.  AT&T Bell Laboratories Columbus, OH 43213  2.11  ? USENET (Users' Network) - , . USENET - , : UUCP, BLICN, BERKNET, X.25, ARPANET. USENET - , . - USENET - - , AT&T. 50,000 - USENET 2,000 , , , , . UNIX8*9. , netnews, , . Netnews Duke University, - . Netnews , - . , , . , , - . , "Dis- tribution". , ( ). , , , - . , __________ 8 *9UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T. 1 2  . , , . - , - - . , - , , , . , - ,  USENET  B. USENET? USENET . - - . " - x?" - . - . - , , . netnews - -  . - - , - . , - . - , USENET - . . , , . , , . - , , . , - . Netnews , ( ), - , , . - , . - . - , . , , ( - ). . News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986 3 , . . , , , - . ? USENET news-. news-, - , .  , news-, , , . - readnews - : - - vnews(1) ( ), notes- file, ( ), rn, - , . news-, - .  ( , ), , . . (y, n, q). ( ? .) y, "yes" ( <&lt;RETURN>&gt;), . ( , , . <&lt;SPACE>&gt; <&lt;RETURN>&gt;). n, "no". , - - . q, "quit". , ( - ), netnews. - , . q , . ( readnews(1) check- news(1) .profile .login, , , .) , , , - all ( ). - . news-, - , (. ). News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986 4 , , - , , , . - , readnews -K -n all , , - . K, news- . , ( ), - . ( - , , news-.) , , - ( <&lt;CONTROL-C>&gt; <&lt;DELETE>&gt;), . , : x readnews. q , q , , x , readnews. N news-. - news- - , , . s  - . , , readnews - , - .  (, - ); s- . e , . , - . e- ( - , ) , - , , - , . News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986 5 r . , , . . - , , - , . , , "To" "Cc", . , , , . - , - . - mail, , - , readnews. r- - . - rd- $MAILER ( mail(1) ) . f news-. news- , . , . ( " USENET" - , , -- .) . . f- - - . - vi(1), , EDITOR . . + . . - . - , - - . b . . U news-. .newsrc(5) : news- ! . News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986 6 ? - . , . . , - , readnews -s news-, - "general" "announce", general, news.announce. ( general,all.announce. all.) , - .newsrc, options -n newsgroup,newsgroup,newsgroup ... , , . ( netnews , , - . , . , , , .newsrc , , . options .) , options -n general,news.announce,comp.human-nets , news-. ! news-, all , news- . all - news-. , options -n all,!talk,!rec.humor,!all.unix news-, "talk" , - , UNIX. . / shell, all *. - - all, U read- news news-, News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986 7 . news- , , . News- , - .newsrc ( options). - , , , - , options . , postnews , - . yes no. yes, , f readnews, - , . , news- , . , readnews . , - , , . - , " . ." , . no, postnews(1) - . . - , "'67 Porsche " , " " "". , news- . , news- ?, . , - . - , - . , news- , . ( ) " - " , world. - , - ( Porsche). - . - nj, . , usa. , , ?, - . - world, (, - ) . News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986 8 . , , . news-. , , , . - , . readnews , , . -n newsgroups news-. -x , , , .newsrc . news-, , , . read- news .newsrc. -a date - , date. , -a , , -x. ( , , .) -t keywords - , keywords - . , readnews -n comp.unix -x -a last thursday -t setuid news- comp.unix setuid. ( - -t. "suid", , - , "setuid" .) , -l ( - - - .) -p , ; - , UNIX . -r , .   - , , , - , . readnews , - . , , "msgs", msgs(1) . ( - , , MIT.) News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986 9 msgs - , - , , . -c . , , , . , msgs, - r, s, f. - "/bin/mail" ( "bin mail"), - UNIX . - Mail(1) ( "cap mail"), -M. - Mail, , . ( - Mail -T.) - MH Rand. , . , vnews, , . - notesfile, - . -. - rn. - EMACS. - - . , /bin/mail(1), Mail, msg(1), MH. - , . , Mail -M, readnews -c "Mail -f %" , , readnews. -f Mail - . Readnews , %. . , , . Readnews ,  , , . , -M Mail -T, Mail - readnews, . News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986 10 , - . . , . checknews readnews .profile .login, , . , - readnews - (, ), , checknews , . checknews , readnews, . , , ( ), - readnews. checknews : -y "There is news", - . -v -y, "There is news" "News: newsgroup ...", news-, . news- general, - , , - . -n "No news", . -e , readnews. - , -e readnews. checknews -yn , . checknews -e -M readnews Mail, , . checknews -y News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986 11 , , , . news- news- . , , . news- news.groups,whatever.relatedgroup (whatever.relatedgroup , - .) , rec.arts.tv.soaps rec.arts.tv,news.groups).  news.groups. ( Followup-To: news.groups ). - , , - , - news-. ( , - .) , news- - , , , - . news- news-. , - . , news- - . , , - . news-, , , , . , - . . - , . general , . : " - ." " x ." news- - - . ( news- News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986 12 .) , - . ( - msgs.) , . , , - . , ? - "Newsgroups? ". comp.ai Artificial Intelligence discussions. comp.ai.digest Arpanet Artificial Intelligence Digest. (Moderated) comp.arch Computer architecture. comp.bugs.2bsd Reports of UNIX* version 2BSD related bugs. comp.bugs.4bsd Reports of UNIX version 4BSD related bugs. comp.bugs.misc General bug reports and fixes. comp.bugs.sys5 Reports of AT&T System 5 (and System 3) related bugs. comp.cog-eng Cognitive engineering. comp.compilers Compiler construction, etc. (Moderated) comp.databases Database and data management issues and theory. comp.dcom.lans Local area network hardware and software. comp.dcom.modems Data communications hardware and software. comp.dcom.telecom Telecommunications digest. (Moderated) comp.doc Public-domain documentation. (Moderated) comp.doc.techreports Announcements and lists of technical reports.(Moderated) comp.edu Computer science education. comp.emacs EMACS editors of different flavors. comp.graphics Computer graphics, art, animation, image processing, comp.graphics.digest Arpanet Digest on Computer Graphics. (Moderated) comp.lang.ada The computer language Ada*. comp.lang.apl The computer language APL. comp.lang.c The computer language C. comp.lang.c++ The object-oriented computer language C++. comp.lang.forth The computer language Forth. comp.lang.fortran The computer language FORTRAN. comp.lang.lisp The computer language LISP. comp.lang.misc Other computer languages. comp.lang.modula2 The computer language Modula-2. comp.lang.pascal The computer language Pascal. comp.lang.prolog The computer language PROLOG. comp.lang.smalltalk The computer language Smalltalk 80. comp.laser-printers Laser printers, hardware and software. (Moderated) comp.lsi Large scale integrated circuits. comp.mail.headers Arpanet header-people mailnig list. comp.mail.maps Various maps, including UUCP maps. (Moderated) comp.mail.uucp Proposed uucp mail/network standards. comp.newprod Announcements of new products (Moderated) comp.org.decus DEC* Users' Society newsgroup. comp.org.usenix USENIX Association events and announcements. comp.os.cpm The CP/M operating system. News Version B 2.11 September 22, 1986 13 comp.os.eunice The SRI Eunice system. comp.os.os9 The os9 operating system. (Moderated) comp.os.vms DEC's VMS Operating System(Moderated) comp.periphs Peripheral devices. comp.protocols File Transfer Protocol discussions.(Moderated) comp.protocols.appletalk Applebus hardware & software. (Moderated) comp.protocols.kermit Information about the Kermit package.(Moderated) comp.protocols.tcp-ip TCP and IP network protocols.(Moderated) comp.sources.amiga Public Domain Software for the Amiga.(Moderated) comp.sources.bugs Bugs and fixes for comp.sources postings (Moderated) comp.sources.d Any discussion on comp.sources postings. comp.sources.games Postings of recreational software(Moderated) comp.sources.mac Public Domain Software for the Macintosh (Moderated) comp.sources.unix Public Domain Software for Unix systems (Moderated) comp.sources.wanted Requests for software, termcap entries, etc. comp.std.c C language standards(Moderated) comp.std.internat International standards comp.std.mumps The X11.1 committee on Mumps (Moderated) comp.std.unix The P1003 committee on UNIX (Moderated) comp.sys.amiga Commodore Amiga computers -- info, uses, no programs. comp.sys.apollo Apollo computer systems.(Moderated) comp.sys.apple Apple computers. comp.sys.atari.8bit 8 bit Atari computers. comp.sys.atari.st 16 bit Atari computers. comp.sys.att AT&T computers. comp.sys.cbm Commodore computers. comp.sys.dec DEC computers. comp.sys.hp Hewlett/Packard computers comp.sys.ibm.pc IBM personal computers. comp.sys.ibm.pc.digest Arpanet Digest on the IBM PC family.(Moderated) comp.sys.intel Intel computers. comp.sys.m6809 Motorola 6809's. comp.sys.m68k Motorola 68000, 68010, 68020 based computers comp.sys.m68k.digest Arpanet Digest on 68000-based systems.(Moderated) comp.sys.mac