man  4 00210-01 33 01-4 1. : : ; : . , , ; , . : ; : , - ; : , - ; : ; : . - . 5 00210-01 33 01-4 6 00210-01 33 01-4 : apropos - . : apropos ... : apropos , - , (""). - , , e , - . : apropos time : alarm - ; time - . 7 00210-01 33 01-4 : ar - . : ar [] ... : ar , ' . - , ld. - , . "" drqtpmx, ' vuaibcl ( ). - "" . "" , , . : d - ; r - . , . "r" - "u", , - , , - 8 00210-01 33 01-4 . - "abi" "", (a) (b i) "". ; q - . . , . - ; t - , . , , . , ; p - . - ; m - . - "- ", , "r", ; 9 00210-01 33 01-4 x - - . , - . - ; v - , ar - . - "t", , - . "p", ; c - , "" ; l - ar /tmp. , . : /tmp/v* : ld, ar, lorder, ranlib : , . 10 00210-01 33 01-4 : as, newas - : as [-] [-o ] [...] : as , . "-", - . as "" , "-o", a.out . newas , - , - , - ( "=" ). : /tmp/as2 /tmp/atm[1-3]? a.out ' : ld, nm, adb, a.out. 11 00210-01 33 01-4 . : - "?", . , , , . : ) ; ] ; < ; * ; . ; a ; b ; e ; f ( 'f' 'b'); g ; i "if"; m ; o ; 12 00210-01 33 01-4 p "." 1- 2- ; r ; u ; x . : , , o. 13 00210-01 33 01-4 : at - . : at [] [] : at "" ( - ) - . , "" SHELL ( CSHELL). (cd), - at. "". (GID) (UID) . "" 1 4 , "a", "p", "n" "m", " ", " ", "" "" . - . - . - , 24- . "" - , , - . "week", . . - 14 00210-01 33 01-4 : at 8am jan 24 at 1530 fr week at /usr/lib/atrun cron. at , atrun. : /usr/spool/at/... "" "" "" ; "" - . /usr/spool/at/lasttimedone "" . /usr/spool/at/past , . /usr/lib/atrun , - . : calendar, cron : - . 15 00210-01 33 01-4 : /usr/lib/atrun - 24 . 16 00210-01 33 01-4 : awk - : awk [-fc] [] []... : awk , . "" , - , "". "" , "" . "", "-f ". . "-", - . - "-". . , ( FS). $1,$2,...;. $0 . "-" : 17 00210-01 33 01-4 {} "{}" - "" . "" - , "" . - . : if() [else ] while () for (; ; ) break continue { []... } = print [-] [>] printf [,-] [>] next # # exit # . , . - . - +, -, *, /, % (- ). - 18 00210-01 33 01-4 ++, --, +=, -=, *=, /= %=. , ( x[i]) . . , - - . - "...". print ( , ">"), - . printf . length - , , , . , log, sqrt int, - . substr(s,m,n) n- s, - m- . sprintf(,,,...) printf - , "", - . - (!, ||, && ) - . - 19 00210-01 33 01-4 "/". . - - . , ( , , ). : - "" , "" ^ (""), !^ (" "). , . BEGIN END . BEGIN , END - . "c" - : 20 00210-01 33 01-4 BEGIN {FS="c"} "-fc". - : NF - ; NR - ; FILENAME - ; FS - ( - ); RS - ( - ); OFS - ( - ); ORS - ( - ); OFMT - ( - "%.6g"); $0 - ; $i - i- . : 72 : 21 00210-01 33 01-4 length > 72 : {print $2, $1} : {for (i=NF; i>0; --i) print $i} , , "start" "stop" : /start/,/stop/ , : $1 != prev {print; prev = $1} : lex, sed. awk. : awk - ( 64 ) - . . awk ( (?)): 22 00210-01 33 01-4 1 : unknown type (?) in penter 2 : unknown type (?) in freetr 3 : regular expression too long 4 : unknown type (?) in cfoll 5 : unknown type (?) in first 6 : can't open (?) 7 : record `(?)' too long 8 : record `(?)' has too many fields 9 : record `(?)' has too many fields 10 : built giant record `(?)...' 11 : trying to access field (?) 12 : can't open (?) 13 : out of space in ALLOC 14 : illegal statement (?) 15 : unexpected break, continue or next 16 : unexpected break, continue or next 17 : unknown boolean operator (?) 18 : unknown relational operator (?) 19 : out of temporaries in gettemp 20 : format item (?)... too long 21 : not enough arguments in printf((?)) 22 : illegal arithmetic operator (?) 23 : division by zero 24 : division by zero 25 : division by zero 26 : division by zero 27 : illegal assignment operator (?) 28 : (?) is not an array 23 00210-01 33 01-4 29 : illegal jump type (?) 30 : illegal function type (?) 31 : string (?) too long to print 32 : too many output files (?) 33 : can't open file (?) 34 : out of space in makesymtab 35 : symbol table overflow at (?) 36 : can't set $0 37 : can't set $0 38 : illegal reference to array (?) 39 : funny variable (?): (?) (?) (?) (?) 40 : out of space in tostring on (?) : . , , 0, , - , ' "". 24 00210-01 33 01-4 : bas - BASIC. : bas [file] : bas - BASIC. "file", (, BASIC). Bas - : . - . - . , . : ( ) . V; 25 00210-01 33 01-4 comment ... , ; done ; dump ; edit ed. - ed file. - - , file, . for = V V for = V V next for ( ) - ( ), - name. , . - , . goto V 26 00210-01 33 01-4 , , , . . , . if V if V [ else ] fi ( ) ( ) , - . . list [V [V]] . , . , , . , . print "" , 27 00210-01 33 01-4 ( (")). print . prompt print, . return [V] - , . , . run , . . save [V [V]] save list, , file. bas - , b.out . : - 28 00210-01 33 01-4 , - . . - . "e" - . : 4, -15, 0.34, 1.2e+5. (V) - . _V . V V . V( [V[, V]] ) . - , . - , (, ). [ V[, V]] , , - . a[1,2] a[1][2]. 29 00210-01 33 01-4 0 32767. : = . . . & | "" (&) , - , , . "" (|) , , , - . < <= > >= <> : < ; <= ; > ; >= ; <> ; - , . : a>b>c, - a>b&b>c; 30 00210-01 33 01-4 + - ; * / ; ^ ; : arg(i) i- ; exp(x) x; log(x) x; sqr(x) x; sin(x) x (); cos(x) x (); atn(x) x. -J/2 J/2; rnd() , 0 1; 31 00210-01 33 01-4 expr() . - . ; abs() ; int(x) x ; : /tmp/btm* b.out /bin/ed : . 32 00210-01 33 01-4 : basename - . : basename [] : basename "" , "/", "", , - . SHELL. : m , /usr/src/cmd/cat.c, - cat : cc $1 mv a.out `basename $1 .c` : sh 33 00210-01 33 01-4 : bc - BC. : bc [-c] [-l] [...] : bc , C, - . - . - "", , , BC. - . "-l", - . BC, - : B "a" "z"; V ; OP . : "/*" "*/" : 34 00210-01 33 01-4 : B : B[V] "ibase", "obase" "scale" : ( ). (V) sqrt(B) length(B) scale(B) B(V,...,V) : + - * / % ^ (% - , ^ - ) ++ -- ( , ) == <= >= != < > = =+ =- =* =/ =% =^ : V {OP; ... ;OP} if(V) OP while(V) OP for(V;V;V) OP break quit 35 00210-01 33 01-4 : define B(B, ... ,B){ auto B, ... ,B OP; ... OP return(B) } : s(x) - ; c() - ; e() - ; l(x) - ; a() - ; j(n,x) - . , , - , - . - , . - scale , dc. ibase obase . , . . - "auto" . 36 00210-01 33 01-4 - , . , : scale = 20 define e(x){ auto a,b,c,i,s a = 1 b = 1 s = 1 for(i=1; i==1; i++){ a = a*x b = b*i c = a/b if(c == 0) return(s) s = s+c } } - , for(i=1; i <= 10; i++) e(i) . bc 37 00210-01 33 01-4 dc, , - "-c" ( ). dc, . : /usr/lib/lib.b : dc bc. : &&, || !. for . quit , . 38 00210-01 33 01-4 : cal - : cal [] : cal . , . "" 1 9999. "- " 1 12. : : " 2 - 1928 ?" , . : "cal 78" - , XX . 39 00210-01 33 01-4 : calendar - "" : calendar [-] : calendar "calendar" - , - . : ".", , "12/7", "7 - " "7/12". "" - . "-", calendar - , - "calendar", , , mail. cron. : calendar /usr/lib/calendar /etc/passwd /tmp/cal* : egrep, sed, mail : at, cron, mail 40 00210-01 33 01-4 : "" calendar - , . 41 00210-01 33 01-4 : cat - . : cat [-] [-u] ... : cat "" . , : cat file , cat file1 file2 > file3 ' . "-", - . - "-u" cat . : pr, cp : "cat a b > a" "cat" a b > b", . 42 00210-01 33 01-4 : cb - - : cb : cb C- - - , . 43 00210-01 33 01-4 : cc - : cc []... ... : cc - . . , ".c", - . - ' , - ".c" ".o". ".o" , - - . , ".s", , ".o". cc : -c ' , ; -f , FPP- . 44 00210-01 33 01-4 - FPP-; -p . , monitor (2) mon.out ' . prof; -d "cdeb"; -O ' ; -S - - ".s"; -e - - . - "cc" "sed" : "s/^# /# line/"; -a "cpp". , - ; 45 00210-01 33 01-4 -P , ".c" - "cpp",