. , , 1987 . , , , , , , . , , " ". , , , . , , , . " " . , . , , " " , , , . , , (Eu Chooi Yip), . 80- , . , . , 1989 . .. (P.V. Sharma) , , . (Singapore Teachers' Union), 1951 , (Samad Ismail), , . . . (Fang Chuang Pi), , 50- . "" ("Plen" - " ). 90- , "" . , , . , . 1965 , , 1962 . (Changsha), (Hunan), " " (The Voice of the Malayan Revolution). (Qinghua), . , , , , . 1990 , , . . , "" , " ". " " (Glorius Peace Settlement). : " ". , "", , , , . (Chin Peng), . "" , , . . "" . 1992 , - , , , . , , , , . , , , . "" , . , . , , (Haadyai), . " " . , 15-20 "" , , . , , "", , , . 1995 , "". . 1958 , . , . . , . , . , , , . . . , . , . 11 1961 , -. . , , , . (Whampoa), . (Diaoyutai), . 23 , 9 . , , , , , . "" , , , -. . , "" (maotai). , , - . , , , , . , 1990 , , . , (Alan Chan), , "" , . , , 50- . , 30 . , , . - , ? , , . , - , , . , , , . , , , , . , , ; , . , , , 1963 , . , (Malaysian Special Branch) , , ? : , , . . . , , , : . . . , "" , . , , , - 1961 . , . , , , . - . , , . , , " ". , , , , , , .  9. . 1959 , , . . ? 1959 1965 : , - . , , , "", - , . " " . , , . - . , . 60- . , " " "". - . , , , , , , , . . , , , , . , , . , , , , , - . , . , . " " (self-improvement night classes), , ( - People's Association). , , , , . 100 , , , , , , . , , , . 1962-1963 . , , , , . , . , 1964 , " " (goodwill committees), . . , " " ( - management committees) ( - citizens' consultative committees). . , , , . , , , - . , , , (. .: 1948 ). , . , , . , , , , . , , ( - residents' committee), 6 - 10 . . , , , , , - -, " " . , "" . , . , , , , , , , . 1968 , . , . , 1972 , , - , . , 50,000 20% , , . . , 1972 , 57 65 . 57 , 70% . 100%- 1976 , 37 , , 38 - , . , , . . ; , , ; , , . " ", - . 1980 "", 37 38 - , 77.5% . , , , , . , . , , , , - (Workers' Party) (David Marshall). . . (J.B. Jeyaretnam). 1972 " " (Internal Security Act). , 60- , . , . , 100%- 1981 , . (Anson) . (Goh Chok Tong). , , . , . , , , . . , , . , . (James Fu), -, , . . , , , , . (Port of Singapore Authority) . . , , , . . , . , - , . , , , , . . , , , . , . 60- - 70- , , . 1984 : , - ( - Singapore Democratic Party) (Chiam See Tong) (Potong Pasir). , , - . , , , . . , , , , . -, . , , , , , . , , , . , , . . , . , , 1,200 . - , , . , . , . , , , . , ( - ) , . , , . , . , , . 70- 80- , 1:00 2:00 , , (Fullerton Square), . , , , . , . , , - . , , , , , . , : " ? , , ?" (Francis Sew). , , (Law Society). . , , , . , , . , 1987 , (Hendrickson) , . , , . , , . , , , . , , , , , . , . . , . , , - . . . , . (Dr. Jonathan E. Fine), " " (Physicians for Human Rights), , . , , , . , , , 7 , , . , , , (English Queen's Council), - , . , . , . . , . , . . , 350,000 . 1986 , , , - . ? , , . , , , , (Mei Sia). 1989 , , , , . , , , 350,000 . , . , . , . . , , , . , , , - . , , . - , , . 1965 . , . . , " " : "- , . ". " " , . , . , 1972 , , , , " " (Lee and Lee), . , , , (. .: .. ). . . , , . 1976 , " " , -. . , (Privy Council), . 10 , 1988 , , , ; , . , . . " " (Far Eastern Economic Review), (Derek Davis). , ' (Edgar D'Souza), , 16 . , . , , . " " (International Gerald Tribune), "- " (New-York Times) " " (Washington Post), 2 1994 (Philip Bowring), " ". : " , , , , . ; , " (meritocracy). (. .: "" - , ) 1984 , , . " " , , , . , . 2 1996 " " (Yazhou Zhoukan - " ") (Tang Liang Hon), . , , . , , , , , , " ". , , , , . " ". , . (London QC), . . , , . , . , , . , , , , . ,