"_", sh - . {_;} "_". sh : "if", "then", "else", "elif", "fi", "case", "in", "esac", "for", "while", "until", "do", "done", "{", "}". - , - . : 133 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 (``), - . - ; . : "$" - . set - . - : = [ = ] ... ${} "" : 1) - , (.. ""), 2) , 3) * @ # ? - $ !. ( ). - , - "" , , . "" , . "" * @, ( 0), - 134 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 . ${-} "" , - , "". ${=} "" , - "" - . . ${?} "" , - ; "" - . "" - , - . ${+} "" , "", . , "", , "" - . ( , - "echo {d-`pwd`}" pwd d ). "" - sh: 135 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 # ; - , set; ? ; $ ; ! . "" , : HOME ( - ) cd, ; PATH , , - ; MAIL , sh - ; PS1 , "$"; PS2 ( ), ">"; 136 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 IFS - ; , . : , - , - ( $IFS). . , (" " ' '), . , - , , . : - *, ?, [. , , - . - , . "." . * , ; ? ; [...] . 137 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 , "-", - - . : - sh - , : ";", "&", "(", ")", "|", "<", ">", _, , . , . , "0 . , (' '), , - . - (" "). , `, " $. "$*" "$1 $2 ..." "$@" "$1" "$2" ... . : , , sh PS1 ( - $). - , - PS2 ( - >). 138 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 -: / - . . "" "" . < "" - ( 0). > "" - ( 1). - , ; . >> "" - . , ; - . << , - "". - . - "" - , ; 139 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 , , , $, ` "". <& , "", . >& "". <&- . >&- . - , ( 0 1 ). : , , - /. : , - . . 140 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 . "" . cd [] ' "" . , HOME. eval [ ...] "- ...". exec [ ...] " ...". - /. exit [N] N. N , - . export [...] . , . login [ ...] 141 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 ( "exec login ..."). newgrp [ ...] - ( "exec newgrp ..."). read ... . " ..." - , - . , , , . readonly ... . , - , "readonly" ( ). set [-eknptuvx [ ...]] sh. : -e - ; 142 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 -k - ; -n ; -t , - ; -u - ; -v ; -x ; - -x -v. "-". - "1, 2, ...". , ; shift "2, 3, ..." "1, 2, ..." ; times , - ; 143 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 trap [] [N ...] ""; umask [ddd] ddd . ddd , ; wait [n] n - "?". : "0" "-", .profile. : -c ""; -s . - ( 2); -i . : $HOME/.profile /tmp/sh* 144 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 /dev/null : csh, test, exec : , (, - ), , sh - , . - , . - , sh - . 145 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : size - ' : size [...] : size () , - , bss, ' "", - . 146 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : sleep - : sleep : sleep "" . , : (sleep 105; ) , , while true do sleep 37 done : "" 2 147 483 647 . 147 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : soelim - pif. : soelim [...] : ( ) , - pif : .so _ . - , tbl, , soelim , - . , - "'" ".", .. 'so /usr/lib/tmac.s soelim: soelim exum?.n | tbl | pif -ms | col | lpr : colcrt, more : , . 148 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : sort - : sort [-mubdfinrtxz] [ +1 [-2] ]... [-o ] [-T ] []... : sort - . ( "-"), . - . - ( ) - -8 ( ). , - : b ; d " ": , ; f ; i -8 - 149 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 040-0176 0300-0376 - ; n ( - ), - . "n" - "b"; r ; tx " ", , "x"; z . "+1 -2" , . "1" "2". "1" "2" "m.n", bdfinr, m , - , n - , - . - , . "b", "n" ( ) - ; "b" "2". ".n" ".o", "2" - 150 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 . "-tx" - , - "x", "-tx" , . , , . , , . : c , - ; , ; m , ; o - , . - ; T - , ; u . - 151 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 . : "". . sort -u +0f +0 /etc/passwd, ( ): sort -t: +2n /etc/passwd - (dates). "-um" . sort -um +0 -1 dates : uni, comm, rev, join : - , "-c". : . 152 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : split - : split [-n] [ []] : split "" , n ( - 1000). n, . "" "aa", . - , . - "-", . 153 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : st - . : st [] _ : st - , - "_". "", - complex1. , , - . , st . : /dev/smsg? 154 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : strip - . : strip ... : strip - , - . , . strip , "-s" ld. : ld 155 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : stty - . : stty [ ...] : stty - / . . : even ; -even ; odd ; -odd ; "-even -odd". raw ( (kill), (erase), (quit), - (EOT); - ); -raw ; cbreak read(2) ; (kill) (erase); 156 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 -cbreak read ; -crmod ; crmod - (CR) (NL); - - (CR-NL); echo - ; -echo -; lcase - ; -lcase ; -tabs ; tabs ; cyrill ; -cyrill ; 157 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 icyrill (/) - ( 15 0013, "" ); -icyrill (/) - ( 15 0013, "" ); "" . dec , RSX-11, RT-11: ("", <control>u, <control>c). ek , "dec". unix , UNIX: ("#", "@", <>). "quit" <control> . erase c c . ^x, <ctrl>x; kill c c . ^; intr c 158 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 c "interrupt". ^; quit c c "core". - ^; nl cr ht vt n n ; width n ( ) n ; lengh n o n , ; length 0, ; score (kill) (erase); -score score; indctl control- -, ^<char + 0141>; 159 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 -indctl indctl; hup ; -hup - ; 0 ; extb speed "speed". "speed" : 75, 110, 134, 150, 200, 300, 600, 1200, 1800, 2400, 4800, 9600 ( - dh dz); cro cr1 cr2 cr3 ; nl0 ln1 nl2 nl3 . : tty, ioctl, tabs. 160 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : su - . : su [_] : su - - . - , . - . su - , - (root). , - - , sh "#". : sh 161 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : sum - : sum file ... : Sum 16- . - - , . : wc : read error . - (, , - ). , - . 162 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : svc - . : svs [] : svc "" "- " - . , , popa. time , . svc o o, a o o pe o opaeo. mon - - . 163 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : sysname - . : sysname : sysname . : ipl 164 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : tail - : tail [+-[lbc]] [] : tail , . , . , - "+" "-" . "" , - "l", "b" "c". , . : dd : , , . - . 165 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : tape - : tape [-muwq] [-nl] [-blp] [-sl _] [-d ] [-c - _] _ : , . - , , - . : -m . - , -u; -u . - , . ; -w . ; -q ; -nl . 166 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 ; -blp . - ; -sl , "_" ; -d . 63 /; -c , - "-" K . - %s "-" tape -m-c"cat %s>blot" GLOP84 GLOP84 blot. : eo ce poecc - , - . -nl, -sl, -blp . -nl , . -sl 167 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 . -blp - . . : /usr/spool/out/t* spool /usr/spool/out/.spoolpid spool /dev/tape/?????? /dev/mt? /dev/tape/lock18 : opr, vmpunch, label, spoolr, tm 168 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 : tar - : tar [ ...] : tar . - "". "" (r,x,t,u c), , - . , - . Tar : r . ; . , , ( ). - ( ). - "", . , , - 169 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 ;. t , . "" , ; u , - ; c . , . : 1,2 - , ( - 12, "TAPE"; - "TAPE", . "TAPE" - "tar", "mt", "ardos" "sh" ( , /dev/mt580): "TAPE=/dev/mt580; export TAPE"; "csh" : "setenv TAPE /dev/mt580". - "f".); v v tar - -. 170 AK.00210-01 33 01-5 t, , ;. w tar , - . : "y" - , "n" - - , "=" - , "", "#" - , "";. f tar /dev/mt?. "-", tar - . , - tar . Tar - - cd from; tar cf - * | (cd to; tar xf -); b tar