--- ) "" , . . , . , -, , 1492 --- 7000- ( --- " ") " ". -, XIII-XIV . , , , --- 877 ( 1408 ). 1.11. " ". . . --- . , . , . - : " ". ..5.1. " ", , , ( , " "). , " " , . --- . . --- VI-VII ... --- 300 (, 325 ). , , " " ( 300 !) . , " ". , , " " . , 700 .. ( , VII.). , . IX .. ( ), . : VIII-IX IX --- X-XI . 1.12. , " " (, XIV ) --- , , --- . , - " " (?!). . --- , , ( ) . ? ? : , . . ( ): " 4 . , . --- . --- . --- , . --- , ... , (, , --- .). : 19 6233 ( = 725 .. --- .) 6251 ( = 743 .. --- .) , . , , , 21 ." - [360]: " : , 70 , . , . , . , . , (.. --- .). , , . , . : , , , (6233 . --- .), , , , ( = 743 ... --- .), . , , ". [360], .190. , " " --- , --- 725-743 .., , ( ) . ( XIV ) , "" 743 . , 1 304 : " 19- (.. 19- --- .) 304 --- 17- , - 6537 ( = 1029 ... --- .), --- , 19- ... 19-, - 6842 ( = 1333 ... --- .), - 1 ... ( --- .) ." - : " , , , ( = 1029 ... --- .) , ... , , (= 1333 ... --- .) , ... (.. , --- .) ". [360], . 191. (. 2), : 2 1333 , --- 1029 , VIII , ( , !) . 1.13. , , : 784 .. ( ); 700 .. ( ); 700 .. ( " "); 743 .. ( , , - - , - , , , ). , VIII .. ( II-V , -). , , , X-XI --- --- . ( --- - ) . 1.14. " " . , , ( ) . , 532 . , . --- , . , , VIII , 877 --- 13- ( , " " --- . ). , 14- XV (1409 ). ( ) - 877 . 877 , , ( 13-, "") . - , "" . , --- . --- " " ( , ) IX . . 877 --- I (867-886 .) --- () . --- . I --- " ". , , , ( ). --- ( I ) ( --- ) . , () . , , , " " , , () [360], 12. , --- "" . XIV-XV . (, , " ") () ! , . , . , " " (.. XIV ) --- !. , --- , XIII-XIV , . " " IX "" 100-200 ( , --- XI ). 3- 7- , 500-700 . ( 52 ). . , " " , , () XIV , VIII .. . , , , . (.. ) . , , . -, . (" ") 200 , - . , ? -, , . -, - , - XV-XVI , " " XVII . 1.15. XVI , , . XIII --- . . "" , . " " ( " " ). . 1582 : 1) 10 --- 4 1582 15 ; 2) , , 4. , "" 3 400 . 10, 13 . . 10 "" , , . 10 --- IV ( ) 1582 , . , , , XIII 10, 5 6 , VIII . , " ". , "" --- , . , --- 21 . 21 ( --- - ) . , , , . ( .) , "" ( ) ! , --- , . . 4- (. ). --- , , . , , , , . XIII , "Inter grabissimas" 24 1582 . , , , . , , , ! , . --- . , , : , --- . , 4- , 2- () . 1582 [195]: " Inter grabissimas (" ") 24 1582 : " , , XIV ( ) , (?! --- XVI , , --- .), , , XIV ... , 12- (21 ), 1582 , , (5 ) (14 ) , ." 21 , " ". , 400 ". [195], .216. . . -, () , XVI . -, ( ) , " XIV ". , , (XIV ) , , ( , ) . , , , ( - ). , , , ( ) XVI . . --- , --- " ", ? , , 21 . ? " . V " [360], .212. -, --- , . , , 22 , ( = ) --- 21 . , , , , 21 . -, , 21 . XIV [360], 190. , -, , , . , , , , , 21 . -, , , ! . , XIV (!) 6 (!) ( --- 18 12- ). , XIV , --- . , --- . ( ) . , . , , ! -, " " , . , IV .. "" -, . 1) 22 , , 21 ( , , XIV ). 2) () 21 III-IV .. , . ( : , ), , , ! XIV 6 . , "" --- . 1.16. , , : 1) , , " " (.. ): 2) --- ( ), : 325 .. : 3) , (325 ..) XIV .. , , . 2. " ". 2.1. , " " (" ") --- , 1990 . " " . , VI .., .. 500 . , , , 31 . --- 25 5539 , , , --- 5508 ( ). XV , : " () 607 IV, XII (965- 972). IV (1431 ) " " ... XIV ." [195], .250. , , (- ). XVI-XVII . , XVII : " , , (.. 40-! --- .) " [179], .102. " ": --- 5 33 .. 34 [179], .109; --- 5 33 .. 33 ( ; XIX XX ); --- 9 30 .., .. ( - , . [365]). ? , , " ", , --- " ". ( ). , , . , --- () . , " " . , , " " , . , , , --- .. , , ( XVII ), " " " " - , . ( , , ), ( , " "). , "" , --- . , "" 3-4 [195], .244. , , , , , , . 2.2. " " , 25 , , , 24 (). " ", " ", , , . , , . . , 25 . , , 25 . , , 25 . ., , [195]. , , " " (XIV ): " 5539 , 23, --- 10, ( ) 24 . 25 ... . () 14- (.. ) --- 21 18 --- ". [360], 185. - : " 39 , 23 , 10 , ( ), , 24 ; ( ), , (.. 25 ) . ( ) 14 , : ( )". [360], . 185. (5539 ) --- , . ( 31 --- , --- = ..: 5508 ). , : 1) 23, 2) 10, 3) , 24 , , 14- (.. ), 4) , . : () ? : . 4- " ". 2.3. " " 100 .. 1700 .. (14- ) , , --- . , ( ), , . 3. " " 1-4, XIV , : 1095 .. , --- . , , , ( , , , ). . , , 1064 .. --- 31 1095 ... 1. 1095 .. (" "), .. [-1]. 1- (. ), , 1- . ? , . . , XIV-XV , . 2. " " , , ( ) . , ( ) . , , , . , : 5539 ( = ). ( ?) " " . , , , 1000 () ! : ( ), . - , () , . , ( ) . , , , . [-1], " " . ... 2.4. " " " " 1-4. . 3 4 ( ., , [195]). 1 2 . , 3 4 ? . 4. " " 3 4 100 .. 1700 .. : 1) -42 ( ..); 2) 53 ..; 3) 137 ..; 4) 479 ..; 5) 574 ..; 6)658 ..; 7) 753 ..; 8) 848 ..; 9) 1095 .. ( 1-4); 10) 1190 .. , , . , . , , .. , , 70 20 . 1-2, XI .. 2.5. VI .. ? , VI .. : " [366], , 31- 25 . , , 25 , 279 (563 ..). , , ... 532 279 ... .. 279 = 563 ." [195], .242. , . , 563 ( = 279 ) " ", 532 (.. , ) . , (14- ) 532 (- ),