xmodmap : xruskb Alexander V. Lukaynov <mailto:lav@yars.free.net>
<ftp://ftp.yars.free.net/pub/software/unix/X11/> (primary site)
<ftp://ftp.relcom.ru/pub/x11/cyrillic/>
X11R5 ,
, MS Windows. XFree86
XKB /etc/X11/XF86Config
XkbDisable. xruskb: jcukeng-cyr.xmm
X xev:
XkeySym (0x6xx), xev
Cyrillic_IE . ,
OCyrcumflex e.t.c.
3.11. c , ?
vfat (c /etc/fstab/):
/dev/hda5 /mnt/d vfat noexec,rw,umask=002,codepage=866,iocharset=koi8-r,gid=100 0 0
mount /mnt/d. (>=2.0.36)
(,
/lib/modules/`uname -r`/fs/nls_*) - CP866 KOI8-R,
( ) .
CD, :
$ mount -t iso9660 -o iocharset=koi8-r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
codepage isofs , JOLIET
UNICODE.
'man mount'
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/
/usr/doc/kernel/filesystems/
3.12. * Samba?
/etc/smb.conf
[global]
character set = koi8-r
client code page = 866
preserve case = yes
short preserve case = yes
default case = lower
mangle case = no
smb
( >=2.2.20 )
CONFIG_NLS_DEFAULT="koi8-r"
CONFIG_SMB_NLS_DEFAULT=y
CONFIG_SMB_NLS_REMOTE="cp866"
CONFIG_SMB_NLS=y
CONFIG_NLS=y
3.13. DOS/Win KOI8-R ?
CP1251 CP866 --> KOI8-R .
;-) iconv (
glibc) GNU recode (
<ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/recode/>)
$ iconv -f866 -tKOI8-R -o<outfile> infile
$ recode CP1251..KOI8-R winfile.txt
URL recode - <http://www.iro.umon-
treal.ca/~pinard/recode/>.
: <ftp://oskin.macomnet.ru/pub/linux/misc/xcode.c>
lynx :
$ lynx -assume_local_charset cp866 file.txt
3.14. * Vim ?
:e ++enc=cp1251 winfile.txt
, , ,
, .
3.15. * UTF-8 VIM ?
VIM 6.x Multibyte:
configure --with-features=huge --enable-multibyte
, KOI8-R, VIM
:
:set encoding=utf-8
:set fileencoding=utf-8
:set termencoding=koi8-r
RedHat VIM .
vim-common-6.1-2
vim-minimal-6.1-2
vim-enhanced-6.1-2
vi, vim-minimal Multibyte, vim vim-
enhanced -- . vim.
3.16. Vim ,
?
/.vimrc:
set langmap=q,w,e,r,t,y,u,i,o ..
3.17. Golded/LNX 866 ?
-, GoldEd+ c <http://golded-
plus.sourceforge.net>.
, (
, aftnged [22m
<http://collage.etel.ru/fileechos/ftn/> golded.cfg,
:
AREAPATH /mnt/c/fido/fecho/
AREAFILE FastEcho
XLATPATH /home/ak/.golded/chars
XLATLOCALSET KOI8
XLATIMPORT IBMPC
XLATEXPORT IBMPC
XLATCHARSET KOI8 IBMPC koi_866.chs
XLATCHARSET IBMPC KOI8 866_koi.chs
IGNORECHARSET
3.18. mc p ?
. F9 - options - display bits - Full 8 bit
'mc' Charset- .
'mc' .
$ ./configure --enable-charset ....
3.19. less
Yuriy.Kaminskiy@p21.f517.n5020.z2.fidonet.org :
LESSCHARSET _H H_. ,
~/.lesskey
#env
LESSCHARSET=
LESSCHARSET= (
, man :) [ lesskey
~/.less] set-
locale(LC_CTYPE,"") , , icase search
.
3.20. telnet
,
~/.telnetrc :
DEFAULT set outbinary
Win-1251 --
"" 0xff. TELNET 0xff
-- .
"", : 0xff, 0xff. KOI8-R
.
3.21. , "" ?
- ,
ESC-. :
:
$ echo -ne "\033c"
, :
# echo -ne "\033c" >/dev/ttyX
downloaded font
$ echo -ne "\033(K"
(, ,
...)
- , curses,
$ stty sane
Red Hat reset; setsysfont <ctrl-j>
reset - ncurses
. 'man console_codes' 'man stty'
3.22. TeX koi8-r?
TeX ru.tex. FAQ
TeX
<http://myke.webjump.com/tex/>.
TeX LaTeX -
. cyrguide.*,
TeX.
" ",
language.dat, . Alex Nikiforov:
, RH-6.0 tetex 0.9
:
$ texconfig
hyphenation -> latex
russian
LaTeX
\usepackage[T2A]{fontenc}
\usepackage[koi8-r]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english,russian]{babel}
\Russian \Engish
cyrplain texconfig FORMATS
cyrtxinf tex language.dat cyrtxinf.ini
texinfo. cyrblue cyramstx.
cyrtex ( TeX ) web2c
:
initex '\input cyrtex.ini \dump'
cyrtex tex (
/usr/bin )
plain
\language N
N - ,
.
ruhypen ruenhyp
- ,
.
3.23. * Type1 ps KOI8-R?
Type1
"",
"afii10049" (Association for Font Information
Interchange). " " ,
ps. . Adobe:
<http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/technotes.html> (Fonts
section)
<http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/PDFS/TN/5013.Cyrillic_Font_Spec.pdf>
Free Type1 c :
: <ftp://ftp.ice.ru/pub/fonts/type1/>
PsCyr, Konstantin Chumachenko, -
: <ftp://con155.phys.msu.su/pub/russian/psfonts/>,
<ftp://ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/font-packs/pscyr/>
"TopTeams": <http://www.topteam.bg/linux/fonts.html>,
<ftp://ftp.ice.ru/pub/fonrs/type1/>
. Cyrillic-HOWTO ." "
<http://www.inp.nsk.su/~baldin/Cyrillic-HOWTO-russian/Cyrillic-
HOWTO-russian.html>
, 256
Type1 (Latin1 ISO_8859-1).
"" , "circumflex" "cedilla"
KOI8-R. :
<ftp://ftp.kapella.gpi.ru/pub/cyrillic/psfonts/> README.
3.24. X Window System?
Cronyx
Cyr-RFX :
<http://www.inp.nsk.su/~bolkhov/files/fonts/cyr-rfx/>
-cronyx-fixed-* koi8-r ,
: <ftp://ftp.ice.ru/pub/fonts/X11>
KSI-Linux: <ftp://ftp.ksi-linux.com/pub/patches/>
Black Cat Linux:
<ftp://ftp.blackcatlinux.com/pub/blackcat-linux/6.2/SRPMS/SRPMS/urw-
fonts-2.0-4bc.src.rpm>
3.25. Emacs/XEmacs
iso8859-5
<http://www.inp.nsk.su/~bolkhov/files/fonts/cyr_rfx/>.
, Mule .
GNU
intlfonts. , ,
<ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/gnu/intlfonts/intlfonts-1.2-split/European.tar.gz>
(131). Debian .
XEmacs
<http://www.linux.zp.ua/xemacs/>.
3.26. pp dosemu ?
p - pp. ,
<http://www.ice.ru/~vitus/misc/>,
. X- - ,
- DOS -
. dosemu ( telnet/ssh/rsh) -
.
- dosemu pp, X- -
866- p. p
<http://www.ice.ru/~vitus/works/x11.html>,
<ftp://ftp.dosemu.org/dosemu/Development/>vga_cyr8x16.pcf.gz
<http://www.inp.nsk.su/~bolkhov/files/fonts/vga4dosemu/>.
3.27. StarOffice ( -
..
-
<http://www.blackcatlinux.com/StarOffice/>
FAQ ,
Open Office Star Office 6.
3.28. AbiWord?
<http://www.hippo.ru/~hvv/abiword/>
3.29. Mozilla?
<http://www.mozilla.ru/download/>
: <http://www.mozilla.org/projects/l10n/mlp_status.html>
3.30. Netscape {4|3}/
win- ?
Netscape 4.06 , glibc2,
.
. ( , xkb ,
0.13)
, netscape
~/.netscape/preferences.js (, , -).
- ,
.
~/.netscape
, :
netscape 3.xx -
koi8-r, win- ,
, . -
(/ ..) latin1.
echo 'Netscape*documentFonts.charset*koi8-r: iso-8859-1' | xrdb -merge
koi8- "Western".
( , koi .)
Netscape 3.x <ftp://archive.netscape.com>
Login:archive
Password:oldies
dir , /archive/index.html
:
(3 4)
, 'meta content-type'
( ,
MS). H ,
.
- , ,
, (, ),
. :
- ,
. ( "",
, , . H
Alt-I, . H,
;)
3.31.
koi8-r, iso8859-1 ?
a) , .
" ":
/.Xdefaults /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-
defaults/ . XLFD, ..
"*". :
Netscape*fontList: -*-helvetica-bold-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-koi8-r
"" appres :
$ appres XTerm
man X RESOURCES.
- "Toolkit"- : GTK,
Qt, Motif, e.t.c., Toolkit.
GNOME/Gtk Qt .
b) -fn font -font font.
XLIB X .
c) .
<ftp://ftp.relcom.ru/pub/x11/cyrillic/fonts/>,
adobe-*-koi8-1 (c fonts.alias, -iso8859-1),
koi8-r .
"" iso8859-1
. XFree86-cyrillic-fonts
. ,
- .
,
( patch ;) "".
3.32. Gnome , GTK+, -
?
?
gtk ( , ),
8- . /etc/gtk/gtkrc.$LANG.
gtkrc.ru .
( ,
,
koi8-r):
style "gtk-default-ru" {
fontset = "-cronyx-helvetica-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r,\
-cronyx-courier-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r,\
-cronyx-fixed-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r,\
-cronyx-times-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r"
}
class "GtkWidget" style "gtk-default-ru"
'gtkrc.ru_RU.KOI8-R' symlink:
$ cd /etc/gtk/
$ ln -s gtkrc.ru gtkrc.ru_RU.KOI8-R
. <http://www.gtk.org/tutorial/gtk_tut-21.html>,
<http://www.linux.org.ru/gnome/>
3.33. Qt
<http://kde.ru/docs.php?action=index>
3.34. KDE?
<http://www.kde.org/international/russia/localization.html>
3.35. ,
(ru_RU.UTF-8) ?
, "" IBM-PC (VGA/SVGA)
256 . 32 .
, 512.
UNICODE . . Console programming HOWTO
<http://devel.linvision.com/doc/fbh/current/index.html>
, ( console-tools) /
UTF-8
unicode_start(1) unicode_stop(1) .
vt-is-UTF8(1) . - console-tools/lct.txt
XTerm X Window .
: xterm -u8
*-iso10646-1 .
" -"
, ToolKit-, UNICODE
(Qt, GTK, Java .e.t.c.) GUI X
Window.
UTF-8 ,
UTF-8, LANG="ru_RU.UTF-8" .
:
UTF-8 and UNICODE FAQ: <http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html>
The Unicode HOWTO: <http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Unicode-HOWTO.html>
How do Unix terminals work?:
<http://czyborra.com/unicode/terminals.html>
Unicode Howto for KDE developers:
<http://developer.kde.org/documentation/library/kdeqt/kde3arch/KDE-
Unicode-Howto.html>
-HOWTO : <http://lists.debian.org/debian-
russian/2001/debian-russian-200111/msg00203.html>
3.36.
?
Russian Linux Documentation Project: <http://rldp.linux.ru.net>.
Alexsandr Mikhailov, <mailto:alexmikh@mail.ru> :
<http://www.tldp.org/vlist.html#te>
GNU: <http://www.gnu.org.ru>, <http://www-
ru.gnu.org.ru/>,
<http://www2.iro.umontreal.ca/~pinard/po/registry.cgi?team=ru>
"Manpages-Ru"
manpages . <http://www.alexm.here.ru/manpages-ru>
KDE: <http://www.kde.org/international/russia/>
GNOME: <http://www.linux.org.ru/gnome/>
4.
4.1. ?
/ #$@#$#@%@#$%@#$?
- , , -
2.2.x , 2.3.- ?
?
(Alex Kanavin, , Alexey Mahotkin <mailto:alexm@hsys.msk.ru>)
,
. , ,
(stable development) .
a.b.c
a - . ,
,
.
b - patchlevel. ,
. - ,
- . a b a.b .
- sublevel. .
<ftp://ftp.kernel.org> (:
<ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.org>, ,
.bz2, ,
<ftp://ftp.rmt.ru/>, <ftp://ftp.chg.ru/Mirrors/ftp.kernel.org/>
<http://ftp.chg.ru/Mirrors/ftp.kernel.org/>).
[ , <ftp://ftp.chg.ru> ,
<ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.olg> :
, , redhat,
, .
,
ftp.redhat.com, - .
"" mirror? -
, - .]
-
,
a.b.c a.b.c+1 c patch.
usyslnx[22m.
.
,
. ,
- ,
. ( , ,
,
.) - ,
.
, ,
.
,
, , -
.
(,
, "" ).
.
, .
, ,
. , ,
. -
.
?
: - Linus Torvalds .. feature
freeze,
(bugfix).
a.b.c+1, a.b+1.0 a+1.0.0 -
, -
:)
.. fork
- ,
.
, "" "" - .
, "" 2.3.128
2.4.0 ,
2.2.xxx,
-- . ,
, .
Linux
.
-ac, --
. -, -ac
, , ,
etc. , , ,
. -, -ac ,
,
.
(
) : , International
Kernel Patch , devfs-patch
/dev,
ISDN, ). ,
,
).
- ? : ,
.
. ,
, , -
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
(,
).
, ,
, , ,
.
,
, - ,
.
,
ftp , , .
(rpm deb),
,
.
(" ",
" " .. ;-),
, .
, . ru.linux,
:-). -
:-)
, / .
development -
linux-kernel.
(
Documentation).
lilo target oldlinux,
.
Documentation/Changes - .
- , .
4.2. ?
?
cd /usr/src/linux
, ( ,
( ) ),
/usr/src/linux/.config. ,
(,
//
- ), .config
, .
make oldconfig - , .config
__ (, ) ,
(,
, ),
. make menuconfig
, .
Red Hat .config, c
,
kernel-sources-*.i386.rpm/usr/src/linux/configs/
:
make dep
make clean
make zImage (make bzImage > 2.2)
make modules
,
(/lib/modules/).
make modules_install
/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/(b)zImage - .
.
, . lilo.conf
- , linux.test, -
/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage.
(Valentin Nechayev <mailto:nnlx@nn.kiev.ua>)
p p - pp Red Hat'.
cd /usr/src/linux-_p
vi Makefile extraversion - pp,
EXTRAVERSION = -vasya1
,
1. make modules_install
2. (p!) p /boot p make
install
3. 2.2.x ( 2.0
EXTRAVERSION) , , ""
- , n.n.nn uname -r.
(Alexander Pevzner, 2:5020/59.9)
, ,
:
Makefile (/usr/src/linux/Makefile)
EXTRAVERSION.
, , (,
2.2.12-20 2.2.12-vasya). ,
, .
, ,
. H
/etc/lilo.conf ( 2 :
).
/usr/src/linux make install make
modules_install.
. , ,
, .src.rpm,
ftp.kernel.org, . (
/sbin/installkernel, ,
make install
(Alex Kanavin).) EXTRAVERSION
, 2.2.13
(, EXTRAVERSION )
, ,
make *config make clean.
, -
, __,
( ) .
4.3. ?
2.2.10 :
echo 30000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max
echo 30000 > /proc/sys/fs/inode-max
ulimit -n 2000 .
.
(Yuriy Kaminsky 2:5020/517.21)
, select,
- . (at least
glibc-2.0 - . /usr/include/gnu/types.h - ;
#define __FD_SETSIZE 1024
,
select 1024
[.., , X' 1024
, Xlib Xt ]; , ,
libc , , ).
4.4. , pls, www/ftp
Linux'.
<http://www.linuxdoc.org> H -
<http://linux-ve.chat.ru>
4.5. Q/A: development site libc, binutils, ld.so
<ftp://ftp.yggdrasil.com/private/hjl> - -
. , libc5 )
<ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/software/>
. ( <ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.org> .bz2
( 20% gz, linux/kernel/people .gz
), <ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.org>
<ftp://ftp.rmt.ru> <http://ftp.filesearch.ru>)
4.6. ?
, :
,
init, .
/etc/inittab (man
inittab)
. inittab *getty,
,
( *getty login
( , , ,
/etc/passwd . shell),
pppd, ifcico .., -
getty).
mingetty, - mgetty.
, ,
.. " ",
, ,
..
: BSD SysV. . (.
), SysV
<http://www.sensi.org/~alec/unix/redhat/sysv-init.html>.
4.7. /var/log/syslog /var/log/messages
pp p
. p log-?
syslog' . syslog'
:
mv $log ${log}.old ( rm , p)
touch $log
kill -1 `cat /var/run/syslogd.pid`
logrotate.
-syslog' - RTFM p
.
4.8. pam?
<http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/>
4.9. BSD su user,
p p wheel, Linux' - . Hp
-. , p?
su gnu sh_util,
(RTFmanpage , ), - .
su pam ( Red Hat, pp
, Debian 2.2),
p:
su auth required pam_wheel.so
/etc/pam.conf, pam p, :
auth required pam_wheel.so
/etc/pam.d/su, .
, pp
. Hpp, p pp 'group' 'deny', pp
, p p:
pam_wheel.so group=guest deny
p, p, p gid, p
groups... ...
Debian 2.1 secure-su
suauth.
Slackware 3.3 (pp) p pp
/etc/login.defs H,
SU_WHEEL_ONLY yes
su p root.
3.4 ( 4.0, su )
man 5 suauth - su,
" ".
p, p SuSe 6.x. SuSE 5.3 su
sh_util, . , su,
login.defs suauth, - ,
-m -s. ...
4.10. a a a- a
a aa ( aaa aa -
root'a), a a a a?
man setrlimit
4.11. , XXXX YYYY
- ?
-,
, , /dev/modem.
/dev/ttyS0, /dev/cua0 ( -- /dev/modem,
:), - .
-, lock-. H,
, .
-, . ,
,
( LCK..< >),
( -- PID ASCII), ,
-.