:


      : ,   
 (hashes) -   .   
  ,   - . 
       .  
 .

       '$'  
  .



	$var1		#   'var1'

	$var1[0]	#    'var1'

	$var1{'first'}	#    'first'


     ""   ""
     '@'.



	@var1		#    var1 ( $var1[0], $var1[1], ... $var1[n])

	@var1[1,3,10]	#  $var1[1], $var1[3], $var1[10]

	@var1{'first','last'} #     ( $var1{'first'}, $var1{'last'} )

 ""    '%'.

:

	%var, %key, %years

    '&'     
  .

:

	&sub1, &test_prog, test(12)

      '*'.

        $var1  $var1[0]
  ,  $var1[0]   @var1.  \
@var1  %var1 -   .

     -   
  .      .
      $var1  $Var1 - 
.          
 .



      
      ..  
    "" .
     :    (list).
            - 
  .    - .

:

	$var1 = <>;	#    

	@var1 = <>;	#       @var1

	$var1 = (1,2,3); # $var = 3 -  

	@var1 = (1,2,3); #   @var1   1,2,3



     ,     .
    ,   .
  -     .
      ,  
     .  -   
         
    .

     ""  ""  ""    .
        .

    "TRUE" ()    
     0.

      (null)  - 
(defined)    (undefined).   
  -  .   
,    .    defined()
     .

        
 $#   csh.  $#var1 - 
   .    
   0    
 $#var1+1 .   $#var1 -  
   "" .
        $#var1
-   ,      -
.

        ( 
  ).

:

	@var1 = (4, 3, 2, 1);	#    
	$i = @var1;		#   
	print $i;		#   4 - - 
	print @var1;		#  ,   .

      
 scalar().

:

	print scalar(@var1);	#       

     "true"  
    "-".   
 2/8  8 -   ""  
2 -  .

 .

  :

	123
	123.123
	0.12
	.12E-10
	0xABCD		#  
	0377		#  0   - 
	123_456_123	#      .

   (')   (") :

	', !'
	"  ."

    .   
 qq.
          .

:

	$var1{first}     $var1{'first'}

          
       -  
   .
      __LINE__
(   ), __FILE__ ( ).
       __END__
   ,     
  DATA.

        
          
      ""  
.

         .
  "here-doc" ( ) .  
<<    -.

:

	print <
 .


 -       
  .      
 .

:

	@var1 = (1, 2, '', 1.2); #   .



		$var1[0] = 1,

		$var1[1] = 2,

		$var1[2] = ''

		$var1[3] = 1.2


	$var1 = (1, 2, '', 1.2);

  $var1 = 1.2 ..   .

     ,    
       .

:

	@s1 = (1, 2, 3); # 	 

	@s2 = (6, 7, 8);	# 

	@s = (0, @s1, 4, 5, @s2, 9, 10); #   @s1  @s2

	print @s;	# : 012345678910  -   .


     ()   -.
      ,   
     .

:

	print ('','','')[1];

: 

           
         .

:

	($a, $b, $c) = (1, 2, 3); # $a = 1, $b = 2, $c = 3

       
.

:

	$x = (($a, $b, $c) = (1,2));  #  $x=2

        : -.

:

	%_ = ('', 31, '', 30);

: $_{} = 31, $_{} = 30

       => .

:

	%_ = (
			 => 31,
			 => 30,
	);


     typeglobs


      typeglog  
  .      '*'.
         , 
       
     .
        
  .      
         :

sub new_sub
{ local *IN; #   
open (IN, "test") || return undef;  #  .   .
.........
return;
}

      .


Last-modified: Thu, 24 Apr 1997 17:45:34 GMT

  :