4.12. p /dev/cua* /dev/ttyS*?
H cua*. . -
, BSD. BSD /dev/cuXX --
"Call Up" , .. --
CD. Linux /dev/cuaXX
.
4.13. Linux?
?
?
CMOS hwclock
util-linux.
Linux,
CMOS ,
/sbin/hwclock --hctosys --utc
, Linux, -
, CMOS ,
/sbin/hwclock --hctosys
, (
), :
TZ, ;
, /etc/localtime
/usr/share/zoneinfo, ,
rm -f /etc/localtime
ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Moscow /etc/localtime
Red Hat-based utc /etc/syscon-
fig/clock. .
, timezone
timeconfig.
,
``date'' ( ), ``date
--utc'' ( ).
,
Internet, <http://www.ntp.org>. xntpd
.
xntpd ntpdate.
, , , ,
, :
/usr/local/bin/ntpdate ntp1.gamma.ru
Linux Samba, MS
Windows
C:\> NET TIME \\LINUXBOX /SET /YES
(Alexey Mahotkin <mailto:alexm@hsys.msk.ru>)
4.14. H uucico ,
: \177}\030\177} \177}#\177}
port type pipe
port command /bin/telnet -8E hostname
4.15. root?
fdmount /dev/fd[0-9] mountpoint,
man fdmount, root 'user' /etc/fstab,
"mount <mountpoint>". man 8 mount.
, mtools.
4.16. - (INN, SENDMAIL) ?
H y /var/log ,
. sendmail - 99% p
p p p.
H p /etc/hosts. p p - O
DontProbeInterfaces=True /etc/sendmail.cf.
4.17.
?
/usr/doc/HOWTO/Security-HOWTO.
H <http://www.openwall.com> Solar Designer-,
. ,
<http://rootshell.com> <http://packetstorm.securify.com>,
<http://www.linuxsecurity.com> ,
bugtraq, linux-security, ,
. ,
: <http://www.infowar.co.uk/thc/files/thc/anonymous-unix.html>
4.18. . ?
,
( cd /old_fs && tar cf - . ) | ( cd /new_fs && tar xvpf - )
dump 0f - /old_fs | ( cd /new_fs && restore xf - )
, , -, tar
,
(, ""). tar :
tar -C /old_fs -cf - . | tar -xpf - -C /new_fs
- GNU tar , dump.
/usr/doc/HOWTO/mini/Hard-Disk-Upgrade
4.19. , ,
sticky setgid bit?
Sticky bit (chmod +t) ,
.
/tmp /var/tmp .
Setgid (chmod +g) , ,
, -,
. , setgid- ,
setgid-.
, " -
: BSD-, SVR4-. BSD-
-, ,
. .(*)
,
.
. SVR4- ,
setgid-, BSD- ."
, bsdgroups
BSD- -. --
mount(8).
(*) , , Red Hat -
rhref/s1-sysadmin-usr-grps.htm, Users, Groups and User-Private Groups)
4.20. : modprobe: Can't locate module
<->
:
.
, .
, ,
modules.conf ( man-) :
alias <-> off
Linux.
, modprobe, ,
,
, .
modutils,
/etc/modules.conf:
alias <---> <---.o>
( ,
, modprobe)
4.21. Sendmail : sh: <-> not available for sendmail pro-
grams
man smrsh /usr/share/doc/sendmail/README.smrsh
5.
5.1. telnet root?
root?
telnet ( , login) root , root
,
/etc/securetty.
tty1-ttyN. ,
, ,
( telnet),
, ""
"" .
:
- /etc/securetty
/dev/ttyP*. ,
,
.
, -
, su
sudo. ,
.
- telnet,
- ftp, rsh, rlogin ssh, ,
, .
ssh Unix
<http://www.openssh.com>, Windows
"".
5.2. H ppp (slip) . ,
.
<http://diald.sourceforge.net>,
diald, , README, __
,
. ,
diald ,
. : , 2.2.x
diald-1.99 . 0.16, ,
, 2.0. (-
Changes) , ... :
/etc/resolv.conf nameserver
xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx ,
, diald . default route
eth0.
: diald.rc
ip-up "cp /etc/resolv.conf.connected /etc/resolv.conf"
ip-down "cp /etc/resolv.conf.local /etc/resolv.conf",
resolv.conf.connected :
search yourdomain
nameserver xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx ( 127.0.0.1)
resolv.conf.local :
domain yourdomain
DNS-c caching-
only. ip-up ip-down
, /etc/ppp/ip-up.local ip-down.local.
: -
bind. :
cache-only bind' (
caching-nameserver) nscd,
DNS- (
).
<http://alexm.here.ru>
5.3. pp Linux, Netware
tcpip - ipx?
mars -- netware server ( p
pp) ipx*, ncp*, nw* ( p mars) - .
Caldera Open Linux ( <http://www.caldera.com>) -
Caldera Novell Linux.
Netware for Linux -
<http://www.calderasystems.com/support/docs/netware/>.
IPX-HOWTO: <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/IPX-HOWTO.html>
5.4. pp p p , p
( ) pp N . HP pp
, Epson . ?
PRINTCAP / Begin
my_favourite_printer:\
lp=/dev/lp1:\
sd=/var/spool/lpd/my_favourite_printer:\
sh:lf=/dev/tty10:ff=:
PRINTCAP / End
5.5. 1 ?
(Zahar Kiselev, 2:5030/382)
:
ftp.kernel.org , " "
. H , 2.2.10
, - faq.
1
- - 800
, "",
- 1 .
2.0.5a - , .
, smb.conf "ole locking
compatibility"( ),
"no". ! , -
2.0.5 .
, -
( , ).
inetd, ,
- smbd nmbd.
-
,
.
-
browse.dat, wins.dat - ,
,
-
net use ,
" ".
1
- ,
"" ( man).
, ,
. keepalive-,
.
"" ,
. , .
- , ,
1 . H 1 NT-,
sql-, (
), Citrix Meta
Frame. " " -
- __ ( NT),
-, ,
-.
( ) - citrix- .
- 1
. .
win95.
5.6. PPP / callback, NT/2000
ppp
pppd + callback README.cbcp
pppd.
- <http://www.nitek.ru/~igor/pppd/>
<http://nitek.east.ru/~igor/pppd/>.
5.7. PC + Linux, Linux-e.
: .
Linux ?
hylafax - ,
, "" DOS, Windows, etc. H!
() . :(
mgetty, - ,
hylafax. :)
5.8. PPTP Linux ?
<http://www.moretonbay.com/vpn/pptp.html>
5.9. SSL smtp, pop3?
(, freshmeat) stunnel.
inetd :
spop3 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/stunnel /usr/sbin/popa3d
ssmtp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/stunnel /usr/sbin/sendmail
Victor Wagner :
argv[0] -
. ,
tcpwrappers hosts.allow/hosts.deny
ssl ,
argv[0] -ssl- ssl- , SSL
.
5.10. NT, Win95, DOS,
Linux PPP . ,
?
. ,
192.168.0.0 ( RFC-1918). :
#!/bin/sh
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_autofw
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_user
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_cuseeme
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_ftp
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_irc
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_mfw
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_portfw
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_quake
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_raudio
/sbin/insmod ip_masq_vdolive
/sbin/ipchains -F
/sbin/ipchains -P forward DENY
/sbin/ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -s 192.168.0.0/16 -d 0.0.0.0/0
Linux 192.168.0.1, ip
default gateway.
HOWTOs:
Firewall <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Firewall-HOWTO.html>
IPCHAINS <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/IPCHAINS-HOWTO.html>
IP-Masquerade <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/IP-Masquerade-HOWTO.html>
<http://www.fima.net/masquerade.html>
2.0 ipchains ipfwadm, 2.4 - netfilter,
HOWTO <http://netfilter.kernlenotes.org>
- ,
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward :
$ echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
( Red Hat 6.2 - /etc/sysctl.conf)
firewall- : fBuilder
<http://www.innertek.com/> Mason
<http://users.dhp.com/~whisper/mason/>
5.11. socks5 ?
C <http://www.socks.nec.com>
, (PPP/Ethernet
Ethernet/Ethernet). Ethernet-e : 192.168.0.1.
-
.
/etc/socks5.conf
permit - - 192.168.0. - - -
set SOCKS5_BINDINTFC 192.168.0.1:1080
set SOCKS5_NOIDENT
ICQ 99/2000 . 'man socks5', 'man socks5.conf',
<http://www.socks.nec.com>. [ FAQ]
5.12. -?
- -
/etc/hosts ip .
, - - Squid.
ACL (Access Control List)
"url_regex" (squid.conf, ACCESS CONTROLS) :
acl Reclama_Banners url_regex ^http://www1\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
http_access deny Reclama_Banners
:
acl Banners url_regex "/etc/squid/banners"
http_access deny Banners
/etc/squid/banners (
), :
^http://banners\.rambler\.ru/advert/.*\.gif
^http://kulichki.rambler.ru/reklama/banners/.*\.gif
^http://www.*\.yandex\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
^http://www1\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
^http://www\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
^http://www\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/href/*
^http://www\.100mb\.net/images/ban/banner.*\.gif
^http://www\.bizlink\.ru/cgi-bin/irads\.cgi.*
^http://www\.linkexchange\.ru/cgi-bin/rle\.cgi
^http://www\.linkexchange\.ru/users/.*/goto\.map
^http://www\.netcq\.com/banners/banner\.gif
^http://1000\.stars\.ru/cgi-bin/1000\.cgi
- squidguard <http://www.squidguard.org>,
squid.
<http://pail.pu.ru/>
Transparent Proxy <http://www.lexa.ru/lexa/transparent-
proxy.html>
Transparent Proxy MiniHOWTO:
<http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/TransparentProxy.html>
squirm <http://www.senet.com.au/squirm/>,
- URLs .
5.13. * Squid
Windows?
<http://www.artmagic.ru/labs/sqlandwin.shtml>
6. X Window
Window Manager-
<http://ep2-ts2.inp.nsk.su/lecture/>
6.1. p <c- > ?
<http://www.xfree86.org/FAQ/>
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/
,
, , ,
<ftp://ftp.xfree86.org>. ___
, , ,
( , - ,
- .) H:
- ,
SVGA. , .
XFree 4 ,
. (),
, .
6.2. Modeline ?
,
(xf86config, XF86Setup,
Xconfigurator),
ModeLine, .
,
Modeline strings `which xf86setup`
. - ModeLine
, Alexei Dets
<mailto:dets@china.formoza.ru>:
Modeline ,
, .. , . H
, , XF86Config,
.
.
,
, - ..
. Modeline
xvidtune. , :
Modeline "640x480" 25.175 640 664 760 800 480 491 493 525
?
: 25175000/800/525=59,9 .
.. , ,
. , ,
, 120 ?
: 800x525x120/1000000=50,4
, :
Modeline "640x480" 50.4 640 664 760 800 480 491 493 525
:-) ,
,
xvidtune.
.
:-)
: ""
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/VideoModes.doc
<http://knot.pu.ru/faq/xfaq.html>.
2 Alex Kanavin: XFree86 4.x
. -, X c
VESA , ,
HorizSync VertRefresh.
, ,
ModeLine ,
- 60, 70, 75, 85 Hz. -
"640x480" .., "1920x1444" :-)
-, X
VESA DDC.
,
. ,
, .
6.3. , ?
X ,
- XFree, -
( startx -- :1 -bpp 8
/etc/X11/xdm/Xserver, xdm). XFree 4
DGA2, .
6.4.
(Alec Voropay <mailto:alec@sensi.org>, Alex Kanavin, Alexander
Pevzner)
X Window "" "" .
, .
, "c" ? print-
server file-server. -
"". , print-server
.
- ( 30 ;)
256 :-)
. display-server ,
, X-server.
, X-server -
Video-,
" " " Arial".
X-Server- : c XFree86,
AcceleratedX, MS Windows : eXceed, X-Win, VAX VMS
c : NCD, Tatung ( X-
Terminal).
, , Netscape -
"X-", "X-" .
X- X- TCP/IP, Unix-
Socket, IPX COM-.
,
XFree DECNet.
X- ("X-") c
X-. X-
DISPLAY= . X-
, .
, , X- -
.
, "" (-)
X, ( xterm, rxvt, eterm
e.t.c.). X-,
:),
ESC-,
( ptyXX).
C ,
.
. XLib,
, -
X , , . ,
(emacs, ) X
, ( ).
6.5. p p full screen X Window
p ? , ?
, Ctrl-Alt-F# ( ) Alt-F# (,
getty , ).
6.6. ?
man XF86Config DefaultColorDepth
6.7. ,
? (
?) ,
? ()
?
( ) Display Manager, xdm
( c ), gdm ( GNOME), kdm ( KDE).
rc SysV,
/etc/inittab:
x:5:respawn:/etc/X11/xdm -nodaemon
runlevel :
id:3:initdefault:
Red Hat display manager runlevel,
"" runlevel - 3,
. /etc/inittab, man inittab
.
Display manager
X ,
- . xdm X
xdmcp. XFree
:
X -query host - host xdmcp ( , X
, xdm host-
,
).
X -indirect host - "" host ( , X
xdm host- ,
xdm. xdm (
, ) , X
,
.. chooser,
X , ,
X . XFree
xdm . ,
,
).
X -broadcast - xdmcp ,
xdm ,
. ( XFree) X ,
,
.
XDM-Xterm mini-HOWTO, man xdm,
URL: <http://ep2-ts2.inp.nsk.su/lecture/>
<http://www.iae.lt/visaginas/home/kazanov/koi8/Articles/X-
Terminals.htm>.
6.8. Window Manager ?
<http://xwinman.org>
<http://www.themes.org>
6.9. X Server Windows ?
(, , ) - Cygwin
XFree <http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/xfree/>.
2000 XFree.
( XLib) Cygwin.
.
EXCEED for Windows -
<http://www.hummingbird.com/products/nc/exceed/>
PC-Xware - <http://www.ncd.com/products/software/pcxware/>
MI/X MicroImage X Server for Windows - <http://www.microimages.com>
X-Win32 - <http://www.starnet.com>
WRQ Reflection X -
<http://www.wrq.com/products/reflection/pc_unix/rx/>
NetManage X-ViewNow ( X-OnNet FTP Software) -
<http://www.netmanage.com/products/pctohost/vn_x/index.asp>
WinaXe LabF - <http://labf.com/index.html>
6.10. TrueType ?
H XFree86
TrueType XFree 4,
" ".
XFree.
X- -,
xfsft (
<http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/>).
TrueType ,
fonts.dir ttmkfdir,
mkfontdir. -
<http://www.xfree86.org/4.0.1/fonts.html>
,
X- XFree,
xfstt.
, ,
<http://visaginas.is.lt/~evgeny/koi8/Articles/xfstt_1.html>.
H fonts.alias.
,
TrueType .
6.11. font antialiasing?
. C : <http://www.xfree86.org/~keithp/render/>.
6.12. ?
mpeg/videoCD/etc, fullscreen, etc
top - ,
,
Windows. ,
-
, ,
. XFree 4 ,
- DGA2 Xv.
:
XFree86 4.0
, Xv DGA2.
Xv/DGA2. SDL, smpeg, mplayer, xine, avifile
. , ,
.
( ,
, )
7.
7.1. , Microsoft Word?
MS Word
<http://wvware.sourceforge.net/>
<http://www.ice.ru/~vitus/catdoc/>
word2x .
wvware AbiWord
, , AbiWord
rtf.
- .
<http://www.hippo.ru/~hvv/abiword/>
- LaTeX,
rtf latex2rtf <ftp://tug.ctan.org/tex-
archive/support/latex2rtf/> c ,
.
(nb: sgml)
7.2. , Microsoft Excel?
gnumeric 0.65 .
<http://www.gnome.org/projects/gnumeric/>
7.3. , Powerpoint?
, Powerpoint Open Office.
C ,
. : <http://www.openoffice.org/MSFilters.html>,
<http://graphics.openoffice.org/>.
7.4. linux single lilo ?
man lilo.conf password restricted.
7.5. <--> lilo, c mbr.
?
root=-----. root
lilo.
7.6. Linux/
?
( Victor Wagner)
<http://www.mostang.com/sane>.
.
scsi-, usb .
, ,
Linux- , SCSI
( PCI). scanner-only ncr- aha 1502
$10-$15.
.
: sane xscanimage,
gimp- .
7.7. OCR ( )?
OCR Linux, , .
Windows
wine ( SCSI,
. documentation/aspi). OCR
, , - ,
, ocr
<http://www.freshmeat.net>.
7.8.
<http://www.hamrick.com/vsm.html> - shareware, .
7.9. WinModem ?
( Alexander Pevzner Alex Korchmar)
1. V42 V34. $80, afair. (""
)
- .
2. , ?
.
( ;) - ,
free source , -
. ,
v.42/42bis
v.34.
( , , .obj
, ,
- ""
)
<http://www.linmodems.org>
.