The Linux Cyrillic HOWTO (rus): X Window

4. X Window

Podobno konsol'nomu rezhimu, X Window takzhe trebuet nekotoroj nastrojki. Nastrojka vklyuchaet v sebya nastrojku vvoda i ustanovku shriftov dlya X Window. Dannye dejstviya obsuzhdayutsya nizhe.

Dlya specificheskoj informacii kasayushchejsya vashego distributiva vam sleduet obratit'sya v razdel Kirillizaciya distributivov.

4.1 Ustanovka shriftov dlya X Window

Prezhde vsego, vy dolzhny dostat' shrifty, soderzhashchie izobrazheniya kirillicheskih simvolov v sootvetstvuyushchih mestah. Sleduet otmetit', chto vse sovremennye distributivy imeyut KOI8-R shrifty, bolee-menee prigodnye dlya ispol'zovaniya, tak chto esli xlsfonts ne pokazyvaet ih, to oni prosto ne installirovany ili ne vklyucheny v X Font Path.

X Window vklyuchila nabor KOI8-R shriftov razrabotannyh KOI8-R Cronyx, eshche v konce 1995 goda. |ti shrifty yavlyayutsya takzhe chast'yu XFree86.

Nekotorye distributivy (kak pravilo ochen' starye) mogut ne vklyuchat' kirillicheskie shrifty dlya X Window - v etom sluchae ih pridetsya ustanavlivat' samim.

Podrobnee o shriftah dlya X-window i o tom gde ih mozhno najti smotrite v razdele SHrifty dlya X-window.

Bolee sovremennuyu kollekciyu shriftov dlya X windows mozhno vzyat' u Dmitriya Bolhovityanova po adresu paket CYR_RFX.

Poetomu, vam sleduet proverit', ustanovleny li eti shrifty v vashej sisteme. Sprosite sistemnogo administratora ili, esli vy- eto on i est', prover'te vashu sistemu sami, a imenno:

Vypolnite 'xlsfonts | grep koi8'. Esli v rezul'tate vypolneniya komandy poyavitsya spisok shriftov, to vash X server uzhe znaet ob ih sushchestvovanii.
Ili, naberite
```
find / -name crox\*.pcf\*
```
dlya togo, chtoby najti mestopolozhenie shriftov kirillicy v sisteme. Vy dolzhny budete sdelat' eti shrifty dostupnymi dlya X servera, kak - ya ob®yasnyu nizhe.

Esli vy ne nashli takih shriftov v vashej sisteme, to vy dolzhny ustanovit' ih sami:

Vytashchite po ftp sootvetstvuyushchij nabor shriftov. Podrobnee o shriftah dlya X-window i o tom gde ih mozhno najti mozhno posmotret' v razdele SHrifty dlya X-window.
Teper', kogda u vas est' shrifty, sozdajte direktoriyu dlya nih. Pomestit' novye shrifty v uzhe sushchestvuyushchij katalog shriftov, myagko govorya, ne ochen' horoshaya ideya. Pomestite ih, naprimer, v /usr/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic dlya nastrojki vsej sistemy ili prosto sozdajte katalog u sebya tol'ko dlya personal'nogo pol'zovaniya.
Esli novye shrifty postavlyayutsya v formate BDF (*.bdf fajly), to vy dolzhny skompilirovat' ih. Dlya kazhdogo shrifta vypolnite:
```
bdftopcf -o <font>.pcf <font>.bdf
```
Mozhete szhat' ih s pomoshch'yu programmy gzip (ochen' starye X servera ne podderzhivaet szhatye shrifty):
```
gzip *.pcf 
```
Esli zhe vy vse-taki hotite pomestit' novye shrifty v uzhe sushchestvuyushchij katalog shriftov, to vy dolzhny "srastit'" staryj i novye fajly s imenem fonts.alias v tom sluchae, estestvenno, esli oni oba sushchestvuyut.
V kazhdom kataloge shriftov dlya X dolzhen byt' spisok shriftov, nahodyashchihsya v nem. |tot spisok hranitsya v fajle fonts.dir. Vy ne dolzhny sozdavat' etot spisok vruchnuyu. Vmesto etogo vypolnite:
```
cd "direktoriya gde lezhat shrifty"
mkfontdir .
```
Teper' nado sdelat' etot katalog shriftov izvestnym dlya X servera. Zdes' u vas est' ryad vozmozhnostej:
- Obshchesistemnaya nastrojka dlya XFree86. Esli vy ispol'zuete etu versiyu X Window, to dobav'te novyj katalog k spisku katalogov v fajle XF86Config. CHtoby najti ego raspolozhenie, prosmotrite, chto skazhet startx pri zapuske (V Redhat etot fajl obychno nahoditsya v /etc/X11). Bolee podrobno smotrite man XF86Config (4/5).
- Obshchesistemnaya nastrojka cherez xinit. Dobav'te novyj katalog k fajlu zapuska xinit. Bolee podrobno smotrite xinit(1x).
- Personal'naya nastrojka. U vas est' special'nyj fajl dlya zapuska X Window - ~/.xinitrc (im takzhe mozhet byt' ~/.Xclients ili ~/.xsession, dlya pol'zovatelej GNOME special'nym fajlom zapuska obychno yavlyaetsya ~/.gnomerc). Dobav'te sleduyushchie komandy v etot fajl:
```
xset +fp <novyj katalog shriftov>
xset fp rehash
```
Obratite vnimanie na opciyu '+fp' - eto oznachaet, chto novye shrifty budut dobavleny v nachale spiska direktorij so shriftami. To est', esli prikladnaya programma zaprashivaet, skazhem, shrift fixed, to budet podstavlen fixed font s kirillicheskimi simvolami, chego my i dobivalis'. Esli nuzhno ustanovit' shrifty v neskol'kih kodirovkah, to komanda xset +fp s predpochtitel'noj kodirovkoj dolzhna byt' posle drugih.
Teper' perezapustite X Window. Esli vy vse sdelali pravil'no, to testy, opisannye v nachale razdela, budut projdeny uspeshno. Takzhe poigrajtes' s xfontsel (1x), chtoby udostoverit'sya v vashej sposobny vybirat' shrifty kirillicy.

CHtoby zastavit' X klienta ispol'zovat' shrifty kirillicy, vy dolzhny ustanovit' sootvetstvuyushchie X resurs. Naprimer, ya delayu kirillicheskij shrift zadannym po umolchaniyu v moem ~/.Xdefaults:

*font:         6x13

Tak kak moi shrifty kirillicy pervye v spiske poiska shriftov (smotri vyvod programmy 'xset q'), to oni i podstavlyayutsya, esli programma trebuet kakoj-libo shrift s imenem, sovpadayushchem s kakim-libo iz shriftov, lezhashchih v kirillicheskoj direktorii.

Vot prostye primery. Esli vy hotite nauchit' sootvetstvuyushchij X klient pol'zovat'sya kirillicheskim shriftom, to vy dolzhny uznat' tip resursa, kotoryj vam nado izmenit' (eto mozhno sdelat', ispol'zuya editres (1x)) i opredelit' ego ili v baze dannyh resursov, ili v komandnoj stroke. Naprimer mozhno sdelat' tak:

$ xterm -font '-cronyx-*-bold-*-*-*-19-*-*-*-*-*-*-*'

...zapustit xterm s neskol'ko urodlivym shriftom;

$ xfontsel -xrm '*quitButton.font: -*-times-*-*-*-*-13-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-*'

...ustanovit Cyrillic Times shrift dlya knopki Quit programmy xfontsel.

4.2 Ispol'zovanie shriftov TrueType

U tehnologii TrueType, vzyatoj na vooruzhenie operacionnymi sistemami serii Windows, net mnogih nedostatkov, kotorye prisutstvuyut pri rabote so shriftami standartnym obrazom u X. Krome togo, sushchestvuet mnozhestvo kirillicheskih TrueType shriftov.

Podrobnee o tom gde ih mozhno najti mozhno posmotret' v razdele SHrifty TrueType.

K schast'yu, eti shrifty mozhno ispol'zovat' i v X Window. Sushchestvuet TrueType server shriftov XFSFT dlya X. Podderzhka TrueType vstroena vo vse sovremennye distributivy XFree86.

Kommercheskie X servera uzhe dovol'no davno vklyuchili podderzhku TrueType v svoi distributivy (Acelerated X, Metro X).

Ustanovochnaya procedura server shriftov dovol'no prosta: delajte to, chto skazano v dokumentacii.

Dalee privoditsya primer togo, kak mozhno ustanovit' TrueType shrifty - o tom kak podsunut' ih X Window - smotrite razdel Ustanovka shriftov dlya X Window

Dlya togo, chtoby standartnye shrifty otobrazhalis' v nuzhnoj nam kodirovke - v dannom sluchae dlya primera vzyata kodirovka cp1251, v kataloge gde lezhat TrueType shrifty neobhodimo sozdat' dva odinakovyh fajla - fonts.dir i fonts.scale - sleduyushchego vida:

12 
timesi.ttf -monotype-Times New Roman-medium-i-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-microsoft-cp1251 
timesbi.ttf -monotype-Times New Roman-bold-i-normal-0-0-0-0-p-0-microsoft-cp1251 
timesbd.ttf -monotype-Times New Roman-bold-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-microsoft-cp1251 
times.ttf -monotype-Times New Roman-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-microsoft-cp1251 
couri.ttf -monotype-Courier New-medium-i-normal--0-0-0-0-m-0-microsoft-cp1251 
courbi.ttf -monotype-Courier New-bold-i-normal--0-0-0-0-m-0-microsoft-cp1251 
courbd.ttf -monotype-Courier New-bold-r-normal--0-0-0-0-m-0-microsoft-cp1251 
cour.ttf -monotype-Courier New-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-m-0-microsoft-cp1251 
ariali.ttf -monotype-Arial-medium-i-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-microsoft-cp1251 
arialbi.ttf -monotype-Arial-bold-i-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-microsoft-cp1251 
arialbd.ttf -monotype-Arial-bold-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-microsoft-cp1251 
arial.ttf -monotype-Arial-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-microsoft-cp1251

Krome etogo, syuda zhe neobhodimo polozhit' fajl encodings.dir, imeyushchij vsego dve stroki:

1 
microsoft-cp1251 /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/encodings/microsoft-cp1251.enc.gz

Esli vam nuzhny eti shrifty v kodirovke KOI8-R, to vmesto microsoft-cp1251 sleduet propisat' koi8-r.

Sleduet otmetit' odnu veshch', imeyushchuyu otnoshenie k kirillicheskoj nastrojke: vam sleduet ispol'zovat' opciyu perekodirovki:

xfstt ... --encoding koi8-r,windows-1251,iso8859-1

Posle etogo novye shrifty budut dostupny dlya X Window - etot fakt vy mozhete proverit', zapustiv xfontsel i poigrav s ttf semejstvom shriftov.

4.3 Vvod s klaviatury

V poslednih vypuskah X (X11R61 i vyshe) imeyutsya dva "standartnyh" sposoba vvoda s klaviatury: rodnoj sposob, rabotayushchij cherez utilitu xmodmap (sm. razdel xmodmap) (sejchas eto sposob stremitel'no ustarevaet, hotya yavlyaetsya nadezhnym i horosho izuchennym), i novyj - Xkb ili X KeyBoard (razdel Xkb).

Nastrojka Xkb

Polnuyu i ischerpyvayushchuyu (dazhe slishkom ischerpyvayushchuyu) dokumentaciyu po nastrojke Xkb mozhno najti u Ivana Paskalya

Nemnogo teorii

Pri starte X-servera, modul' XKB zachityvaet vse neobhodimye dannye iz tekstovyh fajlov, kotorye obrazuyut "bazu dannyh" nastroek XKB.

Strogo govorya, bol'shinstvo iz etih fajlov sam modul' XKB ne chitaet. On vyzyvaet programmu xkbcomp, kotoraya perevodit soderzhimoe etih fajlov v dvoichnyj format, ponyatnyj neposredstvenno modulyu XKB.

No dlya nastrojki eto ne tak uzh vazhno, poskol'ku vyzov xkbcomp proishodit avtomaticheski, nezametno dlya pol'zovatelya.

Baza dannyh, neobhodimyh XKB, sostoit iz 5 komponentov

keycodes tablicy, kotorye prosto zadayut simvolicheskie imena dlya skan-kodov. Naprimer
```
<TLDE>= 49;
<AE01> = 10;
```
types opisyvaet tipy klavish. Tip klavishi opredelyaet - kak dolzhno menyat'sya znachenie, vydavaemoe klavishej v zavisimosti ot modifikatorov (Control, Shift i t.p.). Tak, naprimer, "bukvennye" klavishi otnosyatsya k tipu ALPHABETIC, chto oznachaet, chto oni imeyut raznoe znachenie v zavisimosti ot sostoyaniya Shift i CapsLock. A klavisha [Enter] imeet tip - ONE_LEVEL, chto oznachaet, chto ee znachenie vsegda odno i to zhe, nezavisimo ot sostoyaniya modifikatorov.
compat (sokrashchennoe ot compability) opisyvaet "povedenie" modifikatorov. V XKB imeetsya neskol'ko vnutrennih peremennyh, kotorye, v konechnom schete, i opredelyayut - kakoj simvol budet generirovat'sya pri nazhatii klavishi v konkretnoj situacii. Tak vot, v compat kak-raz opisyvaetsya - kak dolzhny menyat'sya eti peremennye pri nazhatii razlichnyh klavish-modifikatorov. V etom zhe razdele obychno opisyvaetsya i povedenie "lampochek-indikatorov" na klaviature.
symbols tablicy, v kotoryh dlya kazhdogo skan-koda (imeni skan-koda, opredelennogo v keycodes) perechislyayutsya vse znacheniya (symbols), kotorye dolzhna vydavat' klavisha. Estestvenno, kolichestvo razlichnyh znachenij zavisit ot tipa klavishi (kotorye opisyvayutsya v types), a kakoe imenno znachenie budet vydano v konkretnoj situacii, opredelyaetsya sostoyaniem modifikatorov i ih "povedeniem" (kotoroe opisyvaetsya v compat)
geometry opisyvaet "geometriyu" klaviatury - to est' raspolozhenie klavish na klaviature. |ti opisaniya nuzhny ne stol'ko samomu X-serveru, skol'ko prikladnym programmam, kotorye risuyut izobrazhenie klaviatury.

Vse eti komponenty razlozheny po odnoimennym direktoriyam v direktorii {XROOT}/lib/X11/xkb (v dal'nejshem, ya budu oboznachat' ee {XKBROOT}).

Ves' nabor komponentov, neobhodimyh dlya nastrojki XKB, opisyvaetsya v fajle konfiguracii X-servera v sekcii Keyboard.

Nastrojka

CHtoby nastroit' XKB, v fajle konfiguracii X-servera, nado zadat' parametry XkbRules, XkbModel, XkbLayout i, esli vam nuzhno chto-to ne sovsem standartnoe - XkbVariant i XkbOptions.

Naprimer,

XkbRules        "xfree86"
XkbModel        "pc104"
XkbLayout       "ru"
XkbVariant      "winkeys"
XkbOptions      "grp:shift_toggle"

oznachaet, chto XKB dolzhen v sootvetstvii s pravilami, opisannymi v fajle {XKBROOT}/rules/xfree86, vybrat' nastrojki dlya klaviatury tipa "pc104" (104 knopki), russkogo alfavita (anglijskij alfavit budet vklyuchen "po umolchaniyu"), variant - "standartnyj" (to est', etot parametr mozhno bylo ne pisat'). Esli u vas "windows" klaviatura, to polezno ukazat' XkbVariant kak "winkeys", v protivnom sluchae ostav'te etu opciyu pustoj - "". V samom konce idut dopolnitel'nye opcii dlya vashej "raskladki klaviatury" - "grp:shift_toggle".

Neskol'ko prakticheskih rekomendacij.

Nebol'shoe otstuplenie - "o klavishe - pereklyuchatele rus/lat".

Drugie varianty smeny kodirovki:

grp:toggle - pereklyuchenie pravym Alt,
grp:shift_toggle - dvumya klavishami shift,
grp:ctrl_shift_toggle - ctrl+shift,
grp:ctrl_alt_toggle - ctrl+alt.
grp:switch - pereklyuchenie po pravomu Alt tol'ko na moment nazhatiya
ctrl:ctrl_ac - CapsLock

Kogda byl napisan pervyj variant etih rekomendacij, sama raskladka "russkoj" klaviatury (symbols/ru) vklyuchala v sebya i "pereklyuchatel' grupp" - rus/lat, "podveshennyj" na klavishu CapsLock. S odnoj storony eto bylo udobno - v prostejshem sluchae dostatochno bylo vybrat' "russkuyu raskladku" i vy avtomaticheski poluchali i klavishu dlya pereklyucheniya "na russkij". No, s drugoj storony, eto bylo neudobno dlya teh, kto predpochitaet v kachestve pereklyuchatelya rus/lat druguyu klavishu (ili kombinaciyu klavish). Konechno, vybrat' drugoj pereklyuchatel' ne sostavlyalo truda, no pri etom ostavalsya i pereklyuchatel' na CapsLock, chto mnogim ne nravilos'. Dlya togo, chtoby ubrat' ego, nado bylo "zalezt'" v sootvetstvuyushchij fajl i vruchnuyu podpravlyat' sootvetstvuyushchuyu raskladku.

V konce koncov (nachinaya s versii 3.3.4) sami razrabotchiki XFree ubrali etot "pereklyuchatel'" iz "russkoj raskladki". No, v svyazi s etim poyavilis' i nekotorye problemy - teper' klavishu-pereklyuchatel' nado yavno "zakazyvat'" pri konfigurirovanii XKB.

Samyj prostoj sposob nastrojki - ispol'zovat' programmu dlya avtomaticheskoj nastrojki X-window.

V XFree86 takaya programma nazyvaetsya XF86Setup.

Pri etom "po umolchaniyu" ispol'zuyutsya "pravila" (XkbRules) - xfree86. Vam nuzhno budet tol'ko vybrat' "model'" (XkbModel), "shemu" (XkbLayout) i "sposob pereklyucheniya grupp" (pereklyuchatel' "RUS/LAT").

Krome togo, pri zhelanii vy mozhete izmenit' "polozhenie klavishi Ctrl". Estestvenno, v konfiguracii eto budet vyglyadet' kak sootvetstvuyushchie strochki XkbOptions.

Itak. Zapustite programmu XF86Setup, vyberite razdel Keyboard. V etom razdele vyberite iz menyu Model (tip klaviatury) i Layout (yazyk). Ne zabud'te otmetit' v otdel'nyh spiskah (v pravoj chasti) podhodyashchij "pereklyuchatel' grupp" i, esli hotite - "raspolozhenie Ctrl".

Pri vyhode iz programmy ona zapishet sootvetstvuyushchie strochki v fajl konfiguracii XFree v sekcii Keyboard.

Dlya smeny kodirovki mozhno vospol'zovat'sya lyuboj iz mnogochislennyh programm pereklyucheniya kodovyh stranic cherez xkb - naprimer ya pol'zuyus' programmoj xxkb Ivana Paskalya.

Offtopic: Esli v fajle /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/compat/iso9995 pomenyat'

   indicator "Group2" {

   indicator "Scroll Lock" {

to v otvet na pereklyuchenie registra budet zagorat'sya lampochka Scroll Lock na klaviature.

xmodmap

Opisannoe nizhe otnositsya k otnositel'no starym versiyam X-Window (kto by skazal k kakim - zavedomo k versiyam men'shim 3.3.3) v kotoryh sposob Xkb (razdel Xkb) ne rabotaet.

V sluchae rusifikacii cherez xmodmap pervoe, chto vy dolzhny sdelat', eto otklyuchit' Xkb!.

CHtoby otklyuchit' podderzhku Xkb, v fajle XF86Config izuchite razdel Keyboard i zakommentirujte vse stroki, nachinayushchiesya s Xkb (registr ne imeet znacheniya). Vzamen dobav'te sleduyushchuyu stroku:

XkbDisable

Programma xmodmap pozvolyaet nastroit' kody, sootvetstvuyushchie razlichnymi simvolam i ih kombinaciyam. |ta nastrojka osnovana na fajle, soderzhashchem tablicu perekodirovki.

YA nastoyatel'no sovetuyu vam samostoyatel'no ne razbirat'sya s xmodmap, po krajnej mere, dlya nachala. Vy ne poluchite nichego, krome golovnoj boli i razocharovaniya. Vmesto etogo ya rekomenduyu vam ustanovit' paket xruskb, kotoryj pozvolyaet vam skonfigurirovat' bol'shinstvo vhodnyh parametrov perekodirovki bez neobhodimosti stalkivat'sya s xmodmap.

4.4 Nerusskaya kirillica dlya X Window

Vse opisannoe prilozhimo ne tol'ko dlya russkogo yazyka. Nado izmenit' tol'ko klaviaturnye raskladki, nu i shrifty, estestvenno, budut imet' druguyu kodirovku.

Vozmozhno, najdennye vami shrifty okazhutsya v otlichnoj ot nuzhnoj vam kodirovki. Dlya perekodirovki BDF-shriftov mozhno ispol'zovat' programmu trbdf iz paketa trscripts.

|ta programma podderzhivaet kodovye stranicy ibm855, ibm866, iso-8859-5, koi8-c, koi8-r, koi8-u, mac-cyrillic, mik, unicode i ecma-cyrillic. Simvoly, otsutstvuyushchie v ishodnoj kodirovke, approksimiruyutsya, tak chto ee mozhno ispol'zovat' naprimer dlya generacii KOI8-U shriftov iz KOI8-R.

Esli vam nuzhna podderzhka cp1251, to vy stolknetes' s tem, chto poka oficial'ny XFree ne podderzhivaet etu kodirovku. Imeyutsya tri resheniya:

Ispol'zovat' distributiv podderzhivayushchij cp1251 (napr. Mandrake Linux).
Patchit' XFree. Patch podderzhki cp1251 dlya XFree 3.3.5 i 4.0 sdelan Alekseem Novodvorskim.
Ideologicheski nevernoe reshenie, no rabotaet vezde i legko osushchestvimo: Dobav'te v konce fajla locale.alias (obychno on nahoditsya v kataloge /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale) stroku vida
```
be_BY.CP1251            en_US.ISO8859-1
```
Konechno vmesto be_BY.CP1251 Vy mozhete postavit' zdes' stroku dlya ispol'zuemoj Vami lokali. (Odnako imejte vvidu, chto imeyushchayasya uzhe v etom fajle stroka o Bolgarskoj lokali bg_BG neverna i ee nuzhno udalit'.)

Esli dlya kirillizacii klaviatury ispol'zuete metod cherez utilitu xmodmap, to etim vse i konchitsya. Esli zhe vy zahotite ispol'zovat' Xkb metod, to v klaviaturnoj raskladke vmesto simvolicheskih imen nuzhno ispol'zovat' kody simvolov soglasno cp1251. Naprimer dlya belorusskoj raskladki vmesto

    key <AD01> {        [               q,               Q      ],
                        [ Cyrillic_shorti, Cyrillic_SHORTI      ]       };

nuzhno ispol'zovat'

    key <AD01> {        [               q,               Q      ],
                        [            0xe9,            0xc9      ]       };

Zamechanie. Tol'ko versii XFree posle 4.0.0 podderzhivayut KOI8-U. Esli u vas otsutstvuet podderzhka KOI8-U, a vam nuzhna imenno eta kodirovka, to vy mozhete vospol'zovat'sya vsem vysheopisannom o cp1251.

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