estern"> , "" (" " " "; , ; ),

  • " " (" "),

  • WIMP ("WIMP . . ").

  • , , :

    "" WIMP- , / : , , , WIMP -- - -- (OFM, AppleScript ..), , ( "" " ", Wizards " ").

    , WIMP [16], , : WIMP (" ", " - - ", (" , X, Y?", " , 01.01.2000 " ..). , WIMP- , "", , -- .

    7.7 ?

    [18] "" WIMP, , - (. ""), :

    , - (true UNIX GUI) , . , , , .. (RAD). , "", - .

    , , " ". , , , , XUL, Mozilla (www.mozilla.org) , , Netscape 6 (www.netscape.com), XUL RAD. (. "" 10).

    8. II: ""

    , X Window System , "" .

    - , "" "".

    8.1 "" ?

    . KDE GNOME " " , 800 Celeron, ( ..) " " 500 128 . , " ", , , , , , .

    , . "" , ( ).

    IceWB, BlackBox fluxBox ( WindowMaker)8 ( Intel Pentium) 100 32 ( "" , "" GIMP (. "" 3) Intel Pentium MMX 166 64).

    , " ": . , word- OpenWriter, "", ( ). , , , "" . , KOffice, , "" , , "" KDE.

    ( "" , , (, IBM PC- Intel 486 AMD 586 "" Motorola 68K), , , "" . "", - .)

    , "" . , , , , , , .

    8.2

    "", -- X Window Server:

    "" , X Window Server , , , : ( ) . (, ..), "" .

    ( ), , , , , WWW-, .. , , "-", , .

    , ( "") , .. " " ( ), ( ) "" , .. , "" ( ), .

    ( window manager, , - " ", , , , , " " " ").

    , .

    , , X, . , , "", " " ( ), , ( , "" ).

    , "", , , ( , , ). (, )9.


    8.3 ""

    ( ) "" (widgets = window gadgets, " ") -- , , , ., " " . ( X Window System), , , .

    , , . , ( ) : , , , .. , .

    ( (, : , ..), GNOME KDE, , . , , , .)

    :

    .

    8.4

    , , , . , . :

    * * *

    (, ) "", " ", "" .. . .

    8.5 BlackBox FluxBox


    BlackBox (BB) -- , "" . " ", "" .

    , BB () , " " ( ) . "" "" "". ( ) "" , .

    ( "" ), . , "" Workspaces (" "), "" "". "", "" .

    BB . Click to focus (" ") , GNOME, KDE Microsoft Windows: ( "") "" . "" ( , ). Sloppy focus (" ") ( "" ).

    -"" , BB -- "" (Slit). "" ( ) ( ), - .

    BB -- OpenBox FluxBox.

    " Fluxbox -- (tabs) . , fluxbox . . - ( ) . , . , , . , , : ." [3]

    BB, FluxBox OpenBox "" .

    8.6 WindowMaker


    WindowMaker (WM) -- ( GNUStep) NextSTEP -- . NextSTEP , WM , -- ( ) , "" .

    WM, NextSTEP, "" , . "" ( WM), "" , . "" "", , -- "" .

    WM "" ( Alt-n , "" ""). WM , , "", Wprefs.app, " ".

    8.7 IceWM



    IceWM -- , , - Microsoft Windows OS/2, .

    , ( , Microsoft Windows, GNOME KDE). IceWM. , "" "", WindowMaker, Sawfish, Blackbox Enlightenment.

    ( , ), "-", . .

    IceWM "" (" "), .

    8.8

    , . FluxBox, "" ( , , , [19] -- "" .

    , ALT Linux Junior 2.1 (www.altlinux.ru), , .

    9. III:

    (, "" X Window System, ) Microsoft Windows MS-DOS10.

    , , . MS-DOS -- , . - (, ), (, "" ).

    , , , , . , , "-" . , X Window System, .

    ; ; ( ) ( ). "", .

    9.1

    ( "", ) - (, , ), , . "" " " .

    (, . ; , (CAD, ) , , .)

    , : . , , "" , ; "", .

    , , MacOS Microsoft Windows ( ) . "" , ( - ) , (""), .

    , . , , , . -- KDE, GNOME "". (, , ..).

    9.2

    - . , , , :

    ( " " , , , "" .)

    : KDE GNOME. () , , . GNOME KDE, GNOME.

    9.3 GNOME ( GNU)



    GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment -- " GNU, ", " GNU") -- .

    (, , , ), "" , CORBA " " ( " ") (" ").

    GNOME , : Sawfish ("" ), Enlightenment, IceWM, WindowMaker, AfterStep FVWM2, GNOME, , .

    "" (GNOME 2.1) -- , , .

    GNOME GTK+, . , , , . "" . Linux, BSD, AIX Solaris; GNOME, Sun Microsystems 2001 . GNOME, .

    GNOME "", . Nautilus, GNOME Panel (Gnome Control Center).

    "". Nautilus (, , ..), . "" , , , ( CDE Microsoft Windows Explorer).

    , "" " ": , ( , , , "").

    (drag'n'drop), "" (, ..), : , " " , . , : , "" , , . "" "", .

    . , , GNOME. . , : - (menu panel) . , -- . (edge), (aligned), (sliding) (floating), ( " "), , .

    . ( , .), ( , , , ..) , , "" , .

    :