4K, eco ceeo; -o "" "-o" e xooo aa ld eco "a.out"; -r , - ld. - eopeeex coo; -s - ( ). - oa strip; -u , - - . , , popa peyec epapeea cca; 13 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 -X , , "$". - cc - , . B ay coo oeac oo ee co; -x ( .globl) - . . : /lib/lib*.a /usr/lib/lib*.a a.out : as, ar, cc, ranlib, ldover 14 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : learn - . : learn [-.] [ [ [.]]] : learn c . "learn". - , , . , "- " "", . "", - learn . "" "-", learn - ; . "": keyboard ; files ; morefiles ; C . 15 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 "" learn. "-" - , learn. : /mnt/learn : learn, , o oyee pooc a oe OC,a o ee epc, oopa ceac . , ocoeo epopaco, ec po ye axoc . , - -; , , - "" . 16 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : lex - . : lex [-tvfn] []... : lex , - . ( - ) - , , , , - . "lex.yy." , : cc lex.yy.c -ll - , , - , , . lex - , : %% 17 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 [A-Z] putchar(yytext[0]+'a'-'A'); [ ]+$ [ ]+ putchar(' '); : -t , lex.yy.; -v ; -n ( ); -f "" , - . . -d ( - lex). : yacc 18 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : ln - . : ln 1 [2] ...[ n] [d2] : ( , - , , ..) - . - - , - , . Koaa ln coae aoo yaaoo aa " 1",...," " aepaoe cyecye cpaoe "d2". Ec aece " 1" " 2", " 1" coaec aepaoe " 2" eye aaoe. : , - - . : rm 19 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : lock - . : lock : lock , "Again" - , . , , - . 20 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : logoff - . : logoff : logoff . logoff . "" . 21 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : look - . : look [-df] [] : look "" , "". . "d" "f" , sort: d "" : , , - ; f . . : sort, grep 22 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : lorder - ' . : lorder ... : - ' . ' . - , . - tsort , ld. ".o": ar cr library `lorder *.o | tsort` : tsort, ld, ar : ' , - , ".o" - . 23 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : lpq - a cocoe oepe A. : lpq : lpq , . , , - , . - lprm. : /usr/spool/lpd/* : lpr, lprm 24 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : lpr - . : lpr [-m] [-c] [-r] [-b ] [...] : lpr - . , . : -m - mail; -c , , , /tmp/spool/lpd - /tmp/spool/lpd ; -r - ; -b , - , , - . , - "", . 14 "". 25 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : /usr/spool/lpd/* /usr/lib/lpd "" /usr/lib/lpf : lpq, lprm : -c, (- ), - . . 26 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : lprm - . : lprm [...] [-...] [...] : lprm . e- aop, -aa aea opeoo aa oepe lpq. , , . . : lpr, lpq /usr/spool/lpd/* 27 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : ls - . : ls [-1ACFRabcdfgilmnqrstux] ... l [ ls] ... : , , ls . , , ls . - . , - . . , - , . . , . , "-m", - , , ",". "l" , "-m". , - , , 28 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 . , . : -l " ", - , , , . , - ; -t - ( - ) ; -a ( - "." ); -s , - ; -d , - , (- "-l" - ); -r , - ; -u 29 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 (-t) (-l); -i i-; -f , - , , . "-l", "-t", "-s" "-r", - "-a"; , ; -g - ("-l"); -m ; -1 , , ; -c , - , (pipe); -q "?" - ; - , - ; -x , ; , 30 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 , , "x"; -A Bac ce ea eyeo aaoa (aaoo "-a") '.' '..' ; -F "/"; "*"; -R - . , "-l", - 11 , - . : d ; b ; c ; - . 9 . - , - - , - . - 31 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 , - . "" . - : r ; w ; x ; - . "s", - ; , - "s", . ( "x" "-") - "t", 1000. , , - . : . , 32 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 80 . 15 - . "-i" "-s", - 20 . "-i" "-s", 25 . - , "-l" "-n", , . , , , ls -s ! lpr ls -s , . 33 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : m4 - . : m4 [ ...] : m4 - , .- , , . "-", . - . : (1,2,...,N) "(" - . "(" , , . , - , , - . , "_", . . - (`'). 34 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 - . , - . - - , , , , . - . , . "" ( ). - 4, : define(,) - , . $n , n - , n- . 0 . ; undefine(`') , - ; 35 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 ifdef(`',2,3) , - , - . , ; changequote(l,r) () . changequote (.. `'); divert(n) 10 , 0 9. . - ( 0). divert - ( ). , - , 0-9, - ; undivert(n1,n2 ...) - ( , - ). - . - 36 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 ; divnum ; dln ; ifelse(a,b,c,d) . - , - . , 4, 5, 6 7. - , , - ; incr() , - 1. ; eval() . - 32- - . +, -, *, /, %, ^ ( ), , ; len() ""; 37 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 index(_1,_2) "_1" "_2". . "_1" "_2" , -1; substr(s,i,n) "s", i- , "n" . - . , , - "s"; translit(s,f,t) "s", , - "f", "t"; include() "- "; sinclude() include, , - , ; syscmd() "" . ; 38 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 maketemp(...XXX...) XXX ; errprint(_1,_2,...) - ; dumpdef(_1,_2...) ( , - ); 39 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : mail - o . : mail [+] [-i] []... mail [+] [-i] -f : mail - " ". , - /usr/spool/mail - , . mail, " " . "", - , , " - ". - "", mail , ".", - " " "". - , " ". "- " , - ">". , "" - , , ( ), "- 40 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 " "!_" . : + " - "; -i ; -f - , " ". " ", "?" . - : <return> - ; d ; p ; - ; s[]... - ( , mbox - ); 41 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 w[]... ( - mbox); m[]... ( - ); EOT (< > - <cntrl-D>) - ; q , EOT; ! SHELL . . . : /etc/passwd - /usr/spool/mail/* " " mbox /tmp/ma* dead.letter 42 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 pif -mes [a-i]*.1 > ai1.f mx -ES -P ant.ai ai1.f > ai1.fcps pif -mes [j-z]*.1 > jz1.f mx -ES -P ant.jz jz1.f > jz1.fcps rm *.f 43 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : make - . : make [-f _] [] ... ... : make - . make , , - , - , .. make, , - . ( make) - ', - , ', SHELL '. "-f", - "_" "-", - . - "-f" - . , , ( - 44 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 ) . , - . - ', "" , , . , , , SHELL, . - (- "*", "[-]", "?", - SHELL; ). , "#", make. "pgm", "a.o" "b.o", , , "a.c", "b.c" "incl.h". pgm: a.o b.o cc a.o b.o -o pgm a.o: incl.h a.c cc -c a.c b.o: incl.h b.c 45 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 cc -c b.c ' - , , ' . - '. , "": aa :: x.c y.c echo aa :: x.y echo YACC , : = : $() ${} "" "". "" , - . 46 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 , make. , , . , : TEXT = 2 progr: echo ${TEXT} make " 2". - : make "TEXT = 1" " 1". , - make: $* ; $? , - ; $@ ; $< ; $$ "$". 47 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 ' - - : - - ; - - ; - ".DEFAULT"; - - . , - , - . , - "a." "a.": a. : a. mv a.M a.K - , , . , ".o" - "." : .c.o : cc -c $< , , 48 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 ".o" ".c" - ( , ). - : .SUFFIXES: .o .c ' ".DEFAULT", , make . , : .DEFAULT: cp dummy $@ ( - dummy). , - . , aca aeo opoe: pgm: a.o b.o cc a.o b.o -o pgm a.o b.o: incl.h , - - 49 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 , . - : AS (as); CC - (cc); RC -77 (f77); LEX Lex (lex); YACC Yacc (yacc). : CFLAGS - (cc); FFLAGS -77 (f77); LFLAGS - lex; YFLAGS yacc; LOADLIBES . - : .out ; .o ' ; .c ; 50 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 .f ; .e Efl; .r ; .y Yacc; .l Lex; .s ; .p . SHELL - . - , , , SHELL. ".SILENT", "@", . , make "-s". make . , ' - ".PRECIOUS", . 51 AK.00210-01 33 01-5