrysh vo vremeni eshche soprovozhdalsya snizheniem trebovanij
k apparature, tak kak Linux server rabotal vsego lish' s 32 Mb OZU i IDE
zhestkimi diskami, v to vremya kak Netware server imel 64 Mb OZU i SCSI diski.
Uvelichenie skorosti skazalos' takzhe i na ezhednevnoj rabote. YA poluchayu pochti
ezhednevnye soobshcheniya, chto sistema pohozhe stala rabotat' bystree i bolee
stabil'no.


"Nedavno my zamenili processor na 200MGc Pentium i dobavili pamyati do
64 Mb, chtoby zamenit' im nash Windows NT fajlovyj/print server, kotoryj
takzhe dva raza v mesyac padal bez prichiny, dazhe posle dopolnitel'noj teh.
podderzhki Microsoft za $1,500. |tot odin komp'yuter, rabotayushchij pod RedHat
Linux zamenit oba nashih, i Novell Netware 3.11 server, i Windows NT 4.0
server, pri umen'shenii obshchih zatrat na apparaturu. S poslednimi dostizheniyami
komandy razrabotchikov Samba v podderzhke struktury domena NT i vypuskom
v dekabre 1997 RedHat 5.0, ya ozhidayu poluchit' ochen' effektivnyj i nedorogoj
server dlya nashih Windows 95, Windows NT i Macintosh klientov.

-- Vzyato iz: Replacing
Windows NT Server with Linux

29 sentyabrya, 1997 Nick Johnson pisal v Byte
Forum:

"Buduchi administratorom, mne bylo dostatochno trudno pol'zovat'sya
operacionnoj sistemoj, kogda ej trebuetsya 128 megov OZU, dva 200-MGc processora
i 8 gigov diskovogo prostranstva vsego lish' dlya malen'kogo intranet web
servera, osobenno kogda OS padaet i peregruzhaetsya ot prostogo i standartnogo
TCP paketa. NT prosto ne goditsya v sluchayah, kogda trebuetsya nadezhnost'
i skorost'. Mozhno etu zhe zadachu, chto opisana ran'she, zapuskat' na 386 s
16 megami OZU na FreeBSD, bez rashodov na torgovyj znak Microsoft.

Mike Hucka, administrator UNIX i programmist iz Michigan, pishet:

"CHto pugaet menya, tak eto pochemu lyudi vkladyvayut stol'ko
v resheniya NT, kogda nastol'ko ochevidno, chto resheniya UNIX gorazdo bolee
produmannye, nadezhnye, menee dorogie i gorazdo bolee proizvoditel'nye?
Pochemu? CHto stalo s lyud'mi?


"Mozhet lyudi prosto ne znayut o vozmozhnostyah UNIX?"


"Mozhet lyudi dumayut, chto UNIX sistemy trudnee ispol'zovat'? YA mozhet byt'
pristrasten, no kogda smotryu na rabochij stol CDE ot Sun, ili KDE, to schitayu,
chto on ochen' pohozh na PC ili Mac. Takzhe sushchestvuet GIGANTSKOE kolichestvo
dokumentacii po UNIX -- dostatochno upomyanut' knigi izdatel'stva O'Reilly
& Associates, ili spravochnye materialy vsegda dostupnye na sajte Sun
http://docs.sun.com, ili sotni
podobnyh sajtov, soderzhashchih informaciyu obo vseh myslimyh aspektah UNIX.


"V dobavok, mozhno skachat' besplatnye versii UNIX, kotorye po nadezhnosti
i masshtabiruemosti sravnimy s Solaris, a budut rabotat' dostatochno horosho
na PC, esli vy tak pozhelaete.


"I ko vsemu prochemu, poluchite ishodnyj kod."


"Pochemu zhe, vo imya vsego svyatogo, lyudi prodolzhayut pytat'sya ispol'zovat'
NT?"






Web servery

Web yavlyaetsya istochnikom zhiznennoj sily Internet. |to tot vneshnij vid, kotoryj
lyudi vidyat. Esli Vash sajt medlennyj, perepolnen tehnicheskimi problemami,
ili nedostupen, to eto nesomnenno okazhet neblagopriyatnyj effekt. Tak kak
bol'shinstvo krupnyh kompanij orientirovany na UNIX, to oni obychno v kachestve
Web servera ispol'zuyut Apache ili Netscape-Enterprise. Uchtite, chto Apache
razvivalsya vmeste s UNIX. On besplaten, i sejchas yavlyaetsya osnovoj Internet.
Priblizitel'no polovina Web serverov v Internet rabotaet pod Apache
(sm. the Netcraft Web Server
Survey). Microsoft IIS Web server dazhe ne naschityvaet odnoj chetverti
vseh podklyuchennyh k Internet serverov. Apache sejchas ispol'zuetsya v Javasoft,
The FBI, Financial
Times, The Movies Database, W3
Consortium, The Royal Family,
Oxford University Libraries Automation
Service, M.I.T., Harvard
University, i University of Texas
at Austin. Netcraft takzhe upominaet, chto "kompaniya po predostavleniyu
virtual'nyh web serverov Rapidsite
nahoditsya na pyatom meste v obzore. Ih sistema, rabotayushchaya pod upravleniem
izmenennoj versii Apache, derzhit 44,280 domenov na 39,905 otdel'nyh ip
adresah. |to nesomnennoe dostizhenie krupnejshej kompanii virtual'nyh serverov."
Takzhe v razdele proizvoditel'nosti etoj stat'i Vy najdete, chto Unix-Apache
marriage put the NT-IIS one to shame. Apache ne tol'ko bystrodejstvuyushchij,
no i besplatnyj.


Esli trebuetsya bolee moshchnyj Web server, to luchshim vyborom budet Netscape-Enterprise.
Hotya on ne besplatnyj kak Apache, on udovletvorit bol'shinstvo trebovanij.
Netscape-Enterprise ispol'zuyut takie kompanii, kak BMW,
Dilbert, Silicon
Graphics, Shell, Sun
Microsystems, Sybase, Ferrari
i The Vatican.


Microsoft IIS eto odna iz nemnogih veshchej, kotoraya idet vmeste s Windows
NT. On ne obladaet nikakimi osobennymi ili unikal'nymi svojstvami, uzhe
prisutstvuyushchimi v drugih Web serverah. On ne prevoshodit ni po skorosti,
ni po populyarnosti, ni po chislu odnovremenno obsluzhivaemyh zaprosov. Sejchas
on ispol'zuetsya Compaq, Nasdaq,
The National Football League, Exxon,
i Tesco. Uchityvaya tot fakt, chto
Microsoft obyazana vo mnogom nizkoj po cene PC arhitekture, t.e. osnovannoj
na Intel mashinah, mozhno podumat', chto
etot krupnyj partner Microsoft budet ispol'zovat' IIS. CHto zh, predpolozhim!
www.intel.com ispol'zuet Netscape
FastTrack Server.


Dlya pol'zovatelej Windows 95 i NT, naibolee populyarnoe
mesto v Web, gde mozhno vzyat' besplatnoe ili uslovno-besplatnoe PO eto sajt
www.windows95.com. Iz-za
ogromnoj populyarnosti, trebuetsya nadezhnaya operacionnaya sistema i proizvoditel'nyj
Web server. Tak kak vse PO predstavlennoe na sajte isklyuchitel'no dlya Windows
95 ili NT, i obshchij dizajn sajta napominaet Microsoft, mozhno predpolozhit',
chto oni ispol'zuyut NT server s IIS. Odnako, vot citata
s odnoj iz stranic ih Web servera:

Kakoe programmnoe i apparatnoe obespechenie ispol'zuetsya
dlya Windows95.com?

My ispol'zuem Pentium Pro komp'yutery, rabotayushchie pod upravleniem
OS BSDI UNIX i Web serverom Apache. Nashi servery podklyucheny k Internet
cherez multi-homed T3 soedineniya.



Primechanie: |ta citata vzyata v fevrale 1998. Nedavno oni smenili imya s
Windows95.com na WinFiles.com, hotya do sih por ispol'zuyut domen windows95.com.
|ta peremena proizoshla v marte 1998.




Mail servery (MTA)




Mneniya drugih MIS specialistov:

Billy Bob Thornton pishet:

Exchange takzhe imeet takoe "preimushchestvo", chto sleduet platit'
Microsoft za kazhdoe podklyuchenie k serveru (plata za kazhdoe mesto). Mozhno
sobrat' sistemu, esli ispol'zovat' Sun Ultra 1 (primerno $7K) i Solaris
Internet Mail Server (idet v postavke s Solaris 2.6), i obsluzhivat' paru
tysyach POP i IMAP klientov. Lyuboj, kto provedet polnoe marketingovoe issledovanie,
pojmet, chto tozhe reshenie, tol'ko na NT servere i Exchange, obojdetsya v
dva raza dorozhe.

Brad Van Orden, sistemnyj/setevoj konsul'tant, pishet:

. . . Kak ya uzhe govoril, dazhe esli otbrosit' raschetnye ceny,
Exchange obojdetsya gorazdo dorozhe v obsluzhivanii. Potrebuetsya kto-to, kto
budet aktivno upravlyat' prilozheniem. Esli zhe pol'zovat'sya Unix pochtoj,
i esli Vash sendmail.cf pravil'no napisan, to edinstvennaya veshch', kotoruyu
nado budet administrirovat' eto dobavlenie i udalenie alias'ov. |to ogromnaya
raznica v real'nyh cenah.

Tom Moore iz Dayton, Ohio pishet:

Tendenciya takova, chto administrator mozhet
byt' "chajnikom". YA prochital stat'yu o Web serverah, gde govorilos',
chto hotya Apache i yavlyaetsya dominiruyushchim serverom v Internet segodnya, on
"vozmozhno ne goditsya" dlya korporativnyh nuzhd, potomu chto on ne imeet GUI
dlya administrirovaniya, poetomu dlya ego nastrojki potrebuetsya kvalificirovannyj
administrator. Vyvod takoj, chto nalichie GUI znachit, chto kazhdyj mozhet prosto
ukazat', shchelknut' i vse pravil'no nastroit'.


Ta zhe "logika", vozmozhno, primenima k sendmail i MS Exchange. Tak kak
sendmail imeet tekstovyj fajl nastroek, to nuzhen kvalificirovannyj administrator.
Exchange imeet GUI, poetomu takoj chelovek ne nuzhen. Porabotav s oboimi,
ya ne poveryu v eto. Ustanovka oboih v tipichnoj konfiguracii prosta. Oba
trebuyut opyta nastrojki dlya slozhnyh veshchej. Kogda trebuyutsya dejstvitel'no
slozhnye veshchi, takie kak otfil'trovka SPAM, Exchange uzhe ne podhodit.

Odin chitatel' poschital nechestnym sravnenie MS Exchange s MTA:

"Sravnenie Exchange, i drugih sluchajnyh MTA, budet v luchshem
sluchae iskazheniem dejstvitel'nosti. Exchange ne yavlyaetsya i ne yavlyalsya MTA;
skoree eto korporativnyj server peredachi soobshchenij."

MS Exchange imeet nekotorye vozmozhnosti, ne harakternye dlya MTA, odnako,
cel' etoj stat'i, eto kakie sistemy peredachi soobshchenij idut v postavke
operacionnoj sistemy. Otvet takov: dlya Unix, eto Sendmail; dlya Windows
NT Server 4.0, nichego; odnako, esli Vy vybiraete reshenie Microsoft, to
odnoznachno zastryanete na Exchange Server.


Microsoft Exchange Server ne edinstvennyj pochtovyj server predlagayushchij
takie vozmozhnosti. Vzglyanite na varianty IMAP4 serverov, dostupnyh korporativnym
pol'zovatelyam i sravnite:








Lotus Domino 4.6a

Microsoft Exchange Server 5.0

Enterprise Editiop		

Netscape
Suitespot Server 3.5





Podderzhivaemye platformy:

AIX, HP-UX, Netware, OS/2, OS/400, Solaris, S/390, Windows NT, Windows
95

Windows NT Server

AIX, Digital UNIX, HP-UX, IRIX, Solaris, Windows NT





Stoimost' servera i licenzii na 50 klientov

$4,240

$4,859

$4,100




Dlya bolee polnoj informacii o cenah vospol'zujtes' etoj ssylkoj.




Zaklyuchenie

Po ironii sud'by, iz obzorov opytnyh sistemnyh administratorov skladyvaetsya
mnenie, chto UNIX podojdet v sluchayah, libo malogo byudzheta, libo ogromnyh
korporacij s potrebnost'yu v moshchnyh mnogoprocessornyh serverah, trebuyushchih
masshtabiruyumuyu OS. SHtatnyj sotrudnik Washington Post, Elizabeth
Corcoran, soobshchila real'nyj primer iz zhizni:

Cincinnati Bell Information Systems, naprimer, dolgie gody
ispol'zovala rabochie stancii i servera Sun dlya obrabotki chekov. Nedavno,
dlya obsluzhivaniya milliona schetov v den', kompaniya kupila neskol'ko Sun
serverov starshej modeli. Vybor, govorit James Holtman, vice-prezident CBIS
, byl, ili servera Sun ili mejnfrejmy IBM. Tehnologiya Microsoft "eshche zdes'
ne goditsya. Trebuetsya vremya, chtoby dostich' urovnya takogo razmera sistem,"
govorit on.

(The Washington Post, Sunday, February 8, 1998; Page H01)

V tom sluchae, esli kompaniya malogo-srednego razmera, imeet neskol'ko kritichnyh
processov, sobiraetsya nanyat' dopolnitel'nyh administratorov dlya Microsoft
Exchange i Internet Information Server(ov), i imeet prochnyj byudzhet dlya
licenzionnoj shemy Microsoft "na server" ili "na rabochee mesto", togda
sleduet vybirat' NT. AberdeenGroup
opublikovala prekrasnoe issledovanie
po perehodu na Windows NT.


NT takzhe prekrasno podhodit dlya menedzherov, kotorym nado pokazyvat',
chto oni potratili godovoj byudzhet na rashody po apparatnomu/programmnomu
obespecheniyu. Vozmozhno, imenno poetomu ne trebuetsya predvaritel'noe razreshenie
na priobretenie vnutri federal'nyh agentstv; "NT stala 'neoficial'nym'
standartom operacionnoj sistemy dlya federal'nogo pravitel'stva. Federal'nye
sluzhashchie, v ch'i obyazannosti vhodit priobretenie komp'yuternogo apparatnogo/programmnogo
obespecheniya trebuyut predvaritel'noe pis'mennoe razreshenie pered priobreteniem
OS UNIX ili "zheleza", na kotorom ne idet Windows NT. Dlya apparatury, orientirovannoj
na Intel ili Windows NT, takogo razresheniya ne trebuetsya." (soobshchil postavshchik
reshenij Sun, pozhelavshij ostat'sya neizvestnym)


Dlya malyh predpriyatij ili byudzhetnyh gossluzhashchih, ili dazhe srednego-krupnogo
biznesa, kotorye nachinayut storonit'sya ustarelogo mneniya, chto proizvoditel'nost'
luchshe vsego ocenivaetsya po poslednej cifre v kvitancii ob uplate, Linux
ili FreeBSD zaprosto mogut prevzojti po proizvoditel'nosti i funkcional'nosti
resheniya na baze NT, rabotaya na nedorogoj arhitekture Intel, i vse eto za
$0.00, cena, kotoruyu Bill Gates budet trudno pobit'. Zachem vkladyvat' sredstva
v OS, kotoraya trebuet dorogogo obucheniya i pereobuchenie s kazhdym novym vyhodom
NT? Administratory UNIX/Linux bolee polno i luchshe tehnicheski podkovany,
chem ih NT kollegi (mnogie administratory UNIX imeyut takoj uroven' napisaniya
programm/skriptov, kotoryj redko vstretish' sredi novogo pokoleniya "adminov
NT"). Zachem tratit' pochti $5,000 na MS Exchange Server (eta cena tol'ko
na dostup 50 klientov), kotoryj v nekotoryh kompaniyah, budet v sostoyanii
obsluzhivat' e-mail neskol'kih soten sluzhashchih, kogda mozhno pol'zovat'sya
vstroennym PO pochtovogo servera "Sendmail", kotoroe postavlyaetsya s Linux,
proverennym PO, dokazavshim vozmozhnost' rabotat' s pochtoj tysyach lyudej?


CHto kasaetsya dejstvitel'nogo chisla vozmozhnostej i proizvoditel'nosti
dvuh operacionnyh sistem, to OS UNIX yavlyaetsya nesomnennym liderom. Ona
predlagaetsya bol'shim chislom postavshchikov (net ugrozy monopolii), horosho
masshtabiruetsya, bolee effektivna v ispol'zovanii sistemnyh resursov, soderzhit
sredstva udalennogo administrirovaniya, udalennogo vychisleniya, mnogopol'zovatel'skie
vozmozhnosti, polnuyu palitru (professional'nogo) PO, nezavisimye standarty
razrabotchikov (POSIX), upravlenie ispol'zovaniem diskovogo prostranstva
(v otlichie ot NT), i ne mozhet byt' svalena virusom, napisannym 10 let nazad
dlya DOS komp'yuterov. No naibolee vazhnaya veshch', kotoruyu sleduet vynesti iz
etoj stat'i pri vybore mezhdu Windows NT i mnogimi OS UNIX, eto to, chto:

OS UNIX daet Vam pravo vybora: lyuboj tip "zheleza",
CLI ili GUI, kommercheskoe ili GNU, raznoobraznoe chislo postavshchikov. Ona
dinamichna, t.e. mozhno sobrat' svoe yadro, pod svoi konkretnye nuzhdy.


Windows NT daet Vam sploshnye ogranicheniya: tol'ko Intel
ili Alpha; net CLI, tol'ko GUI (poprobujte zagruzit' NT v rezhime tol'ko
CLI) i tol'ko odin GUI (net togo raznoobraziya okonnyh sistem, kotorye est'
pod X); tol'ko kommercheskie MTA, tol'ko Microsoft (hot' raz slyshali o drugih
kompaniyah, predlagayushchih "klon NT Server" OS?), i t.d. NT Server statichna,
t.e. nikogda ne budet vozmozhnosti sobrat' yadro na zakaz. Odno yadro na vse
sluchai.

Hotya Microsoft ne edinstvennyj "orientirovannyj na ogranicheniya" postavshchik
PO, predlagayushchij svoi sobstvennye zakrytye resheniya, hotelos' by nadeyat'sya,
chto kompanii prodvigayushchie otkrytye sistemy i resheniya budut preobladat'.
Kompaniya Netscape odna iz takih, ukazyvaet na poziciyu Microsoft po zapreshcheniyu
i ogranicheniyu vybora v otnoshenii drugih produktov:

[Nasha] strategiya v rezkom kontraste s takimi kompaniyami kak
Microsoft, biznes-model' kotoroj zavisit ot apgrejda pol'zovatelej na poslednyuyu
versiyu kazhdoj OS. Rassmatrivaya etu model' komponentov Microsoft, ActiveX,
i drugie osnovnye komponenty, ponimaem, chto oni razrabotany dlya raboty
tol'ko pod 32-bitnymi Windows. Mnogie Microsoft API takzhe rabotayut tol'ko
pod 32-bitnymi Windows. Naprimer, prilozhenie, ispol'zuyushchee ADSI (Microsoft
API dlya dostupa k protokolu sluzhby katalogov LDAP), ne budet rabotat' pod
sushchestvuyushchimi Win16 klientami, ne govorya uzhe o Macintosh ili Unix sistemah.
Netscape LDAP API dostupen na 17 platformah na C i eshche na bol'shem chisle
na Java. Vdobavok, budushchie servisy Microsoft takie kak obrabotka tranzakcij
"Viper" i peredacha soobshchenij "Falcon" budut rabotat' tol'ko na NT 5.0 -
naprimer, BD Oracle, rabotayushchaya na Unix, ne podderzhivaetsya. Raznica ochevidna:
s Microsoft, razrabotchiki pishut tol'ko pod platformu Windows, s Netscape,
oni pishut pod platformu Internet.

-- Netscape, Netscape
ONE Advantages

Pohozhe, chto vopros, kakuyu operacionnuyu sistemu vybrat' budet chisto teoreticheskim,
ishodya iz informacii privedennoj zdes', kogda kazhdyj den' kakomu-nibud'
vysokokvalificirovannomu sistemnomu/setevomu administratoru ego menedzher
soobshchaet, chto kompaniya perehodit na NT. Administrator budet oshelomlen i
smushchen, esli on uzhe znakom s informaciej pomeshchennoj v etoj stat'e. Vot
komu dejstvitel'no sleduet prochest' ee, tak eto rukovodstvu Vashej kompanii.
Slishkom chasto rukovodstvo raskachivaet lodku i razrushaet garmoniyu stabil'nogo,
ekonomicheski , i tehnicheski prevoshodyashchego resheniya, kogda oni vdrug obnaruzhivayut,
chto ne odobrennaya operacionnaya sistema ispol'zovalas' v techenie nekotorogo
vremeni, rukovodstvuyas' isklyuchitel'no politicheskimi prichinami:

"Korporativnye IT menedzhery zametyat kogda-nibud', mashinu v
uglu, i uznayut, chto eto Web server otdela, chto on rabotaet uzhe poltora
goda, i kstati rabotaet pod Linux. Normal'naya reakciya budet nemedlenno
zaapgrejdit' ee do NT, no ne sluchitsya li tak, chto
oni opyat' vernutsya k Linux, iz-za upavshej proizvoditel'nosti.

-- Linus
Torvalds talks economics and operating systems, InfoWorld, April 9,
1998.

Ochen' tipichnyj sluchaj proizoshel s Cisco
Systems Inc. tam, nesmotrya na prikaz iz glavnogo upravleniya perejti
na NT, vse eshche rabotayut pod Linux (zdes' podrobnosti).
Ochevidno, chast' tehnicheskogo personala otkazalas' vypolnyat' etot prikaz.
Pochemu Vy dumaete eti lyudi riskuyut svoim polozheniem iz-za etoj situacii?
Otvet ya ostavlyu za Vami.


Esli Vy menedzher, popytajtes' ispol'zovat' etu informaciyu mudro, chtoby
povysit' vychislitel'nuyu sposobnost' po Vashim sredstvam. Pogovorite so svoimi
specialistami, i uznajte, chto u nih rabotaet. Primite pravil'noe reshenie.
Ne davajte prodavcam sebya odurachit', kotorye prosto zhuzhzhat slovami, no
ne mogut ih ob®yasnit', uzhe ne govorya o svyazi s vychislitel'nymi zadachami
vashej kompanii. Razyshchite kompanii, ispol'zuyushchie oba tipa reshenij,
s primeneniem Microsoft i UNIX serverov. Popytajtes' vstretit'sya
s ih tehnicheskim personalom, chtoby poluchit' ob®ektivnye, neposredstvennye
otchety o prigodnosti, slozhnosti realizacii, i nachal'nyh+tekushchih izderzhkah
na tehnicheskoe obsluzhivanie i tekushchij remont, svyazannye s predlozhennym
resheniem.




Linux i NT Server 4.0 na pervyj vzglyad

Tak kak NT chasto vybiraetsya na osnove effektivnyh cenovyh apparatnyh reshenij,
Linux budet v kachestve sistemy UNIX v etom sravnenii, iz-za ih procvetaniya
na apparature Intel.


Primechanie: Zdes' perechisleny tol'ko te elementy/svojstva, kotorye fakticheski
postavlyayutsya s operacionnoj sistemoj, ukazannoj zdes'. Perl 5.0,
naprimer, dostupen dlya vseh platform, no Microsoft ne obespechivaet im operacionnye
sistemy. Tochno takzhe, bol'shinstvo distributivov Linux postavlyayutsya tol'ko
primerno s chetyr'mya GUI (okonnymi menedzherami), odnako kak sleduet iz predydushchego
razdela stat'i, eto tol'ko malaya chast' togo, chto dostupno dlya Linux, ili
lyuboj drugoj OS UNIX v etom otnoshenii.






Component

Linux

Windows NT Server 4.0





Operacionnaya sistema

Besplatnaya, ili okolo $49.95 za distributiv na CD-ROM

Versiya na 5 pol'zovatelej $809

versiya na 10-pol'zovatelej $1129

versiya Enterprise Edition na 25-pol'zovatelej $3,999		





Besplatnaya tehnicheskaya podderzhka on-lajn

Est', Linux Online
ili Redhat

Net





Ishodnyj kod yadra

Est'

Net





Web Server

Apache Web Server

IIS





FTP Server

Est'

Est'





Telnet Server

Est'

Net





SMTP/POP3 Server

Est'

Net





DNS

Est'

Est', hotya soobshchaetsya, chto krivo realizovan i ogranichennaya funkcional'nost'





Setevye vozmozhnosti

TCP/IP, IPv6, NFS, SMB, IPX/SPX, NCP Server (NetWare Server), AppleTalk,
plyus mnozhestvo drugih protokolov

TCP/IP, SMB, IPX/SPX, AppleTalk, plyus mnozhestvo drugih protokolov





X Window Server

(Dlya zapuska udalennyh GUI prilozhenij)		

Est'

Net





Sredstva udalennogo administrirovaniya

Est' vse sredstva

Tol'ko "User Manager for Domains"

i "Server Manager"		





News Server

Est'

Net





C i C++ kompilyatory

Est'

Net





Perl 5.0

Est'

Net





Revision Control

Est', RCS

Net





CHislo podderzhivaemyh fajlovyh sistem

32

3





Podderzhka diskovyh kvot

Est'

Net





CHislo dostupnyh GUI (okonnyh menedzherov)

4

1









CHto ispol'zuyut krupnye kompanii?

Amazon.com


Amazon.com Books, krupnejshij v mire virtual'nyj knizhnyj magazin, ispol'zuet
DIGITAL UNIX AlphaServer 2000 sistemy dlya podderzhaniya svoego Internet-biznesa
rabotosposobnym kruglosutochno. Tehnologiya DIGITAL VLM64 pozvolyaet klientam
vsegda imet' dostup k dannym. "Rasshirennye vozmozhnosti Web servera serii
DIGITAL AlphaServer, vmeste s gibkim mehanizmom apgrejda, obespechivayut
prekrasnoe reshenie dlya nashego bystrorastushchego biznesa."


Boeing


Operacionnye sistemy: HP-UX, IRIX, Solaris, i bol'shee, chem hotelos'
by tehnicheskomu personalu, kolichestvo NT.

Read what Linus Torvalds has to say about Boeing!

Web server: Netscape-Enterprise 2.01


The Dallas Cowboys


Operacionnye sistemy: IRIX
(Silicon Graphics UNIX Operating System) i UNIX System V Release 4.0

MTA: Netscape Messaging Server 3.01

Web: Netscape-Enterprise 3.0


Dow Corning


"My osushchestvlyaem mirovye operacii i vsegda ispol'zovali mejnfrejmy.
Vybiraya Sun, my riskovali bol'she, chem v drugih sluchayah, no oni prosto porazili
nas svoej tehnologiej i garantiej. Teper', kogda my rabotaem s Sun, esli
by dazhe prishlos' nachat' vse s nachala, my ne prinyali by drugoe reshenie.
Sun delaet, chto obeshchaet."

-- Mark Smith, Manager of Information Technology Systems, Dow Corning


Hotmail,
teper' prinadlezhit The Microsoft
Corporation


|tot besplatnyj web-orientirovannyj e-mail servis rabotaet pod smes'yu
Sun Solaris i FreeBSD. Apache 1.2.1 eto PO Web servera. Posle priobreteniya
Microsoft kompanii v dekabre 1997, oni pytalis' perejti na NT, no ". .
. potrebnost' podderzhivat' 10 millionov pol'zovatelej slishkom kruto dlya
NT, i Solaris vernuli obratno." Polnost'yu istoriya zdes': Solaris
calls Hotmail shots for Microsoft.


United States Postal Service


"Pochtovaya sluzhba Soedinennyh shtatov ustanovila bolee 900 sistem pod
Linux po vsem Soedinennym SHtatam v 1997 godu dlya avtomaticheskogo raspoznavaniya
adresatov na obrazcah pochty. Kazhdaya sistema sostoit iz 5 dvuh Pentium Pro
200MHz (PP200) komp'yuterov i odinochnoj PP200, vse pod upravleniem Linux."

-- John Taves, Linux
is reading your mail, April 8, 1998


Yahoo!


". . . Neskol'ko dnej nazad my dobavili mashinu s FreeBSD v nash klaster
Web serverov. Ona ne tol'ko prevoshodit po bystrodejstviyu ostal'nye mashiny,
no i bolee ustojchiva. Neskol'ko nedel' eksperimenta i my ubedilis'. Hotya
cena byla konechno privlekatel'na, no stabil'nost', proizvoditel'nost',
i dostup k ishodnomu tekstu, vot chto nas podkupilo. S teh por kak my poprobovali
FreeBSD, to pochti polnost'yu ispol'zovali ee dlya proizvodstva, takzhe kak
i nashi razrabotki v etoj oblasti."

-- David Filo, Co-founder of Yahoo! (FreeBSD News, Issue 1)


|tot spisok businesses
using Linux in their day-to-day operations pytaetsya dovesti do
obshchestvennosti dejstvitel'nost' o Linux, kak zhiznesposobnoj al'ternativy
kommercheskim OS UNIX. Upominayutsya takie kompanii, kak Cisco
Systems Inc., Sony
WorldWide Networks, Mercedes-Benz,
i Yellow Cab
Service Corporation. Naryadu s nazvaniyami kompanij, privoditsya opisanie
oblastej, v kotoryh oni ispol'zuyut Linux.


InfoWorld nedavno pisal o vozmozhnosti perehoda Cisco
Systems Inc. s Linux na Windows NT:

"Govorya o smene platformy, Cisco Systems mozhet smenit' ee v
ih vnutrennej seti print-serverov. Vidimo, sushchestvuyushchaya infrastruktura
kompanii, osnovannaya na Linux i prekrasno rabotayushchaya, ne ostanovila rebyat
naverhu ot zhelaniya vse peremeshat'. Mne soobshchayut, chto v svete bolee tesnyh
vzaimootnoshenij mezhdu Cisco i Microsoft, glavnoe upravlenie vydalo rasporyazhenie,
chto sushchestvuyushchaya sistema budet ubrana v pol'zu Windows NT-orientirovannoj
ustanovki. Na slovah -- da, no iz-za inercii, i nesmotrya na prikaz sverhu,
sistema pechati vse eshche -- kak Vy dogadalis' --
osnovana na Linux.

-- Robert X. Cringley, "No Sunday in the Park: Rain Pushes platforms
closer to the precipice," in: InfoWorld,
February 23, 1998, vol. 20, issue 8, p. 115.

Linus Torvalds, osnovatel' Linux, upominaet v svoem
interv'yu InfoWorld, chto Linux, ochen' chasto mozhet byt' v nekotoryh kompaniyah
v "spiske neoficial'no odobrennyh":

"No ne mnogie hotyat vyjti iz kabineta, chtoby oficial'no skazat',
chto oni ispol'zuyut Linux. NASA
ochen' otkryta v podderzhke Linux, kak i universitety. YA znayu, chto Linux
ispol'zuetsya v takih mestah kak Boeing,
no ya ne mogu pokazat' lyudyam Web stranicu, gde by ob etom govorilos'.

-- Linus
Torvalds talks economics and operating systems, InfoWorld, April 9,
1998.






Shodnye ssylki

The
Cathedral and the Bazaar

by Eric S. Raymond, 29 January 1998.


Microsoft:
The Joker of Enterprise IS Computing

by The AberdeenGroup,
Executive Viewpoint, Volume 10 / Number 20, September 29, 1997.


Interoperability:
Possibility or Elusive Dream? -- An Executive White Paper

by The AberdeenGroup,
March 1998.


OnSite
- Case Study: Migration Migraines

by The AberdeenGroup,
1997.


Windows
NT no match for Unix, IDC says

by Rob Guth, Computerworld,
7-24-97.


1997
Product of the Year Award: Operating Systems - Network Operating System

by Eric Hammond, InfoWorld
Test Center.


1997
Product of the Year Award: Best Technical Support Award

by Ed Foster, InfoWorld Test
Center.


Linux Reviews
and Articles by Christopher Blizzard.

Stranica soderzhit 65 statej i obzorov o Linux.


Linux
Grows Up: Red Hat's commercial Linux beats NT at its own game,
by Maggie Briggs.

Avtor -- starshij analitik v test-centre InfoWorld.
Ona specializiruetsya na tehnologiyah BD i dizajne prilozhenij, razrabotke,
i raspredelenii cherez intranet i drugie seti.


Linux
lines up for the enterprise: Is there a place in your shop for this inexpensive
Unix?

by Rick Cook, in: SunWorld
- January 1998.


Lookin'
into Linux

by Mark Gibbs, Network World, March 30, 1998.


Doing the math
to resolve the NT vs. Unix debate

by Wayne Spivak, Network World, August 18, 1997


The
advantages of using BSDI BSD/OS over Windows NT Server

iServer - Verio Web Hosting Inc. - Virutal Servers


Linux:
Not Just For Geeks And College Kids Anymore, by Jason Perlow, ZDNet,
February 11, 1998.


Leaning
Toward Linux: Powerful, robust, and free, Linux is worth investigating,
especially if you plan to set up an Internet domain by Neil Randall,
ZDNet - PC
Magazine Online, July 1997, Vol 16, No. 13.


Replacing
Windows NT Server with Linux by Quinn P. Coldiron, Information
Systems Department manager for the University of Nebraska Press.


An
In-Depth Analysis of Five Commercial UNIX Operating Systems and Windows
NT Server 4.0 (Enterprise Edition) by D.H. Brown Associates, Inc.


Comparing BSDI
and NT: Building Intranet and Internet Servers with BSDI and Windows NT


The Standish Group
- SUN Also Rises: Solaris Vs. NT


BitWizard B.V. "UNIX
vs. NT"


THE H-REPORT:
Which Operating System For Your 'Intranet'?


Linux Helps Bring
Titanic to Life

Daryll Strauss, LINUX Journal,
Issue #46, February 1998.







Blagodarnosti

My very special thanks to Martin Vermeer, who through his expert advice,
has been, and continues to be, an invaluable contributor to the positive
development of this dynamic project. My deepest appreciation goes to the
translators who have been generous enough to donate their time to this
worthy cause: Hanus Adler for the Czech translation, Kobayashi Osamu for
the Japanese translation, Bruno H. Collovini for the Portuguese translation,
Miguel Angel Sepulveda who arranged for the article to be translated into
Spanish, and JosI M. Laveda, who translated it. My thanks also to Nat Makarevitch
and Cyril Bouthors, who are currently working on a French translation,
and to Michele Dalla Silvestra, who is working on the Italian translation.


I would also like to thank the many readers who have contributed links
to important new articles on this topic, for instance, Peter Chen, Ariel
Faigon, Paul Fischer, Jim Mohr, John Oram, Raj Warty, and countless others.


Equally appreciated is the constructive criticism from Keith H.J. Bevins,
Joris Braakman, Phillip Chu, Baruch Cochavy, Nicholas Donovan, Julian Elischer,
Steve Fuller, Alex Gogan, Jake Hamby, Peter Jeremy, Adam Johnson, Geoffrey
King, Hannu Krosing, Greg Lehey, Kimberly McBride, Richard Smith, and David
Waine, to name just a few.


No less important was the assistance provided by Leif Erlingsson and
Damon Conway back around the end of March when I had to upgrade my connection
and needed their mirroring services, both of whom continue to provide mirrors
to this site. Last but not least, my thanks to Ryan Sumner for his everlasting
moral support on this project.Martin Vermeer, who through his expert advice,
has been, and continues to be, an invaluable contributor to the positive
development of this dynamic project. My deepest appreciation goes to the
translators who have been generous enough to donate their time to this
worthy cause: Hanus Adler for the Czech translation, Kobayashi Osamu for
the Japanese translation, Bruno H. Collovini for the Portuguese translation,
Miguel Angel Sepulveda who arranged for the article to be translated into
Spanish, and JosI M. Laveda, who translated it. My thanks also to Nat Makarevitch
and Cyril Bouthors, who are currently working on a French translation,
and to Michele Dalla Silvestra, who is working on the Italian translation.


I would also like to thank the many readers who have contributed links
to important new articles on this topic, for instance, Peter Chen, Ariel
Faigon, Paul Fischer, Jim Mohr, John Oram, Raj Warty, and countless others.


Equally appreciated is the constructive criticism from Keith H.J. Bevins,
Joris Braakman, Phillip Chu, Baruch Cochavy, Nicholas Donovan, Julian Elischer,
Steve Fuller, Alex Gogan, Jake Hamby, Peter Jeremy, Adam Johnson, Geoffrey
King, Hannu Krosing, Greg Lehey, Kimberly McBride, Richard Smith, and David
Waine, to name just a few.


No less important was the assistance provided by Leif Erlingsson and
Damon Conway back around the end of March when I had to upgrade my connection
and needed their mirroring services, both of whom continue to provide mirrors
to this site. Last but not least, my thanks to Ryan Sumner for his everlasting
moral support on this project.

Last-modified: Fri, 11 Dec 1998 17:29:54 GMT

Ocenite etot tekst: