, . - Internet, , , Internet . , , IP- . . . , . , 126, C. C B. - . 5.6. internet - - "", - TCP/IP. IP- - . , - , , Ethernet. , . - , , ____________________ [2] SRI International, Room EJ210, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA. . 1-800-235-3155. E-mail: NIC@NIC.DDN.MIL C. . , , . - , , IP-. , IP- . - IP- , - IP-. . , , B. TCP/IP IP-. IP- B . IP- . , , , - . , IP-. . IP- . , , IP- . , - IP- , . , .. 5.7. , IP-, , . . , , Ethernet Token Ring, . . , , Ethernet, . , , , Ethernet. , - IP-, , - . ( , . , .) , , , - . " ". IP-. IP-, IP-, 1, , , 0. , TCP/IP , . IP- B . 256 - , 254 . 255.255.255.0. , , 60 , 255.255.255.192. 1024 62 . (, 0 " " .) . TCP/IP - . 5.8.  , . , alpha IP- 223.1.2.1. IP- "hosts" . , . . "hosts" : 223.1.2.1 alpha 223.1.2.2 beta 223.1.2.3 gamma 223.1.2.4 delta 223.1.3.2 epsilon 223.1.4.2 iota - IP-, - . "hosts" . , delta , IP- (.11). delta IP-. , . delta IP- IP- , IP-. IP- . IP-, "networks" : 223.1.2 development 223.1.3 accounting 223.1.4 factory - , - . alpha 1 development, beta 2 development .. hosts , internet . , , , delta: 223.1.2.4 devnetrouter delta 223.1.3.1 accnetrouter 223.1.4.1 facnetrouter hosts IP- delta - . , IP- : "dev- netrouter" "delta", . "delta" , - . hosts networks . inter- net, . 5.9. IP-  IP , - IP-? IP . IP-, IP- IP-. . , , IP- . IP IP-. "route". , IP-. 5.10. , . ------------- ------------- | alpha | | beta | | 223.1.2.1 | | 223.1.2.2 | | 1 | | 1 | ------------- ------------- | | ------o-----------------------o------- Ethernet 1 IP- "development" 223.1.2 .10. alpha : ---------------------------------------------------------- | | | | ---------------------------------------------------------- | development <> 1 | ---------------------------------------------------------- .9. - . , . ---------------------------------------------------------- | | | | ---------------------------------------------------------- | 223.1.2 <> 1 | ---------------------------------------------------------- .10. 5.11.  alpha IP- beta. IP alpha, IP- IP- beta (223.1.2.2). IP IP- . - . , 1. ARP- IP- Ethernet- , 1 Ethernet- beta. IP-, development, IP . IP - IP-. " ". 5.12.  IP-, .11. alpha : ---------------------------------------------------------- | | | | ---------------------------------------------------------- | development <> 1 | | accounting devnetrouter 1 | | factory devnetrouter 1 | ---------------------------------------------------------- .11. alpha ------------- | delta | ------------- | 223.1.2.4 | ------------- | alpha | | 223.1.4.1 | | epsilon | | 223.1.2.1 | | 223.1.3.1 | | 223.1.3.2 | | 1 | | 1 2 3 | | 1 | ------------- ------------- ------------- | | | | | ------o------------------o- | -o-----------------o--------- Ethernet 1 | Ethernet 2 IP- "development" | IP- "accounting" 223.1.2 | 223.1.3 | | ------------- | | iota | | | 223.1.4.2 | | | 1 | | ------------- | | ---o----------o------------------- Ethernet 3 IP- "factory" 223.1.4 .11. IP- . ---------------------------------------------------------- | | | | ---------------------------------------------------------- | 223.1.2 <> 1 | | 223.1.3 223.1.2.4 1 | | 223.1.4 223.1.2.4 1 | ---------------------------------------------------------- .12. alpha ( ) "" alpha IP- delta development. 5.13.  alpha IP- epsilon. IP alpha, IP- IP- epsilon (223.1.3.2). IP IP- (223.1.3) . - . , - devnetrouter. IP alpha ARP-, Ethernet-, - IP- devnetrouter. IP-, IP- epsilon, 1 devnetrouter. IP- delta IP. IP- , , IP- delta, - IP-. IP delta IP- IP- (223.1.3) . delta : ---------------------------------------------------------- | | | | ---------------------------------------------------------- | development <> 1 | | accounting <> 3 | | factory <> 2 | ---------------------------------------------------------- .13. delta IP- . ---------------------------------------------------------- | | | | ---------------------------------------------------------- | 223.1.2 <> 1 | | 223.1.3 <> 3 | | 223.1.4 <> 2 | ---------------------------------------------------------- .14. delta ( ) . IP - IP- epsilon 3. IP- Ethernet- epsilon. epsilon IP-, IP IP- . IP- epsilon, - IP- .  * 6. *  , IP-. - ? , - . 6.1.  - . IP-, , - . - . , UNIX IP-, - . ifconfig ie0 128.6.4.4 netmask 255.255.255.0 ifconfig ie1 128.6.5.35 netmask 255.255.255.0 , , IP-. : ---------------------------------------------------------- | | | | ---------------------------------------------------------- | 128.6.4 <> ie0 | | 128.6.5 <> ie1 | ---------------------------------------------------------- .15. , IP- 128.6.4 128.6.5 . , IP-. , route add 128.6.2.0 128.6.4.1 1 route add 128.6.6.0 128.6.5.35 0 , . IP- , , IP- , . , "" IP-. - IP-. 1 IP-. 0 , - - IP-. , , , , IP- 128.6.2 128.6.4.1, IP- 128.6.6 - , 128.6.5.35. --------------------------------------------------------- | | | | --------------------------------------------------------- | 128.6.2 128.6.4.1 ie0 | | 128.6.6 <> ie1 | --------------------------------------------------------- .16. , , , IP- - . IP- , IP- - . IP- , , - , - , . . (, .) IP-, . 6.2.  . . , - - IP- . , - , - IP- . , - . . ( UNIX "route add default 128.6.4.27 1", 128.6.4.27 IP- .) - , IP- - , . , IP- , . , , , ? , "" , IP-, . "" - ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol - - ). - , : " IP- XXXX YYYY, ". TCP/IP . , : -------------------------------------------------------- | | | | -------------------------------------------------------- | 127.0.0 <> lo0 | | 128.6.4 <> pe0 | | default 128.6.4.27 pe0 | -------------------------------------------------------- .17. IP- 128.6.4 , 128.6.4.27. , 128.6.4.30, IP- 128.6.7. ? , IP- IP- 128.6.7.23. IP- , , . 128.6.4.27 , , 128.6.4.30. ( , . - .) 128.6.4.27 , , IP- 128.6.7.23 128.6.4.30. IP - - : -------------------------------------------------------- | | | | -------------------------------------------------------- | 128.6.7.23 128.6.4.30 pe0 | -------------------------------------------------------- .18. IP- 128.6.7.23 . IP- , . , - ? , - . , , . , . "" . TCP , . , "" . - . , , . 6.3.  , . - , . internet - . , . . , , - . , . - internet , . IP- . , "" . , - . , - . - . . . -, , . , , . . , - 30 . , , - . , , . , - , . , . , - , . , - . . , , , - . 6.4. ARP  ARP , - . , IP- ARP . , Ethernet. , ARP , - . ARP , Ethernet. ARP IP- , , - . . , , Ethernet. UNIX "route add default 128.6.4.2 0", 128.6.4.2 - IP- . , 0 , IP-, , - . IP- Ethernet, Ethernet- . ARP-. ARP- , - IP- , Ethernet-, , IP-, . , ARP-. IP- - ARP- Ethernet-. ARP, . ARP , . , 128.6.5 128.6.5.2 ( A .12). IP- 128.6.4.194, Ethernet ( B 128.6.4). IP- 128.6.5.1, - ( R). 1 2 128.6.5 128.6.4 ----o----------------o--- --o---------------o-------- | | | | ------------- ------------- --------------- | 128.6.5.2 | | 128.6.5.1 | | 128.6.4.194 | | A | | 128.6.4.1 | | B | ------------- | R | --------------- ------------- .12. , ARP ARP- A B, A - ARP- B. A : " - Ethernet- 128.6.4.194, ". B . Eth- ernet ARP-. R . R : " , IP- 128.6.4.194 Ethernet- 2:7:1:0:EB:CD", 2:7:1:0:EB:CD - Ethernet- . , 128.6.4.194 Ethernet, A, Ethernet- 2:7:1:0:EB:CD. A IP- B, Ethernet-. , IP-, R, - . , , - -------------------------------------------------------- | | | | -------------------------------------------------------- | 128.6.4.194 128.6.5.1 pe0 | -------------------------------------------------------- , ARP, IP. , - TCP/IP . ARP . : 1) IP- , ; 2) IP- , - ; 3) - ; 4) . ARP - . , . IP- , "route add defailt ...", UNIX. IP- . ARP , .. 0, IP- , ARP IP- - . ARP-. , , TCP/IP ARP , .  * 7. UDP *  UDP (User Datagram Protocol - ) , IP. - , , - IP. UDP . IP- , , "", - , - " " - . , UDP, NFS (Net- work File System - ) SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol - ). 7.1.  UDP - UDP-. . , (), , . . -. , SNMP 161. SNMP , UDP- 161 , . SNMP, UDP- 161. , , - SNMP. - Internet. , UDP, - . , - 5 UDP-, - 5 . - . UDP , . . 7.2.  UDP IP, , . , , - , , , . UDP - Ethernet, - , Ethernet - . - , UDP. - , - - , . ( ), , . , , , . . , , UDP.  * 8. TCP *  TCP , UDP. - , - . TCP , . . , TCP, FTP (File Transfer Protocol - ) TELNET. , TCP X-Window, rcp (remote copy - - ) "r-". TCP - . TCP . TCP UDP. TCP . . , TELNET 23. TELNET , TCP- 23 . TCP, TCP TCP . TCP , . TCP. ; . TCP-, , - TCP-. TCP ; . , 5 TCP-, 10 , . , .