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/dev/hda2.
# Tell LILO to modify the boot record on /dev/hda (the first
# non-SCSI hard drive). If you boot from a drive other than /dev/hda,
# change the following line.
boot = /dev/hda
# Name of the boot loader. No reason to modify this
# un less you're doing some serious hacking on LILO.
install = /boot/boot.b
# Have LILO perform some optimization.
compact
# Stanza for Linux root partition on /dev/hda1.
image = /etc/Image # Location of kernel
label = linux # Name of OS (for the LILO boot menu)
root = /dev/hda1 # Location of root partition
vga = ask # Tell kernel to ask for SVGA modes at boot time
# Stanza for MSDOS partition on /dev/hda2.
other = /dev/hda2 # Location of partition
table = /dev/hda # Location of partition table for /dev/hda2
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config -
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username:encrypted_password:UID:GID:full_name:home_directory:login_shell
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kiwi:Xv8Q981g71oKK:102:100:Laura Poole:/home/kiwi:/bin/bash
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group name:password:GID:other members
:
root:*:0:
users:*:100:mdw,larry
guest:*:200:
other:*:250:kiwi
, root,
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. (GID) 100.
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newgroup) ("*").
addgroup groupadd
.
/etc/group,
.
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, () , , UNIX.
tar
. tar
tar <options> <file1> ... <fileN>
<options> tar,
a <file1> ... <fileN>
.
,
# tar cvf backup.tar /etc
, /etc,
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"backflops", tsx-11.mit.edu.
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find ,
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( shell)
sunsite.unc.edu.
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FTP- ( C). sunsite.unc.edu,
, pub/Linux/kernel/.
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0.99.11.
tar-. ( patch- ("")
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linux-0.99.11.tar.gz.
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, ,
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# ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/asm /usr/include/asm
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, . ( 3.10 ).
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gcc g++ C C++.
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4.7.3.
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(
intel, alpha, mips sparc.)make zImage
,
, .
( ``cp Image /dev/fd0''),
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. 4.2.2 .
, , .
Incompatible library version
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, , . , , , . .
FTP- Linux. sunsite.unc.edu
/pub/Linux/GCC. "" (``release'') ,
, .
, image-version.tar.gz
inc-version.tar.gz,
, 4.4.1.
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(
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. , ,
libc.so.4
.
!
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libc.so.4 ,
( ls cat)
.
libc.so.4,
libc.so.4.4.1:
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3.10).
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Linux -
Slackware. .tgz,
tar-.
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FTP- .
Slackware, setup
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.
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, , /usr - /usr.
, ,
/usr, .
mount
.
mount -av
/etc/rc (
, 4.10.1).
ount -av
/etc/fstab. fstab
.
# device directory type options
/dev/hda2 / ext2 defaults
/dev/hda3 /usr ext2 defaults
/dev/hda4 none swap sw
/proc /proc proc none
- ( ).
- . -
(, ext2 ext2fs minix
Minix filesystems). 4.1
, Linux.
1.1.37.
Second Extended Filesystem ext2 Linux
Extended Filesystem ext ext2
Minix Filesystem minix Minix;
Xia Filesystem xia ext2;
UMSDOS Filesystem umsdos Linux
MS-DOS
MS-DOS Filesystem msdos MS-DOS
/proc Filesystem proc
ps ..
ISO 9660 Filesystem iso9660 CD-ROM
Xenix Filesystem xenix Xenix.
System V Filesystem sysv System V
x86.
Coherent Filesystem coherent Coherent
HPFS Filesystem hpfs
HPFS (DoubleSpace).
4.1. Linux
; . 4.7.
fstab (options) defaults''.
,
/etc/fstab.
"tt/none/",
"swap". swapon -a /etc/rc
,
/etc/fstab.
fstab
/proc. 3.11.1,
/proc ,
.. /proc ,
, ps .
! mount
root.
. ,
.
,
(
) .
mount -av ,
( -
/dev/hda2).
.
mount -av
.
# mount -t ext2 /dev/hda3 /usr
/dev/hda3
fstab, .
. mount -av /etc/rc
.
shutdown halt
.
.
( /etc/rc).
,
. ext2fs (
), e2fsck. ,
# e2fsck -av /dev/hda2
ext2fs /dev/hda2
.
.
# umount /dev/hda2
/dev/hda2,
. ,
. ,
boot/root (
4.11.1). ,
"" (``busy''), ..
. ,
,
.
``Device busy'',
.
e2fsck, efsck xfsck.
fsck,
.
!
,
- . (
). ,
e2fsck ,
, shutdown -r,
.
"" ,
e2fsck.
/proc
. /proc - ,
.
, , . , , Linux , .
Linux, . 8208 ( 8 ).
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap bs=1024 count=8208
. ``count=''
.
# mkswap /swap 8208
swap-;
- .
# /etc/sync
# swapon /swap
/swap,
, , ,
.
,
swap-, ,
. , ,
swap- .
swap- ,
swap-,
()
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, swap-,
-
,
, - .
.
, . , , .
, ,
swapoff
# swapoff /swap
.
# rm /swap
, ( ) 16 , 8 .
, - , , , .
.
, .
/etc/init. init
- ,
(/etc/inittab)
, .
inittab -
/etc/getty ,
. getty
( )
login. .
/etc/inittab
getty ,
.
, /etc/inittab -
/etc/rc,
,
/etc/rc.local.
/etc/rc.local
, ,
- ( ).
rc.local
/etc/rc /etc/inittab.
-
,
- .
, :
``The dog''
- hostname.
, - -
, goober.norelco.com. ,
,
loomer.vpizza.com, shoop.nowhere.edu floof.org.
-
/etc/hosts, IP .
, -
/etc/hosts. , TCP/IP
- floof.org,
/etc/hosts:
127.0.0.1 floof.org localhost
- floof.org
IP-
(loopback address) 127.0.0.1 (, localhost
.
TCP/IP, IP
- /etc/hosts. ,
- goober.norelco.com, IP 128.253.154.32,
/etc/hosts:
128.253.154.32 goober.norelco.com
- /etc/hosts,
. -
hostname. ,
# hostname -S goober.norelco.com
- goober.norelco.com.
hostname
, /etc/rc
/etc/rc.local.
hostname, - ;
- .
,
, root .
- ! -
,
.
Linux
- . - , . , , . , . .
, . . " "! , . (maintenance diskette).
- ``boot/root disk'' - , Linux, . Boot/root disks - , , LILO . , . : Linux .
boot/root disk -
Slackware.
boot root ).
boot/root disk, H.J Lu,
/pub/Linux/GCC/rootdisk sunsite.unc.edu -
.
, , . , , boot/root disk - .
boot/root disk .
root ( ).
,
. ,
# mount -t ext2 /dev/hda2 /mnt
ext2fs /dev/hda2
/mnt.
, / boot/root disk;
- , .
/etc/passwd
/mnt/etc/passwd,
/mnt.
root - .
boot/root disk,
/mnt
root
/mnt/etc/passwd, :
root::0:0:root:/:/bin/sh
root ;
, root ,
passwd. , ,
vi? boot/root disk, ,
Emacs , vi .
- ,
e2fsck ( ,
ext2fs)
.
fsck; 4.8.
, , .
-
. , "" (``header')' ,
, ,
..
(, - )
.
,
e2fsck .
, ext2fs
" " (``block group'') ,
8K . , e2fsck
,
# e2fsck -b 8193 <partition>
<partition> - ,
. -b 8193 e2fsck
, 8193 .
,
"" . ,
. ,
/bin/login (
), boot/root ,
/mnt
# cp -a /bin/login /mnt/bin/login
-a cp
. , ,
boot/root
floppy, . ,
.
/lib, ,
, ( 4.7.2).
- boot/root,
/mnt/lib.